三角纤维软骨复合体解剖及生物力学研究

目的从解剖完整的腕关节入手,阐明三角纤维软骨复合体各组成部分的解剖特点,评估三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)对于维持远侧桡尺关节稳定的重要性。方法对8个新鲜解冻的腕关节和6个经甲醛浸泡的腕关节进行显微解剖。同时对影响远侧桡尺关节稳定性的因素作了初步的评估。前臂中旋位,垂直于尺骨予20N拉力下测量尺骨相对于桡骨的位移,然后先后切断掌背侧桡尺韧带,测量尺骨相对于桡骨的位移变化。结果发现掌背桡尺韧带由三角纤维软骨盘外周增厚而成,止于尺骨茎突基底部,是维持远侧桡尺关节稳定性的主要因素之一,切断掌背侧桡尺韧带会导致远侧桡尺关节明显不稳。结论TFCC由三角纤维软骨盘、掌背侧桡尺韧带、尺骨月骨韧带、尺骨三角骨韧带、尺侧腕伸肌下腱鞘、半月板同源物、尺侧囊组成。掌背桡尺韧带是维持远侧桡尺关节稳定性的主要因素之一,掌背侧桡尺韧带损伤会导致远侧桡尺关节明显不稳。     

下尺桡关节病变和腕尺侧疼痛

下尺桡关节(DRUJ)由尺骨头、桡骨远端乙状切迹和三角纤维软骨复合体(TFCC)构成,司前臂旋前、旋后活动和腕关节由桡偏向尺偏的侧方运动,关节间还能传导载荷.TFCC是DRUJ的软组织稳定结构,由三角纤维软骨盘、尺-月和月-三角韧带、背侧和掌侧尺桡韧带、尺侧副韧带和尺侧腕伸肌腱鞘、半月板同系物等结构组成,其中尺桡韧带(背侧和掌侧)是稳定DRUJ的最重要的结构.临床上,在处理涉及DRUJ的损伤和疾病时,会遇到DRUJ病变与腕尺侧疼痛问题,需要引起重视.     

尺侧腕伸肌腱固定治疗桡尺远侧关节背侧半脱位的疗效

目的 介绍一种韧带再造的新方法治疗桡尺远侧关节背侧半脱位的疗效。方法 对3例患者,取尺侧腕伸肌腱的桡侧半腱条,自尺骨背侧骨孔突出,由桡骨掌侧骨孔穿入,再从桡骨骨侧骨孔穿出后拉紧,固定于尺骨上。结果 3例患者均取得了满意效果,术前的疼痛症状消失,关节半脱位已矫正,前臂旋转功能改善。结论 用尺侧腕伸肌腱固定治疗玩关节炎改变的桡尺远侧关节背侧半脱位简便有效。     

尺骨茎突骨折伴下尺桡关节脱位1例

尺骨茎突骨折伴下尺桡关节完全脱位的病例在腕关节损伤中并不多见,作者于2002年7月诊治1例,现报道如下。1病例资料患者,女,57岁,农民,于2002年7月1日被重物砸伤右前臂,造成远端疼痛、畸形,3小时后来院。查体:右前臂远端宽度变窄,掌侧隆起,尺侧腕屈肌腱与掌长肌腱之间可触及脱位之尺骨小头,按压无异常活动,无尺神经及正中神经损伤症状。X线:右尺骨茎突骨折,尺骨小头向桡掌侧完全脱位。即行手法整复,极度屈曲腕关节,并向尺背侧按压脱位之尺骨小头,使尺骨小头滑过松驰的尺侧腕屈肌腱,解除交锁,而后背伸腕关节,向背侧推挤尺骨小头,使其与尺骨茎…     

肌腱移植解剖重建治疗桡尺远端关节慢性不稳

目的探讨桡尺远端关节(distal radioulnar joint, DRUJ)慢性不稳采用肌腱移植解剖重建韧带的临床疗效。方法 2014年6月-2017年12月对18例桡尺远端关节慢性不稳患者采用游离掌长肌腱移植重建掌侧和背侧桡尺远端韧带,术后应用改良Mayo腕关节功能评分观察腕关节活动范围(背伸、旋转活动、屈曲)、握持力度、腕关节疼痛情况,测试桡尺远端关节稳定性情况,并采用腕关节正侧位X线片显示术后桡尺远端关节有无退行性变化及骨隧道断裂,并记录手术并发症。结果术后18例获6～36个月随访,平均(13.0±1.7)个月。1例出现短暂的感觉异常,并改变尺神经背侧皮支的分布感觉,但术后1个月自行消退,无切口感染及其他神经血管等术后并发症。末次随访时改良Mayo腕关节评分,优15例,良1例,可2例,优良率88.9%;16例DRUJ稳定性恢复,2例出现关节松弛;术后未出现桡尺远端骨性关节炎及骨隧道断裂。结论桡尺远端关节慢性不稳采用游离掌长肌腱移植解剖重建疗效确切,值得临床开展。     

