163例乳腺癌肝脏转移临床资料和预后因素分析

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨乳腺癌肝脏转移的临床特点、治疗情况以及预后。方法〓回顾性分析2006年1月至2016年1月中山大学附属第一医院收治的乳腺癌肝脏转移病例,总结该部分患者的临床病理特征、治疗方式、生存期以及影响预后的因素。结果〓共163例患者入组,其中初诊合并肝脏转移69例(A组),乳腺癌术后复发累及肝脏94例(B组)。所有患者均行以全身治疗为主的综合治疗,其中35.6%的患者行手术、消融或TACE局部治疗。B组患者中位生存时间较A组患者延长12.0个月(P=1.83×10-10),相应的1年、2年、3年生存率也明显高于A组(A组:1年79.44%,2年40.54%,3年9.20%;B组:1年98.94%,2年84.92%,3年40.54%)。而有机会局部治疗的患者生存期明显延长:局部治疗组中位生存时间为33.0个月(95%CI, 30.0~39.4个月),未能局部治疗组中位生存时间仅为26.4个月(95%CI, 23.6~29.7个月),(P=9.95×10-3)。单因素分析显示激素受体状态、HER-2表达情况、Ki67增殖情况、分子分型、肝脏多发转移灶是否局限以及是否有机会局部治疗均与乳腺癌肝脏转移患者的预后相关。多因素分析则提示HER-2表达情况、肝脏多发转移灶是否局限以及是否有机会局部治疗是乳腺癌肝脏转移患者的独立预后因素。结论〓乳腺癌肝脏转移一旦发生,预后较差。临床工作中应注重乳腺癌患者的肝脏筛查,以期早期发现、早期治疗。治疗应以全身综合治疗为主,对于孤立的单一转移灶或局限的多发转移灶,局部治疗可以取得良好的效果。     

肝脏囊性病变外科治疗的回顾性分析

目的　提高肝脏囊性病变 (囊肿≥ 4cm )的外科治疗水平。方法　对 1983～ 2 0 0 3年我院外科治疗肝脏囊性病变的病因、外科治疗方式及预后进行回顾性分析。结果　本组肝脏囊性病变病人 64例 ,其中单纯性肝囊肿 5 7例 ,肝棘球蚴病 4例 ,肝胆管囊腺瘤 2例 ,肝胆管囊腺癌 1例。囊肿平均直径为 10 .4cm。 16例单纯性肝囊肿行经皮囊肿穿刺抽液术 ,术后所有病人囊肿复发。 5 2例单纯性肝囊肿病人施行了手术治疗 ,其中 2 8例剖腹行囊肿去顶术 ,6例术后复发 ;18例腹腔镜辅助下手术 ,2例术后复发 ;囊肿切除术 2例 ,肝叶或肝部分切除术 4例。 4例肝棘球蚴病行包虫囊肿内囊摘除术 ,无复发。 2例肝胆管囊腺瘤和 1例肝胆管囊腺癌 ,均行肝叶切除术。结论　巨大 (≥ 4cm)、有临床症状的单纯性肝囊肿行经皮囊肿穿刺抽液术均复发 ;囊肿去顶术复发率低 ,腹腔镜辅助下手术较剖腹手术创伤小。肝棘球蚴病行包虫囊肿内囊摘除术是有效的 ,复发率低。肝胆管囊腺瘤可能恶变 ,应早期手术切除。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗肺转移瘤38例报告

目的：探讨电视胸腔镜手术（ video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery , VATS ）治疗肺转移瘤的可行性和疗效。方法2004年9月-2012年12月电视胸腔镜手术治疗38例肺转移瘤。均采用双腔气管插管单肺通气,患侧腋中线第7或8肋间做1．5 cm切口为观察孔,置入胸腔镜;胸腔镜引导下分别于腋前线第3或4肋间及肩胛下角线第6或7肋间另做2个操作孔。内镜缝合切割器距肿瘤边缘1．5 cm行楔形切除术,常规清扫或切除区域肿大淋巴结。结果38例行VATS肺楔形切除术。无围手术期死亡,无术后严重并发症,无切口肿瘤种植。1、3、5年累计生存率分别是86．8％、52．6％、31．6％。结论对于有适应证的肺转移瘤采用VATS治疗可行。     

