Capsular bag implantation of the hydrogel lens

Fifty hydrogel lenses were implanted in the capsular bag. Six months after surgery, 96% of eyes had visual acuities of 20/30 and 40% had acuities of 20/15. The age range of patients was 65 to 92 years (mean 76 years). Such visual satisfaction is rarely achieved in this age group and appeared to be related to the low incidence of uveitis and capsular fibrosis associated with these lenses. Excellent lens centration was maintained in 82% of eyes. Despite the small number of cases and short follow-up, these preliminary results merit attention from the medical profession.     

5至24个月婴幼儿条栅视力发育规律的初步研究

目的 对5至24个月龄正常婴幼儿条栅视力发育规律进行初步研究.方法 使用以优先注视原理设计的Teller acuity cardsⅡ检测5至24个月龄正常婴幼儿的双眼及单眼视力.应用方差分析进行差异性比较,月龄组间两两比较使用Dunnett's方法,单眼与双眼及两侧单眼间的差异用配对t检验.视力水平与月龄的关系用Spearman曲线回归分析.结果 Teller acuity cards检查双眼视力完成率98.77％,单眼检查完成率89.2％.平均检查时间2～5 min.分别测得5至24个月龄婴幼儿双眼及单眼视力均值.单眼视力略低于双眼视力,差异小于或等于1个倍频;两眼间视力差异无统计学意义.正常婴幼儿双眼及单眼视力随年龄增长而提高,5月龄至14月龄视力增长平缓,平均视力由0.17(5.1 cpd)增长到0.32(9.6 cpd),提高约1倍频,15月龄以后视力水平提高速度加快,2岁时达到略低于成人视力水平0.833( 26 cpd),视力水平与12月龄时相比增加1.5倍频.结论 Teller acuity cards TMⅡ可以有效地检测2岁以内婴幼儿的双眼及单眼视力.正常婴幼儿双眼及单眼条栅视力随年龄增长而不断提高.不同时期,婴幼儿视力发育具有不同的增长速率.单眼视力等于或略低于双眼视力水平,两眼视力发育比较平衡.     

Visual acuity and visual responsiveness in dark-reared monkeys (Macaca nemestrina)

Infant pigtail macaques were reared in darkness during the first 3 or 6 months after birth. Following dark rearing, the animals were relatively unresponsive on a series of informal visual tests (placing, startle, etc.). Testing with a forced-choice preferential looking task showed acuities between 2.5 and 7.5 c/deg (20240 and 2080 Snellen) in all dark reared monkeys compared with 15 c/deg (2040 Snellen) in control animals. These results suggest that in macaque infants dark rearing is more harmful to visual responsiveness than to visual acuity per se.     

Albino spatial vision as an instance of arrested visual development

Adult albinos and human infants share a number of common visual characteristics: both have low grating acuity, both lack a foveal pit (foveal hypoplasia), and both have much lower central cone densities than in the normal adult. We have explored the consequences of these characteristics by measuring both spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity in the central retina and by comparing central and peripheral grating and vernier acuities in two young adult albino subjects. To compensate for nystagmus, horizontally oriented patterns were employed. Both subjects had normal flicker sensitivities, but their central grating and vernier acuities were approximately five times worse than normal. At 10.0 degrees in the inferior visual field, however, vernier and grating acuities were normal for both subjects. Finally, the ratio of grating to vernier acuity in albino central vision fell within the normal foveal range, suggesting that albino central vision does not resemble the adult periphery. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that spatial processing deficiencies in albino central vision are a direct consequence of the increased spacing of their central cones. Our data are comparable to available psychophysical results obtained from infants of approx. 10 months of age, thus suggesting that the albino visual system may represent a case of arrested development.     