桡尺远侧关节稳定结构的生物力学分析

目的 从生物力学的角度分析桡尺远侧关节（distal radioulnar joint,DRUJ）稳定结构在前臂台的稳定作用及损伤后的临床体征。方法 用自身的实验架固定8侧新鲜上肢标本。分级切除桡尺远侧关节的主要稳定结构,进行生物力学测量分析。结果 三角纤维软骨复合体（triangular fibrocartilage complex,TFCC）水平部分前半段切除后,DRUJ于旋后位时不稳定;水平部分后半段切除后,DRUJ于旋前位是不稳定;TFCC水平部及远侧骨骨间膜全部切除后,DRUJ于各个位置均不稳定。结论 DRUJ的稳定性主要依靠TFCC水平部分和远侧骨间膜的维持。背侧桡尺韧带在前臂旋前位时,维持DRUJ的稳定作用较掌侧桡尺韧带大;相反,在旋后位时掌侧桡尺韧带比背侧桡尺韧带更为重要。     

桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤节段切除及骨重建技术

 桡骨远端是构成腕关节、下尺桡关节的重要解剖结构,正常人的桡骨远端关节面背侧边缘长于掌侧缘,关节面向掌侧倾斜10°~15°（掌倾角）;桡骨茎突较尺骨茎突长1~1.5 cm,故桡骨远端关节面向尺侧倾斜20°~25°（尺倾角）。桡骨下端具有掌、背、桡、尺四个面,掌侧光滑凹陷,有旋前方肌附着;背侧凸起,有四个骨性腱沟,内有伸肌腱;桡侧面延长成茎突,有肱桡肌附着及拇长展肌腱和拇短伸肌腱腱鞘;尺侧面构成下尺桡关节,为前臂旋转的枢纽。因此,当桡骨远端畸形、外伤或存在肿瘤行关节重建时,如骨关节重建不良或方法不合理,则可造成腕及手指的功能障碍。     

腕关节神经支配的解剖学研究

目的观察支配腕关节神经的来源、直径、数目及其行径;为去神经支配治疗腕关节疼痛提供解剖学资料。方法对10具20侧福马林固定的上肢标本,在手术显微镜下解剖并观察骨间后神经、前臂外侧皮神经、桡神经浅支、尺神经腕背支支配腕关节背侧的腕关节支;骨间前神经、正中神经掌皮支、尺神经深支及其主干支配腕关节掌侧的关节支。结果骨间后神经是支配腕关节背侧神经的主要来源;前臂外侧皮神经、桡神经浅支、尺神经腕背支也发支支配腕关节背侧。骨间前神经、正中神经掌皮支、尺神经深支发支参与支配腕关节的掌侧。结论用去神经支配的方法治疗腕关节顽固性疼痛主要适用于腕背侧的疼痛。     

马德隆畸形的治疗方法探讨

目的　探讨马德隆畸形的治疗方法。　方法　2 0 0 0年3月～2 0 0 3年11月,治疗7例马德隆畸形,其中男2例,女5例,年龄18～2 3岁;原因不明5例,外伤史2例。桡骨尺倾角37～70°,掌倾角大于16°。手术分别在前臂远端尺桡侧作纵行切口,对尺骨实施段切,桡骨楔形截骨,矫正畸形,双十字钢丝纵向加压固定尺骨,髓内针对桡骨矫形并固定。腕关节位于休息位,紧缩尺侧腕伸肌腱。　结果　术后7例腕畸形均改善,桡骨尺倾角减小到2 0～2 4°,掌倾角<15°。7例均获随访9个月～3年8个月,平均2年;与术前比较患者腕部畸形全部矫正,腕痛消失,腕关节活动及前臂旋转功能接近正常;腕关节背伸有力。　结论　尺骨段切、桡骨远端截骨、改善内固定及加尺侧腕伸肌紧缩术治疗马德隆畸形,对消除畸形、减轻腕痛、改善功能,以及减少下尺桡关节创伤性关节炎有较好疗效     

股阔筋膜条的腕三角纤维软骨重建术

我们对腕三角纤维软骨破裂的 3例病人进行重建术 ,效果良好。1　临床资料3例均为男性 ,2 2～ 39岁 ,均为右腕部。病程 2月～ 3年 ,临床症状均有疼痛 ,腕屈伸弹响 ,前后旋转疼痛加剧 ,Ｘ线均显示尺桡远侧关节分离 (左右对比 ) ,术中证实 ,固有关节盘合并尺桡背侧韧带破裂 2例 ,合并尺侧腕伸肌鞘损伤 1例。2　手术方法取尺骨远端背侧切口 ,起尺骨茎突远侧 2ｃｍ ,经尺桡远侧关节背侧向尺骨近侧延长 5ｃｍ ,显露尺桡远侧关节及三角纤维软骨的背侧面 ,根据术中发现其损伤的部位。切取同侧股外侧阔筋膜条长 9ｃｍ ,宽 1 5ｃｍ ,用零号线间断缝合 …     

