先天性内耳发育畸形的多层螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨先天性内耳发育畸形的多层螺旋CT表现。资料与方法 回顾性分析17例（32耳）先天性内耳发育畸形患者的CT表现,所有患者均做多层螺旋CT横断面扫描及多平面重建,对患耳做单侧重叠放大重建,并利用容积再现技术（VRT）对骨迷路进行三维重建。结果 本组先天性内耳发育畸形有以下几种：（1）Michel型（1耳）：内耳结构完全缺如。（2）共同腔畸形（2耳）：耳蜗和前庭呈一囊状结构,二者不能相互区分。（3）不完全分隔Ⅰ型（3耳）：耳蜗缺乏完整的蜗轴,呈囊状改变,同时前庭扩大呈囊状。（4）不完全分隔Ⅱ型（Mondini型）（4耳）：耳蜗仅1．5圈,中圈和顶圈融合,前庭扩大。（5）前庭及半规管畸形（14耳）：耳蜗正常,前庭扩大,半规管短小、粗大或缺如。（6）前庭导水管扩大（14耳,其中6耳伴随其他畸形）：前庭导水管扩大呈喇叭口状或与总脚相通。（7）内耳道畸形（8耳均伴随其他畸形）：内耳道缺如、狭窄或扩大。结论 先天性内耳发育畸形有其特殊的形态学表现,多层螺旋CT扫描结合后处理成像可清晰显示各种畸形的二维和三维解剖特征,对诊断有重要价值。     

16排螺旋CT对先天性内耳发育畸形的诊断价值

目的 探讨16排螺旋CT对先天性内耳骨迷路发育畸形的诊断价值.方法 105例感音神经性耳聋患者接受16排螺旋扫描,取层厚0.625 mm,Bone Plus骨算法,单侧DFOV 9.6 cm或7.5 cm放大重建,行MPR和VR重建.结果 105例患者中有75例150耳CT显示正常,30例56耳为先天性内耳畸形,包括骨迷路未发育(Michel畸形)4例5耳,耳蜗未发育1例1耳,共腔畸形3例5耳,阶间隔Ⅰ型(囊状耳蜗-前庭畸形)1例1耳,耳蜗发育不全3例4耳,阶间隔Ⅱ型(Mondini畸形)12例21耳,前庭-半规管畸形5例9耳,前庭导水管扩大15例27耳,内耳道畸形12例19耳及内耳骨迷路畸形伴颈静脉球高位10例15耳.结论 多排螺旋CT检查对先天性内耳骨迷路发育畸形的诊断具有重要价值.     

内耳骨迷路畸形的HRCT表现

目的 探讨先天性内耳骨迷路畸形的高分辨率CT（HRCT）特征。资料与方法 回顾分析28例（56耳）先天性感音性耳聋的内耳骨迷路畸形患者HRCT表现。结果 Michel畸形1耳,囊状耳蜗．前庭畸形（IP-1畸形）8耳,Mondinl畸形（IP-2畸形）17耳,耳蜗未发育4耳,耳蜗发育不全6耳,共腔畸形4耳,前庭．外半规管畸形8耳,前庭导水管扩大8耳。结论 HRCT可显示先天性内耳畸形表现,为内耳畸形的诊断和人工耳蜗植入术适应证的选择提供了依据。     

先天性感音神经性耳聋患儿的CT病因分析

目的：探讨先天性感音神经性聋儿患者的CT诊断价值及可能的病因分析。方法：收集120例先天性感音神经性耳聋患儿高分辨率CT图像,对内耳结构行MPR重组最佳显示层面,观察其形态结构、大小、位置有无异常。结果：120例患者中有21例（33耳）内耳发育畸形,其中共同腔畸形2例（3耳）,耳蜗发育不全3例（4耳）,耳蜗不完全分隔Ⅱ型9例（17耳）,半规管畸形7例（10耳）。结论：多层螺旋CT能准确显示先天性骨性内耳畸形的部位和程度,为先天性感音神经性聋儿的病因分析及临床制定正确的治疗方案提供重要的参考依据。     