Refractive error and preferential looking visual acuity in human infants: a pilot study

A clinical pilot study comparing refractive error and preferential looking (PL) visual acuity in infants 2 to 12 months of age is described. The PL visual acuity of 30 normal infants without significant visual disorders was assessed using the Acuity Card Procedure. Near retinoscopy was used to determine refractive error. Infants of this sample had monocular PL visual acuities similar to those established by McDonald et al. in a laboratory setting. Statistical analysis of the data for this sample of infants showed that refractive error did not change systematically from 2 to 12 months of age. We have found that results obtained with the Acuity Card Procedure in a clinical setting agree with infant visual acuity as described in the research literature. Refractive error did not correlate with changes in PL visual acuity in infants 2 to 12 months of age.     

A Prospective Study of the Use of Hyperopic Epikeratophakia Grafts for the Correction of Aphakia in Adults

The results of a prospective clinical study of hyperopic epikeratophakia grafts for the visual rehabilitation of aphakic patients are presented. Visual acuity data are given for 21 aphakic patients who have been followed for up to six months postoperatively. With spectacle overrefraction, on the average, patients were within three lines of their preoperative potential vision at three months postoperative and within two lines at six months postoperative. Three months postoperatively, two patients achieved visual acuities of 20/20, and 57% had 20/40 or better with spectacle overcorrection. Six months postoperatively, three patients achieved best-corrected visual acuities of 20/20, and 80% had best-corrected visual acuities of 20/40 or better.     

The Natural History of Gyrate Atrophy of the Choroid and Retina

Twenty-nine Finnish patients (8–80 years old during follow-up) with hyperornithinemia and gyrate atrophy (HOGA) were followed 2 to 31 years to determine when and how rapidly visual acuities and visual functions were affected by the disease. Considerable variability was observed both in the age at which visual acuities began to decrease and the age at which visual acuities reached 20/200. Acuities in phakic eyes tended to decrease from 20/30 to 20/200 in ten years or less, while aphakic eyes exhibited generally slower loss of vision. Without benefit of cataract surgery, the percentage of eyes with acuity 20/200 or worse would have been 37% at age 30 and 64% at age 40, but through surgery actually performed was 20% at age 40. Constriction of visual fields with age was marked and correlated well with diminution in dark adaptation.     

Optotype acuity and re-operation rate after unilateral cataract surgery during the first 6 months of life with or without IOL implantation

AIMS: To compare optotype acuities and re-operation rates in children corrected with a contact lens (CL) compared with an intraocular lens (IOL) following unilateral cataract extraction during infancy in a non-randomised, retrospective case series. METHODS: 25 infants with a unilateral congenital cataract underwent cataract surgery with (IOL group, n = 12) or without (CL group, n = 13) IOL implantation when <7 months of age. Optotype acuities were assessed in 19 of these children at a mean age of 4.3 years (range 3.3-5.5 years). The number of re-operations were assessed in 21 children. RESULTS: The visual acuity results were similar in the two treatment groups (p = 0.99); however, two of the four (50%) children in the IOL group compared with two of the seven (28%) children in the CL group undergoing surgery during the first 6 weeks of life had 20/40 or better visual acuity. The children in the IOL group had more re-operations than the children in the CL group (mean 1.1 v 0.36). Most of the re-operations in the IOL group were membranectomies performed during the first year of life (median 8.0 months) whereas all of the re-operations in the CL group were the implantation of a secondary IOL later in childhood (mean 2.2 years). CONCLUSION: Optotype acuities were similar for the children corrected with a CL compared with IOL, while the children in the IOL group underwent more re-operations .     