Functional results of arthroscopic triangular fibrocartilage complex reconstruction in chronic distal radioulnar joint instability

PurposeTears in the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) often manifest as ulnar wrist pain and limited wrist function. In chronic cases, the treatment of large tears with irreparable TFCC degeneration combined with distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability is difficult. In the current report, we describe the outcomes of a mini-invasive technique for TFCC reconstruction using the palmaris longus (PL) tendon via arthroscopy.MethodsWe examined the cases of 21 adult patients [20 men and 1 woman; age range, 19?24 years (mean age, 22.4 years)] treated for chronic and irreparable TFCC tears from September 1999 to September 2011. We used the arthroscopic TFCC reconstruction method with the PL tendon for all chronic and irreparable TFCC injuries with DRUJ instability in our clinic. Thereafter, the patients underwent a rehabilitation program, which included wrist motion and occupational therapy. The time period from the event causing the tear to the operation ranged from 14 months to 28 months (mean duration, 22.6 months). All the patients had negative, zero, or mildly positive (<2 mm) ulnar variance.ResultsThe results were graded using the Mayo modified wrist score. Of the 21 patients, 11 rated their wrists as “excellent,” 9 as “good,” and 1 as “fair.” None of the patients developed wound infections or complications.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that arthroscopic TFCC reconstruction using the PL tendon is an effective method for treating chronic and irreparable TFCC tears with DRUJ instability.     

Ligamentous stabilization of the distal radioulnar joint

Instability of the distal radioulnar joint results from fracture and/or malunions of the forearm bones, disruption, or laxity of the ligaments of the triangular fibrocartilage. Such instability often-times is not diagnosed acutely and presents as a chronic problem. When these ligaments fail to heal adequately after injury, distal radioulnar joint instability develops into mechanical problems resulting in pain, limited range of motion, and decreased grip strength. In this case, reconstruction of the disrupted distal radioulnar joint ligaments is essential to restore proper function. In this presentation, a technique of ligament reconstruction using palmaris longus, plantaris, or toe extensor tendon graft is outlined with mid-term functional results.     

Distal radioulnar joint instability in distal radius fractures: the role of sigmoid notch and triangular fibrocartilage complex revisited

The stabilising effects of various structures of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) have been heavily debated. This biomechanical cadaveric study examined the effects of the volar and dorsal lips of the sigmoid notch and the volar and dorsal aspects of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) on DRUJ stability. Sequential fractures of the distal radius and sectioning of the TFCC were performed followed by measurements of ulnar translation with the forearm in pronation, neutral and supination. A dorsal lunate facet fracture created instability in pronation. Lunate facet fractures alone did not create instability in other forearm positions. Sectioning of the volar TFCC after loss of the dorsal TFCC by a dorsal lunate facet fracture caused DRUJ instability with the forearm in neutral position. Sectioning of the dorsal TFCC after loss of the volar TFCC due to a volar lunate facet fracture created instability in neutral and pronated positions.     

Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability: Assessment of Three Intraoperative Radiographic Stress Tests

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe three radiographic stress tests that could be used to examine for distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability intraoperatively, and to determine their ability to detect DRUJ instability after sequentially sectioning the DRUJ. Methods: Eleven fresh frozen cadaveric upper extremities (mean age 52.6 ± 14.9 years) were obtained. We sequentially sectioned the DRUJ. After each component of the DRUJ was sectioned, we performed three radiographic stress tests—squeeze test, ulnar pull in coronal plane, and simulated DRUJ ballotment test. Results: The squeeze test detected a significant increase in diastasis relative to the intact DRUJ after sectioning of the foveal insertion of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC; 1.0 mm) and the distal oblique bundle (DOB; 1.2 mm). The ulnar pull test in the coronal plane detected a significant increase in diastasis relative to the intact DRUJ after sectioning of the dorsal and volar radioulnar ligaments (2 mm), the foveal insertion of the TFCC (2.6 mm), and the DOB (4.4 mm). The simulated DRUJ ballotment test detected a significant increase in dorsal translation of the ulna relative to the intact DRUJ with sectioning of the foveal insertion of the TFCC (4.9 mm) and the DOB (5.6 mm). Conclusion: The squeeze test and simulated DRUJ ballotment test detect a significant increase in diastasis after the foveal attachment of the TFCC was sectioned. The ulnar pull test in the coronal plane was the most sensitive test for detecting a significant increase in diastasis relative to the intact DRUJ.     