皮瓣转移结合负压抽吸治疗乳腺癌术后上肢淋巴水肿

目的 探讨一种治疗乳腺癌根治术后上肢淋巴水肿的手术方法。方法 2001～2002年我们采用侧胸壁皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣转移结合上肢负压抽吸治疗10例单侧乳腺癌根治术后上肢淋巴水肿患者。结果 术后所有患者上肢周径均有不同程度减小，核素淋巴管造影显示淋巴回流有显著改善。术后随访3～18个月，疗效稳定。结论 皮瓣转移结合负压抽吸可以有效地治疗乳腺癌根治术后淋巴水肿。     

乳腺癌术后复发转移原因分析

目的探讨乳腺癌术后复发、转移的因素,寻求预防措施,以提高患者无瘤生存期。方法分析1998年1月至2006年12月收治87例乳腺癌术后复发、转移患者的相关资料。结果根据患者原来就诊时机,术后综合治疗不同而分别于术后8~72个月出现复发、转移。其中胸壁局部复发16例,肺转移28例,胸椎转移21例,远处骨转移12例,肝转移9例,锁骨上淋巴结转移19例,14例合并2个脏器以上转移。结论加强健康知识宣传,促使患者早期就诊,强调手术无瘤观念,规范、实施各项综合治疗措施,可收到预防乳腺癌术后复发、转移的良好效果。     

脊柱转移瘤的预后分析

目的：探讨预测脊柱转移瘤预后的方法及按其制定治疗方案的可能性。方法：对我院1994年10月～2001年10月收治并有随访资料的41例脊柱转移瘤患者进行Cox生存分析，按照Tomita脊柱转移瘤预后评分法进行评分。保守治疗26例，手术治疗15例，其中全脊椎切除术5例。结果：30例原发癌诊断明确，11例原发癌诊断不明确。36例死亡．5例仍存活，平均生存11-3个月。生存期与Tomita脊柱转移瘤预后评分呈指数关系。保守治疗26例，疼痛，脊髓及神经根损害无明显改善；手术治疗15例，其中全脊椎切除术5例，术后疼痛均有不同程度减轻，脊髓及神经根损害均有改善。结论：原发肿瘤性质及重要脏器转移情况影响患者预后。Tomita预后评分法可有效判断预后，指导制定治疗方案。对于单发的、原发肿瘤生长较慢的脊柱转移瘤采取积极手术治疗，并结合综合治疗，可取得较满意的疗效。     

食管癌术后肺转移瘤的外科治疗效果及预后影响因素分析

目的探讨食管癌术后肺转移瘤的外科治疗效果及其预后影响因素。方法回顾性分析1994年3月至2008年5月徐州市第一人民医院和河北大学附属医院收治的食管癌术后肺转移瘤患者15例的临床资料,男10例、女5例,年龄43~72（65.0±8.8）岁。手术方式为肺部分切除术、肺楔形切除术、肺段切除术及肺叶切除术。随访时间60个月,分析转移瘤数目及大小、原发瘤TNM分期及无瘤生存时间（DFI）对肺转移瘤患者术后生存率的影响。结果肺转移瘤患者术后12、24、60个月的生存率分别为80.0%、66.7%和6.7%,患者术后中位DFI为30个月,DFI≥24个月肺转移瘤患者的术后生存率明显高于DFI〈24个月者（χ2=5.144,P=0.023）。肺单发转移患者的术后生存率明显高于肺多发转移患者（χ2=3.990,P=0.046）。而肺转移瘤大小和原发瘤TNM分期对肺转移瘤患者术后生存率无明显影响（P〉0.05）。Cox比例风险模型分析DFI是影响肺转移瘤患者术后生存率的主要因素（P=0.026）。结论外科手术是治疗食管癌术后肺转移的手段之一,尤其在肺单发转移瘤和食管癌术后DFI〉24个月的患者手术切除效果可能更佳。     