Use of 10-Hz flash visual evoked potentials in prediction of final visual acuity in diabetic eyes with vitreous hemorrhage

In 44 diabetic eyes with vitreous hemorrhage, monocular steady-state visual evoked potentials were elicited through closed eyes by a 10-Hz flash. Visual evoked potentials were rated as normal or abnormal on the basis of amplitude and waveform. Abnormal visual evoked potentials were subdivided into mildly abnormal, markedly abnormal and nonrecordable categories. Patients with normal potentials were predicted to have visual acuities of 6/15 (20/50) or better. Patients with abnormal potentials were predicted to have visual acuities of 6/18 (20/60) or worse. Final visual acuities were the best visual acuities recorded in the 6 months after vitreous surgery (vitrectomy) or spontaneous clearing of the vitreous hemorrhage. The visual evoked potential categories and final acuities were compared with a 2 × 2 contingency table. The accuracy was 86%. The visual evoked potential categories and final acuities were associated at a statistically significant level.     

Epikeratophakia: the surgical correction of aphakia. Update: 1982

Sixty-five epikeratophakia procedures have been performed in 63 patients; visual acuity data have been tabulated on 31 patients with 4 to 30 months follow-up. Patients with more than a year of follow-up showed stable keratometry readings. Early patients achieved 70% of the predicted dioptric correction; more recent patients have achieved 87% with improvements in the lathing procedure, tissue handling, and surgical technique. Visual acuities improve with time. At any given time after surgery, acuities measured with a hard contact lens are better than those measured with spectacles; the decrease in spectacle acuity is probably a result of irregular refraction at the graft surface. The gap between contact lens and spectacle acuity decreases with time. A number of patients achieve postoperative visual acuities better than their preoperative acuities, and most achieve final spectacle acuities within a line or two of their preoperative acuities.     

Vitrectomy and Cystoid Macular Edema

Twenty-two patients who underwent vitrectomy surgery for chronic cystoid macular edema (CME) were evaluated. These patients all had uneventful intracapsular cataract extraction, but CME with vitreous adhesions to the cataract incision later developed. Vitrectomy was performed to remove the vitreous from the anterior segment structures in each case. Nineteen of the 22 patients showed improved visual acuities within six months, and all but two had complete resolutions of the CME by one year. These two patients did show marked improvements of visual acuity. The majority of patients younger than 65 years of age had final visual acuities of 20/50 or better, whereas the majority of those older than 65 years had less than 20/50. The results were not influenced by the duration or the pattern of the CME prior to vitrectomy. A prospective study to determine the value of vitrectomy in this type of patient is suggested.     

Incidence of retinal detachment and visual outcome in eyes presenting with posterior vitreous separation and dense fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To determine visual outcomes and the incidence of retinal detachment in eyes presenting with posterior vitreous separation and dense fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage. DESIGN: Retrospective consecutive noncomparative interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six eyes (15 right eyes and 21 left eyes) of 34 patients (18 female and 16 male) ranging in age from 42 to 94 years. Mean follow-up was 14 months. METHODS: A comparison of the best-corrected initial visual acuities versus final visual acuities after spontaneous resolution of vitreous hemorrhage or surgical intervention. The number of eyes that were found to have retinal tears or that had a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment develop was documented. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution-converted visual acuities was used for comparison. Categorical data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, and population means were compared by Student's t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Final mean visual acuities, number of eyes with at least one retinal tear, location of retinal tears, number of eyes that had retinal detachment develop, and the number of eyes repaired with scleral buckling surgery and/or pars plana vitrectomy. RESULTS: Twenty-four of 36 eyes (67%) were found to have at least one retinal break (range, 0-4 breaks), with 88% of breaks located in the superior retina. Eleven eyes (31%) had more than one retinal break. Fourteen of 36 eyes (39%) had a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment develop that was repaired with pars plana vitrectomy and scleral buckling. An additional 14 eyes (39%) underwent vitrectomy for nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage. The incidence of retinal detachment in eyes with a history of retinal detachment in the contralateral eye was 75% (P = 0.04). Seven of 14 eyes (50%) with retinal detachment had coexisting proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Most retinal breaks and detachments occurred in emmetropic or myopic eyes. For all 36 eyes the mean preoperative visual acuity was 20/1233, and the mean final visual acuity was 20/62 (P < 0.0001). Eyes that had a macula-off retinal detachment develop had worse final visual outcomes (20/264; P = 0.01), as did eyes that had proliferative vitreoretinopathy develop (20/129; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Acute, spontaneous, nontraumatic posterior vitreous separation with dense fundus-obscuring vitreous hemorrhage is associated with a high incidence of retinal tears and detachment. Close follow-up with clinical examination and ultrasonography is necessary, because many of these eyes may eventually require surgical intervention. Aggressive management with early vitrectomy should be considered when there is a history of retinal detachment in the contralateral eye.     