儿童先天性感音神经性聋的影像学评估

目的:研究先天性感音神经性聋(SNHL)患儿的颞骨影像,分析内耳畸形的发生率及其类型,了解内耳畸形与耳蜗神经发育的关系,探讨部分患者是否仅行CT检查即可而无需进行MRI检查.方法:回顾性分析101例临床拟诊先天性SNHL的儿童颞骨CT和MRI影像资料,观察其内耳、蜗神经的结构.101例中,95例为重度或极重度双侧性SNHL,6例为单侧性SNHL.结果:196例患耳中,内耳畸形66耳:耳蜗不发育3耳;耳蜗发育不良5耳;不完全分隔I型7耳,不完全分隔II型10耳;前庭导水管扩大24耳;蜗神经不发育或发育不良19耳.10耳内听道狭窄均伴有蜗神经畸形.单侧性聋的6例患者中,均有蜗神经畸形.130例CT示内耳正常者,MRI也示蜗神经正常.结论:影像学诊断先天性重度或极重度双侧性SNHL内耳畸形发生率(31.6%)较单侧性SNHL者(100%)低,较为常见的畸形是前庭导水管扩大和耳蜗畸形,内耳畸形严重程度与蜗神经发育异常的发生率有一定相关性;对于双侧性耳聋者,CT诊断有严重内耳畸形者必须行MRI扫描,以排除蜗神经发育畸形;CT示耳蜗结构正常且内听道无狭窄者可无需行MRI扫描;单侧性耳聋者必须同时行CT和MRI扫描.     

多层螺旋CT容积再现技术显示正常内耳及内耳病变的价值

目的 评价容积再现技术（VRT）对正常内耳及内耳病变的显示能力。方法 对20例（40耳）正常内耳及42例（61耳）内耳病变患者行多层螺旋CT横断面扫描，扫描参数为120kV，100mAs，0．75mm准直器宽度，螺距为1，高分辨骨算法重建。对感兴趣耳进行VRT重建。结果 VRT图像清晰显示了正常内耳的空间立体结构。40耳先天性内耳发育畸形VRT图像均立体、直观、清晰地显示了畸形的形态和部位。VRT表现为：（1）Michel畸形1耳：内耳完全缺如；（2）共同腔畸形3耳：耳蜗与前庭不能相互区分，呈一囊状结构；（3）不完全分隔Ⅰ型3耳：耳蜗呈囊状，前庭扩大呈囊状，二者可相互区分；（4）不完全分隔Ⅱ型（即Mondini型）5耳：耳蜗仅1．5圈，中圈和顶圈融合，前庭扩大；（5）前庭与半规管畸形14耳：耳蜗正常，前庭扩大，半规管短小、缺如或扩大；（6）前庭导水管扩大14耳：前庭导水管开口扩大呈喇叭口状，与总脚相通。骨化性迷路炎患者7例（7耳），4耳重组时不能完整地显示内耳的立体结构，3耳表现为耳蜗变细或半规管显示不完整。14例（14耳）迷路瘘管患者中，耳蜗破坏1耳，耳蜗、前庭、水平半规管、上半规管均破坏3耳，仅水平半规管破坏10耳。VRT图像表现为半规管或耳蜗与团状高密度结构相连，重组时不能相互分开。结论 VRT可清晰显示正常内耳及部分内耳病变，对内耳病变的诊断有重要帮助。     

