贵州省牛肉干微生物污染状况调查

[目的]了解贵州省牛肉干微生物污染状况,为监督和保障其食用安全性提供参考依据。[方法]采集产自贵州省的袋装、散装牛肉干共146份,按GB/T4789-2003对样品进行微生物检测分析。[结果]袋装、散装样品合格率分別为89.00%和58.70%,1份散装样品检出奇异变形杆菌;原味、五香味、麻辣味牛肉干的菌落总数的几何均数（cfu/g）分别为263、1023、4006;6份样品检出酵母菌,67份样品检出霉菌。[结论]袋装牛肉干卫生状况良好,散装牛肉干微生物污染严重;调味牛肉干的菌落总数明显高于原味牛肉干;牛肉干中霉菌污染率高,建议国标中增加霉菌、酵母菌卫生限量标准。     

广东省色拉类食品微生物污染情况调查分析

目的调查广东省色拉类食品卫生质量及微生物污染情况,为制定色拉类食品的卫生标准提供参考依据。方法2004年6月至2005年7月,以现场抽查方式对广东省4个城市共37家宾馆、酒楼、西餐厅、西式快餐连锁店、歌舞厅、咖啡厅的色拉食品、色拉酱、制作用具共298份样品,按国家标准方法(GB/T4789-2003)进行菌落总数、酵母计数、大肠菌群、致病菌检测及对现场制作环境进行卫生学调查分析。结果219份色拉食品的菌落总数、大肠菌群和酵母菌的几何均数分别为3.2×103cfu/g、370MPN/100 g和920 cfu/g,检出6株单增李斯特菌和2株金黄色葡萄球菌;68份色拉制作用品用具的菌落总数和酵母菌的几何均数分别为270 cfu/cm2、74 cfu/cm2,大肠菌群的阳性率为55.9%;11份色拉酱的菌落总数、大肠菌群和酵母菌的几何均数分别为320 cfu/g、<30MPN/100 g和1.3×104cfu/g。结论色拉类食品受微生物污染极为严重,污染主要来自原料和厨房的二次污染。色拉食品、色拉酱和制作用品用具的酵母菌污染情况严重,建议卫生标准增加单增李斯特菌和酵母计数两个项目。     

湖州市5年间桶装饮用水微生物污染情况调查

[目的]了解湖州市桶装饮用水污染情况。[方法]按国家标准方法对纯净水和山泉水、矿泉水进行微生物检测。[结果]检测986份样品,总合格率为74.5%。[结论]污染桶装饮用水的主要指标是菌落总数、霉菌及酵母菌。卫生行政部门应加强对桶装饮用水生产、销售等环节的监督管理。     

贵阳市学校周边市售凉拌食品微生物污染状况

目的了解贵阳市学校周边市售凉粉和凉面微生物污染状况,为食源性疾病的预防控制提供参考依据。方法按冬、春、夏、秋季节在贵阳市云岩区、南明区的学校周边随机采集样品共200份,按检验方法《食品卫生微生物记分》(GB/T 4789)进行检测。结果200份检品菌落总数、大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、酵母菌和霉菌污染率分别为100.0%,97.5%,93.5%,97.0%和17.5%,3份样品检出沙门菌,2份样品检出金黄色葡萄球菌,5份样品检出变形杆菌。夏秋季食品的菌落总数、酵母菌污染量高于冬春季(P值均<0.05)。结论贵阳市学校周边市售凉拌食品微生物污染普遍,尤其是夏秋季节凉粉和凉面污染严重。     

2004～2009年大理州桶(瓶)装饮用水微生物污染状况分析

[目的]了解大理州桶(瓶)装饮用水微生物污染状况,为卫生监督提供依据。[方法]对大理州2004~2009年桶(瓶)装饮用水送检和抽检样品微生物指标检测资料进行分析。[结果]2004~2009年合计检测桶(瓶)装饮用水2 225份,带菌的254份,带菌率为11.42%;超标的133份,超标率为5.98%。2004~2009年各年的带菌率分别为14.06%、16.85%、13.95%、6.51%、9.25%、6.99%(P<0.01),超标率分别为8.07%、12.73%、2.36%、5.62%、3.99%、5.59%(P<0.01)。6年合计检测监督抽检样品207份、企业委托送检样品2 018份,平均带菌率分别为39.61%、8.52%(P<0.01),平均超标率分别为15.94%、4.96%(P<0.01);检测纯净水1 456份、矿泉水409份、淡泉水360份,平均带菌率分别为10.44%、13.20%、13.33%(P>0.05),平均超标率分别为5.70%、4.66%、8.61%(P>0.05)。6年平均超标率,菌落总数为9.08%,霉菌和酵母菌为2.38%,大肠菌群为0.04%,致病菌为0.00%。[结论]大理州桶(瓶)装饮用水微生物污染状况较高,委托送检样品污染状况好于监督抽检样品。     

