腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右副肝管损伤的防治

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中右副肝管损伤的防治经验。方法回顾性分析本单位LC术中发生的2例右副肝管损伤的病例资料。结果 2例副肝管损伤均在术中发现,及时中转开腹行术中胆管造影明确。损伤的右副肝管直径约为0.3 cm,长2.0~2.3 cm,均与肝总管行端侧吻合;吻合口内以头皮针硅胶管支撑、引流,术后皆无黄疸、胆漏。结论右副肝管损伤后应行胆道造影,明确引流范围,判断肝内是否有交通支,以做出恰当的处理。良好的胆道外科意识、精细的手术操作、熟悉胆管变异的各种类型是避免LC术中副肝管损伤的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除并发早期胆漏临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后早期胆漏的发生原因和处理措施。方法∶回顾分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术后11例早期胆漏的临床资料。结果∶迷走胆管或胆囊床毛细胆管渗漏5例;胆囊管残管漏4例,经开腹探查发现胆囊管夹闭不全3例,,胆囊管破损1例（系胆管侧钛夹用力不当造成胆囊管损伤）;右肝管及副肝管损伤各1例,均经开腹手术证实。结论∶腹腔镜胆囊切除术后早期胆漏有其特点,多数为迷走胆管未结扎和胆囊管残端漏,重视胆囊三角解剖,术中仔细检查及建立通畅的腹腔引流可避免再次手术,及时中转开腹是防止进一步损害的必要措施。     

左、右肝管低位汇合的临床意义

目的探讨左、右肝管低位汇合的临床意义。方法以４０例胆道造影片为基础,研究左、右肝管低位汇合的类型,并对左、右肝管低位汇合的患者进行病史和手术回顾。结果左、右肝管低位汇合的可分为十二指肠上及十二指肠后汇合两型;左、右肝管低位汇合,术前不易确诊,对术后黄疸的鉴别诊断带来困难。５例左、右肝管低位汇合病例中,右肝管横断伤１例,右副肝管线性裂伤１例,遗漏左肝管结石１例。结论行胆囊切除术时,必须强调左、右肝管低位汇合及副肝管存在的可能;左、右肝管低位汇合及副肝管存在是致右肝管、副肝管损伤和遗漏左肝管病变的解剖学基础。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中变异右肝管损伤的预防及处理

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中变异右肝管损伤的防治经验。方法 回顾性分析3例腹腔镜 胆囊切除术中因胆囊管汇入右肝管而导致右肝管损伤的病例资料。结果 2例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后发现右 肝管损伤,行右肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,恢复顺利,分别随访1.5年和4年,无胆管（再）狭窄。1例腹腔 镜胆囊切除术中发现右肝管损伤,行右肝管端端吻合术,12号T管支撑6个月予以拔除,随访2年无胆管 狭窄。结论 为防止在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中损伤变异右肝管,术前行MRCP检查、术中辨清胆囊三角结构, 正确解剖胆囊三角;腹腔镜胆囊切除困难及时中转开腹。腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发现右肝管横断,首选行右 肝管端端吻合;若右肝管端端吻合困难,行胆管空肠吻合。术后发现右肝管结扎离断行胆管空肠吻合。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道损伤的原因及处理

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ LC ）胆管损伤的原因及处理措施.方法 对自 2004 年1 月至 2011 年 12 月行 LC 患者 3156 例进行分析,发生胆道损伤 6 例,术中发现 4 例,术后胆漏发现 2 例.其中,胆囊床胆漏 1 例,胆总管横断 1 例,肝总管钛夹不全夹闭 1 例,右肝管夹闭并前壁剪开1 例,副右肝管夹闭横断 1 例,电钩损伤右肝管前壁 1 例.胆囊床胆漏及副右肝管夹闭未做处理 2 例;胆管对端吻合并置 T 管支撑引流 2 例;取出生物夹,行 T 管支撑引流 1 例;术后胆瘘 1 例,术后 7 d 再次开腹发现右肝管前壁坏死脱落,行坏死组织清除,T 管支撑引流,大网膜覆盖.结果 胆囊床漏胆及副右肝管夹闭未做处理 2 例术后随访 5 年,未发现肝脏萎缩及胆道狭窄;4 例行 T 管支撑引流者,术后随访 17 ～ 60 个月,平均 34 个月,未出现任何不适,无胆管狭窄及其他并发症.结论 术者对 LC 潜在危险性缺乏足够重视,经验不足或者盲目自信,镜下不能正确判断变异解剖关系,器械使用不当,是发生胆管损伤的根本原因.严格掌握手术适应证,强化操作训练,把握中转开腹的时机,可减少胆管损伤的发生.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术肝外胆道少见变异的处理