多通道人工耳蜗植入术的影像评估

目的：探讨影像学检查对人工耳蜗植入术的评估价值。资料与方法：对52例感音性耳聋患者均采用颞骨轴位高分辨率螺旋CT扫描及内耳三维重建和内耳MR水成像。术后常规行耳蜗位摄影，3例术后行CT扫描。结果：41例先天性感音耳聋患儿中检出1例2耳Mondini畸形I型，3例6耳Mondini畸形Ⅱ型，1例2耳耳蜗纤维化；5例非先天性器音耳聋患儿未发现内耳结构畸形。另6例语后聋成人中检出1例2耳慢性化脓性中耳炎，1例2耳内耳骨化。耳蜗位摄影对植入电极观察满意，CT检出1例术后植入电极扭结。结论：对于人工耳蜗植入术的术前评估，CT检查具有重要价值，必不可少；MRI检查是必要的补充。对于内耳的三维重建，MRI优于CT。对术后植入电极的评估，耳蜗位摄影最佳。     

磁共振内耳成像在先天性内耳发育畸形中的诊断应用

目的:探讨磁共振内耳成像在先天性内耳发育畸形中的临床应用价值。方法:18例先天性感音神经性耳聋患者行MRI扫描并进行后处理,主要方法包括多平面重组(MPR)、最大密度投影(MIP)及客积再现技术(VRT)。结果:18例34耳存在内耳畸形。1例2耳Michel畸型;2例3耳共同腔畸形;4例8耳Mondini畸型;8例16耳前庭导水管扩大;3例5耳显示内听道畸形。MRI MPR、MIP及VRT重组图像可以清晰地显示内耳畸形的部位和程度。结论:磁共振内耳成像能清楚、立体显示正常膜迷路和内听道内神经结构,对于内耳畸形的诊断及人工耳蜗植入术前评价有重要价值。     

儿童先天性感音神经性耳聋的高分辨率CT和MRI研究

目的 探讨CT和MRI在儿童先天性感音神经性耳聋中的应用价值.资料与方法 对48例儿童先天性感音神经性耳聋患者进行颞骨高分辨率CT和MRI检查.结果 前庭导水管扩大11例,MRI显示所有病例内淋巴管和内淋巴囊均扩大;单纯Mondini Ⅱ型畸形2例;水平半规管不发育2例;共同腔畸形合并内听道狭窄1例;脑脊液内耳漏2例,MRI显示前庭耳蜗神经畸形;单侧Mondini Ⅰ型畸形合并单侧内听道狭窄1例;双侧内听道狭窄合并前庭半规管发育不良1例;单纯内听道狭窄1例.所有内听道狭窄者MRI均显示其前庭耳蜗神经畸形.其余27例CT和MRI均未见内耳及内听道畸形.结论 颞骨高分辨率CT能显示内耳骨迷路畸形,MRI则能显示畸形的迷路内腔,同时还清晰显示扩大的内淋巴管和内淋巴囊以及内听道内前庭耳蜗神经.因此MRI在评价先天性感音神经性耳聋方面比CT更具优越性.     

64排CT三维透明化重组在内耳畸形诊断中的应用

目的探讨三维透明化重组在内耳畸形诊断中的应用价值,为先天性内耳疾病提供准确的影像诊断和临床治疗信息。资料与方法回顾32耳内耳畸形的64排高分辨率CT(HRCT)容积数据,行三维透明化重组处理,按内耳畸形分类总结三维透明化重组方法及影像表现。结果 32耳的三维透明化容积再现(VR)图像结合透明化多平面重组(MPR)图像均能很好揭示内耳畸形病变部位及程度,内耳病变整体显示方面及蜗窗、前庭窗、半规管等细节病变显示中透明化VR像及透明化MPR像明显优于轴位像及普通MPR像;在耳蜗内部结构的显示中,透明化MPR、轴位像及普通MPR像优于透明化VR像。32耳先天内耳发育畸形有以下几种:耳蜗未发育(2耳);共同腔畸形(4耳);不完全分隔Ⅰ型(2耳,2例患者对侧耳均为共同腔畸形);不完全分隔Ⅱ型(即Mondini型)(16耳,多合并前庭、半规管及前庭导水管畸形);单纯前庭-半规管畸形(2耳);单纯前庭导水管扩大(6耳)。结论三维透明化个性重组能准确评价内耳先天性疾病的类型和程度,为临床治疗提供重要的参考依据。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.