脉络膜再血管化治疗视网膜色素变性的临床研究

目的对利用脱细胞的羊膜行脉络膜再血管化联合淋巴细胞刺激因子球后注入治疗视网膜色素变性进行疗效分析.方法利用脱细胞的羊膜组织行70眼脉络膜再血管化联合淋巴细胞刺激因子球后注入治疗,术后观察一年,分别对其视力、视野、视觉电生理、手术并发症等进行了分析.结果术前视力平均为0.24±0.24,术后十天、三月、半年、一年平均视力分别为0.28±0.29、0.33±0.31、0.35±0.34、0.32±0.32,术后与术前视力比较有显著性差异.对于术前视力小于等于0.1者.术后与术前视力比较无显著性差异.视野一年有93.8%的术眼维持不变或上升.对于术前视力小于等于0.1者,有95.4%的术眼视野一年时维持不变或上升.结论利用脱细胞的羊膜组织脉络膜上腔植入行脉络膜再血管化联合淋巴细胞刺激因子球后注入是一种安全有效的治疗方法.     

Aging changes in apparent accommodation in eyes with a monofocal intraocular lens

PURPOSE: To examine the aging changes in the amplitude of apparent accommodation in eyes with a monofocal intraocular lens (IOL). DESIGN: Prospective comparative observational study. METHODS: Two hundred eyes of 200 patients who were scheduled for phacoemulsification and monofocal IOL implantation were studied. Forty patients in each of five age groups-younger than 40 years of age or in their 50s, 60s, 70s, and 80s-were prospectively recruited. Using an accommodopolyrecorder, the amplitude of apparent accommodation of these patients was measured approximately 1 month after surgery. Visual acuities from far to near distances after best-corrected distance were examined using an all-distance vision tester, and the region of accommodation at which each patient achieved a visual acuity of 20/29 or 20/40 was determined and converted to the diopteric range. Contrast sensitivity was also examined using a vision contrast test system. RESULTS: The amount of apparent accommodation as measured with the accommodopolyrecorder was decreased significantly in proportion to patient age (P <.0001). Furthermore, significant negative correlation was found between the amount of apparent accommodation and actual age of each patient (r = -.491). The diopteric range of accommodation at which the patients achieved 20/29 or 20/40 also reduced in proportion to the age. Although no significant differences were found in the mean far visual acuities between age groups, the intermediate and near visual acuities worsened significantly with age. The contrast sensitivity was also reduced in proportion to the age. CONCLUSIONS: The amplitude of apparent accommodation in eyes with a monofocal IOL decreases significantly in proportion to age, resulting in worsening of best-corrected intermediate and near visual acuities.     

Contrast visual acuities in cataract patients. II. After IOL implantation.

Contrast visual acuities were measured in 100 eyes of 75 patients who attained a best-corrected visual acuity of greater than or equal to 0.8 (20/25) after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The variable contrast visual acuity chart (VCVAC), with three contrast levels of 90, 15, and 2.5% and reverse polarity of 90% contrast, was used to measure contrast visual acuities. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 35 months (mean 7.41). The mean visual acuities measured with the 90, 15, and 2.5% charts were 0.92 (SD = 0.11), 0.59 (SD = 0.13), and 0.33 (SD = 0.14), respectively. The mean visual acuity measured with the 90% reverse polarity chart was 0.97 (SD = 0.11). The decreases in visual acuities compared with the 90% contrast were 0.64 and 1.48 octaves in the 15% and the 2.5% contrast charts, respectively. The pattern of the contrast acuity profile was comparable to normal subjects, but in 28 of 100 (28%) eyes, the visual acuities measured with the reverse polarity chart were slightly better than those measured with the standard 90% contrast chart, suggesting that the glare effect still exists after IOL implantation, though to a lesser degree than in cataractous eyes.     