目的 研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆道少见变异损伤的防治.方法 回顾性分析1996年至2006年我院5231例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发现17例肝外胆道少见变异进行解剖及处理的临床资料.结果 副肝管3例,迷走胆管1例,肝外型右肝管5例,胆囊管变异8例.术中胆道损伤3例,术后胆漏3例,无患者死亡.结论 肝外胆道变异是腹腔镜胆囊切除术肝外胆道损伤的主要原因之一.腹腔镜胆囊切除术时,精细地解剖胆囊三角,加强对肝外胆道变异的认识和处理,对减少腹腔镜胆囊切除术的并发症具有重要意义.     

LC引起的医源性右肝管、副肝管损伤的诊治

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）造成的医源性右肝管、副肝管损伤的特点及防治,探讨术中胆道造影（intraoperative cholangiography,IOC）对术后胆道通畅度评级的影响。方法 回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院2014年5月至2021年11月诊治的20例医源性右肝管、副肝管损伤患者的损伤类型和损伤原因、治疗及随访结果。20例中11例未行术中胆道造影（非IOC组）,9例行术中行胆道造影（IOC组）,对比两组术后胆道通畅度评级。结果 右肝管损伤16例：8例行I期修补置管支撑引流,其中5例双T管置入;4例单纯修补;3例右肝管横断延期行胆肠吻合术;1例右肝管误缝扎,远期因梗阻行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术失败改行PTCD。4例副肝管损伤中1例修补并置管引流,1例术中误夹闭后胆瘘二期行胆肠吻合术,2例直接夹闭。IOC组术后胆道通畅度评级A级8例、C级1例,非IOC组GP A级3例、B级4例、C级3例、D级1例;IOC组评级优于非IOC组（P<0.05）。术后随访6~133个月,远期右肝管结石形成2例,胆管炎3例,右肝萎缩1例。结论 充分认识右肝管及副肝管的解剖特点,术中及时发现损伤,并根据损伤类型、IOC情况等制定相应策略是提高LC医源性胆管损伤疗效的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆道并发症的预防及治疗(附9例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)胆道并发症的预防及治疗。方法:回顾分析1995年6月至2010年4月施行6 000例LC术后7例及外院转诊2例胆道损伤的原因及处理措施。结果:9例患者中2例胆漏,经保守治疗痊愈(B超下穿刺引流,内镜鼻胆管引流);1例肝总管横断伤因术后发现较晚、水肿严重,暂行高位胆管引流术;2例术中发现肝总管横断,中转开腹行肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,痊愈出院,随访2年,无胆管狭窄;3例术后胆漏,开腹手术,2例胆囊管残端漏行胆囊管结扎术,1例右副肝管胆漏行右副肝管缝合"T"管引流术;1例胆囊管钛夹将胆总管成角钳夹,开腹取夹治愈。全组无死亡病例。结论:解剖变异、病变程度、技术因素是LC导致胆道损伤的常见原因。胆道损伤应及时发现,准确诊断,根据分型正确处理,才能获得满意的预后。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除围手术期预防较大副右肝管损伤体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）围手术期发现和避免较大副右肝管（最大径>3 mm）损伤及损伤处理措施。方法 回顾性分析2015年12月至2021年12月上海市宝山区中西医结合医院7例LC术中存在较大右副肝管患者围手术期的病例资料。结果 7例较大副右肝管均在术前行MRCP检查时发现,并在术中证实。其中副右肝管损伤1例,术中发现漏胆后一期行胆肠吻合,术后随访期内出现胆管感染,反复发作,予以保守处理,未出现其他并发症。结论 术前常规MRCP检查、术中精细操作、熟悉胆道变异,是预防LC术中较大副右肝管损伤的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)后胆漏的原因及处理措施。方法回顾性分析浙江大学附属第一医院缙云分院2003年7月至2016年1月LC术后胆漏患者30例的临床资料,分析胆漏发生原因及处理措施。结果 30例患者中,9例经过非手术治疗好转,10例B超引导下穿刺引流,3例放置鼻胆管引流,3例行再次腹腔镜下探查处理、2例行乳头切开,1例放置鼻胆管引流术后合并有胆道狭窄,给予行ERCP放置胆道支架治疗后好转,2例合并有严重胆道损伤,再次手术后行胆总管空肠吻合术,均治愈出院。胆囊管残端夹闭不全或钛夹脱落、迷走胆管损伤、胆囊床毛细胆管损伤、胆囊管残端漏、副肝管损伤、肝外胆管损伤等是导致LC术后胆漏的主要原因。结论术中对于胆囊管、肝总管等部位解剖,术前常规MRCP以及必要时术中胆道造影,术后常规放置引流管可有效减少LC术后胆漏的发生,术后及时B超介入下的穿刺引流以及ERCP是目前处理胆漏的最主要的方式。再次腹腔镜下探查手术处理也是很好的办法。     