Modified brachioradialis wrap for stabilizing the distal radioulnar joint: case report

Distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) stability requires competent static and dynamic soft tissues. Multiple DRUJ techniques have been described in the literature. Our method is a novel modification of the Gupta method of DRUJ stabilization used in a revision reconstruction on a patient with a total wrist arthroplasty. A brachioradialis graft is harvested and tunneled through Parona’s space volar to the pronator quadratus and through the muscle body. The tendon is then brought dorsal between the radius and ulna to the dorsal side of the distal ulna and sutured to the floor of the 5th extensor compartment, as well as to the surrounding extensor reticulum ulnar to the 6th compartment with nonabsorbable sutures. Our modification of the method described by Gupta prevents ulnar subluxaton of the extensor carpal ulnaris (ECU), allows the tendon graft construct to more adequately resist volar translation of the radius, and thus acts like a leash to pull the radius dorsally to the stationary ulna. This modification gives the graft a better force vector to resist the volar translation of the distal radius. We are able to present successful 30-month follow-up of this procedure.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11552-015-9752-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Functional results post-triangular fibrocartilage complex reconstruction with extensor carpi ulnaris with or without ulnar shortening in chronic distal radioulnar joint instability.

From September 1996 to September 2001, 37 adult patients were diagnosed with chronic triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears with distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability in our clinic. They had all received the procedure of TFCC reconstruction with partial extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) combined with or without ulnar shortening. There were 36 males and one female in the study with a mean age of 22.4 years. The follow-up period ranged from 25 to 48 months with a mean of 36.2 months. All patients received the rehabilitation programme and were re-examined at our outpatient department. The results were graded according to the Mayo Modified Wrist Score. Eleven of the 37 patients rated their wrists "excellent", 22 rated "good", and four rated "fair". Overall, a total of 33 patients (89%) rated satisfactorily and returned to work or sport activities. Therefore, TFCC reconstruction with partial ECU tendon combined with or without ulnar shortening procedure is an effective method for post-traumatic chronic TFCC tears with DRUJ instability suggested by this study.     

Intraoperative evaluation of DRUJ instability through dorsal stress radiography in distal radius fractures

IntroductionCertain type of injury of the triangular fibrocartilage complex associated with distal radius fracture can result in distal radioulnar joint instability (DRUJ). Untreated DRUJ instability may lead to poor result in the treatment of acute distal radius fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate DRUJ instability in distal radius fractures through dorsal stress radiography comparing the affected and unaffected wrists intraoperatively.Materials and methods49 patients with a distal radius fracture who were operatively treated with a volar locking plate were included. Dorsal stress radiography was used to evaluate both affected and unaffected wrists peri-operatively to detect DRUJ instability. Under general anesthesia, a dorsal stress test was performed on the unaffected wrist. Additionally, after fixation of the affected wrist, a dorsal stress test was performed. The ulnar translation ratio (UTR) was measured through the dorsal stress radiograph. Arthroscopic examination was performed on all affected wrists according to Palmer's and Atzei classification.ResultsThe UTR of the affected wrist and the TFCC injury Palmer-type IB tendency were positively correlated (odds ratio: 1.18, p-value: 0.002). Additionally, as the UTR difference between the affected and unaffected wrists enlarged, it revealed a significant DRUJ instability tendency due to Palmer-type IB TFCC injury (p-value: 0.000006, Wilcoxon rank-sum test).ConclusionsDorsal stress radiography is a reliable, simple procedure to evaluate DRUJ instability intraoperatively. UTR value from dorsal stress radiography could be useful for evaluating DRUJ instability associated with distal radius fracture.     

Reconstruction for DRUJ Instability

The skeletal architecture of the DRUJ provides minimal inherent stability, as the sigmoid notch is shallow and its radius of curvature is 50% greater than that of the ulnar head [Af Ekenstam F, Hagert CG. Anatomical studies on the geometry and stability of the distal radio ulnar joint. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;19(1):17–25]. Due to its incongruent articulation, the DRUJ relies strongly on the surrounding soft tissues for stability. The triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) is generally accepted as the major soft tissue stabilizer of the DRUJ of which the volar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments are the primary components. Restoration of the radioulnar ligaments offers the best possibility to restore the normal DRUJ primary constraints and kinematics. This article presents an update of the procedure developed by the senior author that anatomically reconstructs the palmar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments at their anatomic origins and insertions.     

Management of the distal radioulnar joint and ulnar styloid fracture

Fractures of the distal radius and ulnar styloid have the potential to disturb the normal function of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), resulting in loss of motion, pain, arthritis, or instability. The DRUJ can be adversely affected by several mechanisms, including intra-articular injury with step-off, shortening, and angulation of an extra-articular fracture; injury to the radioulnar ligaments; ulnar styloid avulsion fracture; and injury of secondary soft tissue stabilizers. This article discusses the management of the DRUJ and ulnar styloid fracture in the presence of a distal radius fracture.