A comparison of visual results and complications in eyes with posterior chamber intraocular lens dislocation treated with pars plana vitrectomy and lens repositioning or lens exchange

PURPOSE: To compare the visual results and the postoperative complications in eyes with posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL) dislocation that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with lens repositioning with eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with lens exchange. DESIGN: Nonrandomized consecutive comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-nine eyes (27 right eyes and 32 left eyes) of 56 subjects (28 women and 28 men) ranging in age from 59 to 90 years. Mean follow-up was 34 months. METHODS: A comparison of the best-corrected preoperative visual acuities, final visual acuities, and postoperative complications in subjects with dislocated PCIOLs that underwent pars plana vitrectomy. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR)-converted visual acuities were used for comparison. Categorical data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, and population means were compared by a pooled Student's t test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Final mean visual acuities, change in mean visual acuities, and postoperative complications. RESULTS: For all 59 eyes the mean preoperative visual acuity was 20/152, and the mean final visual acuity was 20/48. Final visual results were similar between the eyes that underwent lens repositioning (20/55) and the eyes that underwent lens exchange (20/43; P = 0.19). Final visual results were also similar between the eyes that underwent lens exchange with sutured PCIOL placement (20/51) and the eyes that underwent lens exchange with anterior chamber intraocular lens (ACIOL) placement (20/38; P = 0.26). Final mean visual acuity in eyes that received an ACIOL (20/38) was better than in eyes that underwent repositioning of the dislocated lens into the ciliary sulcus (20/65; P = 0.01). The mean increase in visual acuities was greater for eyes with ACIOL placement compared with eyes with sutured PCIOL placement (P = 0.01). For all eyes, final visual results were unaffected by a concurrent diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration (20/52; P: = 0.71), glaucoma (20/48; P = 0.95), or postoperative cystoid macular edema (20/55; P = 0.45). Final visual acuities were significantly worse in eyes with a detectable preoperative afferent pupillary defect (20/200; P<0.0001). Postoperative retinal detachments developed in 4 of 29 eyes (14%) that underwent lens repositioning and in 2 of 30 eyes (7%) that had lens exchange (P = 0.42). Postoperative lens subluxations occurred in 6 of 29 eyes (21%) that underwent lens repositioning and in 1 of 30 eyes (3%) that underwent lens exchange (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The final visual results in eyes with dislocated PCIOLs that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with lens repositioning were similar to the visual results obtained in eyes that underwent pars plana vitrectomy with lens exchange. For eyes that underwent lens exchange, final visual results in eyes that received an ACIOL were similar to the visual results obtained in eyes that received a PCIOL; however, eyes with an ACIOL showed a greater increase in mean visual acuity. Eyes with a preoperative afferent pupillary defect had worse final visual results.     

Effectiveness of the addition of citicoline to patching in the treatment of amblyopia around visual maturity: A randomized controlled trial

Aim:

To study the effectiveness of the addition of citicoline to patching in the treatment of amblyopia in the age group of 4-13 years.

Materials and Methods:

A randomized controlled trial, which included patients who were randomly divided into two groups. Both the groups received patching therapy till plateau was achieved in phase 1 of the study. Then in phase 2, group I received citicoline plus patching and group II continued to receive only patching.

Outcome Measures:

Outcome was measured by the visual acuity in logMAR every month in phase 1 till plateau was achieved and then for 12 months in phase 2.