Accessory gallbladder originating from the right hepatic duct

A patient with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy after confirmation of the diagnosis by sonography. Intraoperative cholangiography was normal and the operation was completed laparoscopically. Due to the postoperative persistence of right upper abdominal pain, another sonogram and then an endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERCP) were performed. To our surprise, an accessory gallbladder with a remaining gallstone was revealed. The accessory cystic duct was shown as arising directly from the right hepatic duct. The patient underwent a second laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but due to hemorrhaging the operation had to be converted to an open procedure. The two gallbladders and their corresponding cystic ducts and arteries were entirely separate. To our knowledge, this is the first publication of a duplicate gallbladder where the cystic duct arose directly from the right hepatic duct.     

Accessory cystic duct discovered by intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy]

The study aim was to report a rare biliary variation detected with an intraoperative cholangiography during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. After the ligation of the cystic duct, the gallbladder was opacified via an accessory cystic duct flowing into a branch of the right hepatic duct. This accessory cystic duct was clipped and the postoperative course was uneventful.     

Isolated right segmental hepatic duct injury: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

Biliary leaks and injuries are not an uncommon occurrence following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Bile leaks associated with the biliary anatomic variant of a low-inserting right segmentai hepatic duct can be particularly difficult to diagnose in that results of endoscopie retrograde cholangiography (ERC) are usually interpreted as ‘normal’ with no leaks demonstrated. The aim of this study was to describe a single institution’s experience with nine patients with biliary leaks associated with this anatomic variant and to discuss their management. A retrospective analysis of the hospital records of all patients with bile duct injuries managed at a single institution between 1980 and July 1998, inclusive, was performed. Nine patients were identified as having an isolated right segmental hepatic duct injury associated with a biliary leak. Seven (78%) of the nine patients had undergone a laparoscopic cholccystcctomy, whereas the remaining two patients (22%) had undergone an open cholecystectomy. All of the patients had undergone endoscopie retrograde cholangiography at outside institutions, the results of which had been interpreted as normal with no apparent leaks. The median interval from the time of cholecystectomy to referral was 1.4 months. All patients were managed with initial percutaneous access of the involved right segmentai biliary system, with placement of a percutaneous transhepatic stent. After the biliary leak was controlled, all patients underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy to the isolated biliary segment. All patients had an uncomplicated postoperative course. There were no postoperative anastomotic leaks. Postoperative stenting was maintained for a mean of 8 months. Six (67%) of the nine patients had a long-term successful outcome with minimal or no symptoms. In three patients, recurrent symptoms with pain and/or cholangitis developed at a mean of 34 months. All three patients underwent percutaneous cholangiography, which demonstrated an anastomotic stricture, and all were managed with percutaneous balloon dilatation with a successful outcome. Currently eight (89%) of the nine patients are asymptomatic, with a mean followup of 70.4 months (range 12 to 226 months). One patient had intermittent right upper quadrant pain with normal liver function tests but has not required intervention. Isolated right segmental hepatic ductal inlury with biliary leakage is an uncommon complication following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A diagnostic dilemma is created by the presence of a bile leak with a normal endoscopie retrograde cholangiogram. Management begins with percutaneous access or the transected isolated ductal system followed by reconstruction as a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Presented at the Fortieth Annual Meeting of The Society tor Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Orlando, Fla., May 16–19, 1999.     