贵州省化妆品及保健用品微生物检测结果分析

[目的]了解贵州省2004～2009年化妆品和保健用品微生物污染状况。[方法]对贵州省2004～2009年部分生产企业送检和卫生监督抽检的566份样品进行微生物检测和统计分析。[结果]566份检品的合格率是91.52%,主要不合格指标是菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌,超标率分别为7.60%和2.30%;化妆品的合格率为94.08%,抽检化妆品和送检化妆品合格率差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。保健用品的合格率为88.89%,保健用品的合格率低于化妆品(P﹤0.05)。[结论]贵州省化妆品的卫生质量良好。保健用品的微生物污染较高,应加强对该类产品的卫生监督。     

两种方法处理后布尿布中微生物含量和种类的比较研究

目的:比较使用后经医院常规消毒的布尿布和家庭热水清洗处理后的布尿布中的微生物含量和种类的差别。方法:使用后的布尿布经医院常规消毒和家庭热水清洗处理后分别检测了细菌总数、霉菌/酵母菌、大肠杆菌的含量以及铜绿假单胞菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。结果:家庭热水清洗处理后的布尿布中64份尿布均检测出细菌,细菌总数的平均值为1450348 cfu/g;对32份样品中霉菌/酵母菌进行了检测,其中30份尿布中检测为阳性,其平均值为726.6 cfu/g;7份尿布中检测出大肠杆菌,平均值为721.1 cfu/g;对铜绿假单胞菌的鉴定均为阴性;46份尿布耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)鉴定为阳性;经医院常规消毒后的布尿布中55份尿布中均检测出细菌,细菌总数的平均值为30.9 cfu/g;18份尿布中检测出霉菌/酵母菌,平均值为1.1 cfu/g;64份尿布中均未检出大肠杆菌;对铜绿假单胞菌的鉴定均为阴性;9份尿布耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定为阳性。采用经医院常规消毒方法的多重带菌率明显低于家庭热水清洗方法。结论:使用后经过医院常规消毒的布尿布中微生物的浓度明显低于家庭热水清洗处理后的布尿布,且霉菌/酵母菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌是布尿布中的主要微生物。     

面膜类化妆品微生物检测结果及分析

[目的]了解我省部分地市面膜类化妆品的卫生质量与卫生安全,以保障公众健康. [方法]按照卫生部颁发的<化妆品卫生规范>微生物学检验方法,对抽检的128份面膜类化妆品进行微生物学检验. [结果]检测的128份面膜中,菌落总数超标11份,超标率8.59%,超标范围多集中在5000-10000cfu/g(ml);霉菌和酵母菌超标10份,超标率7.81%,超标范围多集中在200～500cfu/g(ml);有2份检出粪大肠菌群,超标事为1.56%;绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均未检出. [结论]大部分化妆品生产厂家较重视产品的卫生质量,微生物合格率在90%以上,但有部分产品的卫生质量不符合标准要求,因此加强化妆品的监督管理尤其是特殊用途的化妆品的管理是非常重要的.     

贵州省主粮霉菌污染及菌相调查分析

粮食在田间生长、储藏、销售过程中极易受霉菌污染,粮食一旦霉变,不仅其营养价值会破坏,商品价值会降低,而且霉菌及其产生的毒素会直接危害人体健康,霉菌对粮食的污染已引起人们的高度重视,为了解贵州省粮食霉菌污染情况,我们对贵州省产主粮进行了调查研究,结果报道如下:1　材料与方法1.1　样品来源　在全省9个地区3 2个县(市) ,根据分层两级随机抽样方法,共采集小麦5 0份,大米62份,玉米72份,各类样品每份约5 0 0g ,均采自粮仓或农户,外观正常。1.2　霉菌分离方法[1 ] 　取样品约3 0g ,用75 %酒精处理1min ,以去除粮粒表面的蜡质和微生物,用…     

118份化妆品及外用制剂微生物检测

为了解无锡市化妆品市场以及本市皮肤病性病防治所外用制剂的卫生质量,于2004年对本地产及市售化妆品及本市皮肤病性病防治所部分外用制剂进行了微生物检测,结果报告如下。1材料与方法1·1样品来源由无锡市卫生监督所抽样送检及委托受检化妆品82份,委托受检市皮肤病性病防治所外用制剂36份,共计118份样品。1·2检测项目与方法检测项目有:细菌总数、粪大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄菌、绿脓杆菌、霉菌、酵母菌。检测方法依据化妆品卫生规范(2002年版)第四部分微生物检验方法。1·3判定标准细菌总数≤1000 cfu/ml(g)、霉菌和酵母菌≤100 cfu/ml(g)、粪…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.