Results:

No significant difference was found in the mean visual acuities in these two groups in phase 1 till plateau was reached. In phase 2, for the initial four months, there was no significant difference in the visual acuities in these two groups, at the respective intervals. However, five months onward, up to 12 months, there was a significant difference in the visual acuities in these groups. The result was the same in younger patients (< seven years of age) as well as in older patients (> seven years of age). In phase 2, the mean proportional improvement in group I was significantly more than that in group II, at two months and onward, at the respective intervals.

Conclusion:

The improvement in visual acuity with citicoline plus patching was significantly more than that with patching alone, in one year of treatment.     

学龄前儿童的条栅视力观察

目的了解婴幼儿条栅视力的发育情况。方法采用电脑控制的闭路式强化优先注视（COPL）系统,以普查的形式进行条栅视力检查,分析本系统与方法的可靠性、成功率及599例2～72个月的正常婴幼儿及学龄前儿童的视力发育趋势。结果所有年龄组2次检测结果均表现出良好的可重复性;此检查方法成功率较高,可达90％以上,体现了COPL系统的强化优先注视的优势。检查中2～12个月和42～72个月的幼儿配合较好,12～42个月的幼儿处于好动状态,配合率略低,但也远高于以往文献报道;随幼儿年龄增加,其条栅视力亦逐渐增加。通过散点图估计发育趋势线图,可见出生后12个月的幼儿视力提高显著,之后条栅视力稳步上升,30～36个月视力变化相对趋于平缓,36个月之后的条栅视力发育进入平台期。结论应用电脑控制的COPL视力检测系统对学龄前幼儿条栅视力检查有较好的临床效果,可有效地应用于学龄前婴幼儿视力发育的研究,了解不同年龄段条栅视力发育的快慢及其发育成熟的年龄和可以发育的最高程度。     

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的屈光变化幅度与视力预后

目的：探讨中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（CSC）患眼的屈光变化幅度及其与视力预后的关系。方法：对23例原为正视眼的单眼活动期CSC患眼作随访前后屈光状态及矫正视力的检测。随访时间3至12个月（平均7．2个月）。结果：随访前15只患眼（65．2％）呈轻度远视状态，而对侧健眼呈远视状态的为5只眼（21．7％），远视率在患眼与健眼的分布上差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01）。随访后仅5只患眼（21．7％）仍呈远视状态，随访前后患眼远视率比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01）。随访前经验光矫正视力增进3行或以上的患眼90．9％在随访后矫正视力可达到1．0或以上。结论：大部分CSC患眼由于黄斑区神经上皮脱落、水肿而呈暂时性的轻度远视；通过活动期患眼屈光状态及矫正视力的检测，对患眼视力预后的评价有一定的价值。     

Role of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis

PURPOSE: To report the use of commercially available triamcinolone acetonide as adjunct treatment for acute-onset endophthalmitis after intraocular procedures. METHODS: Charts of 14 patients who received intravitreal triamcinolone in combination with intravitreal antibiotics for treatment of acute endophthalmitis were reviewed. Patients were included if they presented with pain, vision loss, and severe anterior chamber reaction or hypopyon. Visual acuities, intraocular pressures, anterior chamber reaction, and view of fundus details were recorded at baseline, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months to 5 months. RESULTS: Culture-positive results were found for 57% (8/14) of patients. Isolated species included Staphylococcus epidermidis, viridans streptococcus, group D Streptococcus (nonenterococcus), Propionibacterium acnes, and diphtheroid bacilli. Visual acuities improved an average of 7.5 Snellen lines. Preendophthalmitis level visual acuities were recovered in 78.6% patients (11/14), with 64% (9/14) of patients achieving visual acuity of 20/40 or better regardless of presenting vision. Resolution of anterior chamber reaction and view of fundus details were consistent with visual acuities. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal triamcinolone combined with intravitreal antibiotics appears to have a safety profile similar to current modalities with a favorable effect on visual recovery and function in the setting of acute postoperative endophthalmitis.