Bile leaks from the duct of Luschka (subvesical duct): a review

Background Gallstone disease remains the most common disease of the digestive system in Western societies and laparoscopic cholecystectomy one of the most common surgical procedures performed. Bile leaks remain a significant cause of morbidity for patients undergoing this procedure. These occur in 0.2–2% of cases. The bile ducts of Luschka, or subvesical ducts, are small ducts which originate from the right hepatic lobe, course along the gallbladder fossa, and usually drain in the extrahepatic bile ducts. Injuries to these ducts are the second most frequent cause of postcholecystectomy bile leaks.Methods A literature search using MEDLINE’s Medical Subject Heading terms was used to identify recent articles. Cross-references from these articles were also used.Results Subvesical bile duct leaks can be detected by drip-infusion cholangiography using computed tomography preoperatively, direct visualization or cholangiography intraoperatively, and fistulography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with intravenous contrast postoperatively. ERCP is the most common diagnostic method used. Most patients with subvesical duct leaks are symptomatic, and most leaks will be detected postoperatively during the first postoperative week. Drainage of extravasated bile is mandatory in all cases. Reduction of intrabiliary pressure with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stent placement will lead to preferential flow of bile through the papilla, thus permitting subvesical duct injuries to heal. This is the most common treatment modality used. In a minority of patients, relaparoscopy is performed. In such cases, the leaking subvesical duct is visualized directly, and ligation usually is sufficient treatment. Simple drainage is adequate treatment for a small number of asymptomatic patients with low-volume leaks.Conclusions Subvesical duct leaks occur after cholecystectomy regardless of gallbladder pathology or urgency of operation. They have been encountered more frequently in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraoperative cholangiography does not detect all such leaks. Staying close to the gallbladder wall during its removal from the fossa is the only known prophylactic measure. ERCP and stent placement are the most common effective diagnostic and therapeutic methods used. Intraoperative and perioperative adjunctive measures, such as fibrin glue instillation and pharmacologic relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, can potentially be used in lowering the incidence of subvesical bile leaks.     

Preoperative evaluation of the extrahepatic bile duct structure for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background The incidence of aberrant bile duct injury associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has not yet been adequately examined. This study aimed to clarify the types of normal cystic ducts and the incidence of aberrant extrahepatic bile ducts, and to search for a method of avoiding injuries during LC. Methods Aberrant hepatic ducts were retrospectively categorized into five types according to the pattern of the cystic ducts and the accessory hepatic ducts by preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography or multidetector three-dimensional computed tomography using drip infusion cholangiography. The aberrant bile ducts were classified as type A (merging at the right side of the common bile duct), type B (merging at the anterior side), or type C (merging at the posterior left side). Results The intrahepatic bile ducts and cystic duct were clearly shown for 1,044 of the 1,278 patients who underwent LC. Secondary branches of aberrant cystic ducts were observed in 37 cases (3.5%), and accessory hepatic ducts were observed in 30 cases (2.9%). A comparison of the difficulties encountered with LC for each type based on the merging patterns of cystic ducts showed that type C needed a much longer operation time for LC than the other types. Conclusions A preoperative evaluation of the bile duct tract and the accessory hepatic duct before LC is important. Patients with a cystic duct merging normally into the posterior left side of the common hepatic duct (type C) experienced difficulty when undergoing LC. The authors have safely performed LC with the use of an endoscopic nasobiliary drainage tube in type D cases (cystic duct merging with the right hepatic duct), in type IV cases (cystic duct merging with an accessory hepatic duct).     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右肝管分支损伤的预防和治疗(附7例分析)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中右肝管分支损伤的预防和治疗。方法:回顾分析本院近4年LC术中发生之右肝管分支损伤的诊断和治疗过程及随访情况。结果:2001年5月至2005年4月,我院行LC术中发现或术后发生胆漏、经造影证实为右肝管分支损伤者共7例,其中男2例、女5例。7例均属选择性手术,其中6例呈胆囊周围慢性炎症,粘连明显,5例在术中放置了双腔引流管,术后发现有胆汁引出。另2例系在术中发现于胆囊管切断后,肝面有胆汁溢出;当即中转开腹,行术中造影,发现为右肝管分支畸形受损,直径分别为0.3cm和0.4cm,予对端吻合;置T管作为内支撑,经胆总管引出。5例在术中放置双套引流管的病例中,1例因每日持续有20～100ml胆汁引出,于术后3个月行右肝管鄄空肠Roux鄄en鄄γ吻合,吻合口直径达1cm;4例分别在术后引流1～3个月后自行闭合,并无任何临床症状,肝功能无异常。2例在术中放置内支撑者,于术后9个月拔除T鄄管,恢复良好。结论:右肝管分支的损伤往往与胆囊三角的慢性炎症程度、胆道系统的解剖变异、手术操作不当等因素有关。对术后发现胆漏者,经通畅的引流治疗1～3个月后,大部病例可以治愈,不需进行第2次手术,对引流超过3个月不愈者,需再次手术。     

Right hepatic lobectomy for recurrent cholangitis after combined bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a report of two cases

BACKGROUND: Bile duct injuries in combination with major vascular injuries may cause serious morbidity and may even require liver resection in some cases. We present two case studies of patients requiring right hepatic lobectomy after bile duct and right hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. PATIENTS: Two patients sustained combined major bile duct and hepatic artery injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surgical management consisted of immediate hepaticojejunostomy with reconstruction of the artery in one patient and hepaticojejunostomy alone in the other patient. In both cases the initial postoperative course was uncomplicated. RESULTS: After 4 and 6 months both patients suffered recurrent cholangitis due to anastomotic stricture. Both developed secondary biliary cirrhosis and required right hepatic lobectomy with left hepaticojejunostomy. The patients remain well 31 months and 4.5 years after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The outcome of bile duct reconstruction may be worse in the presence of combined biliary and vascular injuries than in patients with an intact blood supply of the bile ducts. We recommend arterial reconstruction when possible in early recognized injuries to prevent late strictures. Short-term follow-up is most important for early recognition of postoperative strictures and to avoid further complications such as secondary biliary cirrhosis.     

Anomalous insertion of the right hepatic duct into the cystic duct: report of a case diagnosed before laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Although an aberrant hepatic duct entering the cystic duct is not especially rare, the main right hepatic duct entering the cystic duct is extremely rare, with only six cases reported thus far. All of the reported patients underwent open cholecystectomy, during which one patient received a bile duct injury. The anomaly was unsuspected preoperatively in all of these cases. We report an additional patient with this anomaly, the first such case diagnosed before laparoscopic cholecystectomy using direct cholangiography. Cholangiography may be mandatory whenever biliary anomalies are suspected during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. As the right hepatic duct entering the cystic duct can lead to ductal injury, this anomaly should be kept in mind when performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Double gallbladder originating from left hepatic duct: a case report and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Double gallbladder is a rare anomaly of the biliary tract. Double gallbladder arising from the left hepatic duct was previously reported only once in the literature. CASE REPORT: A case of symptomatic cholelithiasis in a double gallbladder, diagnosed on preoperative ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP) is reported. At laparoscopic cholangiography via the accessory gallbladder no accessory cystic duct was visualized. After conversion to open cholecystectomy, the duplicated gallbladder was found to arise directly from the left hepatic duct; it was resected and the duct repaired. CONCLUSIONS: We emphasize that a careful intraoperative cholangiographic evaluation of the accessory gallbladder is mandatory in order to prevent inadvertent injury to bile ducts, since a large variety of ductal abnormality may exist.     

Posterior hepatic duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy finally necessitating hepatic resection: case report.

A case of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy finally necessitating right hepatic lobectomy is reported to re-emphasize the importance of preoperative and intraoperative assessment of the biliary tree. A 47-year-old Japanese woman underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis. On postoperative day 5, fever and right hypochondralgia developed, and CT revealed fluid collection at the right hypochondrium. Percutaneous drainage was performed, and subsequent fistulography revealed a communication of the cystic cavity with the right posterior bile duct, which suggested injury of the aberrant hepatic duct. Conservative therapy, including the adaptation of fibrin glue, was performed, but closure of the fistula and cavity was not obtainable. Finally, a right hepatic lobectomy was performed four months after cholecystectomy. In this case, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was unsuccessful preoperatively, and intraoperative cholangiography was not done. This case report re-emphasizes that the preoperative and intraoperative examination of the biliary tree is mandatory to avoid bile duct injury.