乳腺癌淋巴结转移的临床特点分析

1999年6月至2 0 0 3年12月我院肿瘤科手术治疗乳腺癌病人5 4 3例,均为女性。年龄2 1～80岁,平均4 8 7岁。均行改良根治术。本组根据乳腺原发肿瘤的大小分为4组,第1组179例,乳腺原发肿瘤≤2cm ;第2组192例,肿瘤>2～3cm ;第3组113例,肿瘤>3～5cm ;第4组5 9例,肿瘤>5cm。共检出淋巴结6 933枚(每例至少检出8枚淋巴结) ,平均每例为12 77枚。淋巴结转移阳性者2 72例(5 0 0 9% ) ,阴性者(N0 ) 2 71例(4 9 91% )。其中淋巴结转移1～3枚(N1) 132例(4 8 5 3% ) ,4～10枚(N2 ) 10 4例(38 2 3% ) ,10枚以上(N3) 36例(13 2 4 % )。病理诊断:浸润性导…     

An attempt to clarify indications for hepatectomy for liver metastases from breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Liver metastases (LM) from breast cancer are generally considered as disseminated disease with a poor prognosis. However in selected patients hepatectomy may be an important adjunct to systemic treatment. METHODS: Fifty-four breast cancer patients (mean age 49.2 +/- 5.2 years) with LM as the sole site of metastatic disease (except for bone metastases in 3 patients) underwent hepatectomy between 1986 and 2000. The mean number of LM was 4.0 +/- 8. All patients presented either a stable disease or an objective response to chemotherapy. The last 25 patients also underwent hepatic artery catheter installation in order to receive postoperative hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC). RESULTS: The postoperative morbidity was 12.9%. There was no postoperative mortality. R0 and R1-R2 resections were obtained in, respectively, 81.5% and 18.5% of patients. After a median follow-up of 32 months the median survival was 34 +/- 9 months, with 3- and 5-year overall survival rates of 50% and 34%, and 3- and 5-year disease-free survival rates of 42% and 22%, respectively. The number of LM, the presence of hilar lymph nodes (33%), and the completeness of resection had no significant prognostic impact. The only factor influencing survival in both the univariate and multivariate analysis was the hormone receptor status (P = 0.03): the relative risk of death was increased by 3.5-fold when negative. In the HAIC group, the liver recurrence rate decreased from 60.5% to 31.2% without any impact on global survival. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatectomy is beneficial for selected patients with isolated LM. Indications should be based more on technical (low operative risk, probable R0 resection) than on oncologic criteria. The decision is simple for young patients but more difficult for older patients in whom a negative hormone receptor status appears to be a contraindication.     

手术切除结直肠癌肝多个转移瘤的效果分析

目的对于结直肠癌患者肝内存在多个转移瘤,手术切除的价值存在争议,本文旨在研究手术切除大肠癌肝多个ΚΣ瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析1996年1月至2006年12月收治的经手术切除的结直肠癌肝转移瘤患者60例,比较肝内单个转移瘤(35例)与多个转移瘤(25例)患者临床和预后资料。结果两组均无手术死亡。多个转移瘤组和单个转移瘤组相比,手术并发症为12.0%vs11.4%(P=1.000);平均住院时间为(14.9±5.1)dvs(15.7±5.8)d(P=0.844);中位生存期为28个月vs35个月(P=0.089);中位无瘤生存期为16个月vs19个月(P=0.112);肝内复发率为72.0%vs51.5%(P=0.109)。多个转移瘤组3、5年总生存率分别是48.4%、30.8%,单个转移瘤组分别为68.6%、57.7%(P=0.165)。结论手术切除结直肠癌肝脏多个转移瘤可取得与单个转移瘤相似的效果。手术切除不应视为肝多个转移瘤的禁忌证。术后辅以全身化疗常可以改善预后。     

The safety and effectiveness of liver resection for breast cancer liver metastases: A systematic review

Breast cancer liver metastases have traditionally been considered incurable and any treatment given therefore palliative. Liver resections for breast cancer metastases are being performed, despite there being no robust evidence for which patients benefit. This review aims to determine the safety and effectiveness of liver resection for breast cancer metastases.A systematic literature review was performed and resulted in 33 papers being assembled for analysis. All papers were case series and data extracted was heterogeneous so a meta-analysis was not possible. Safety outcomes were mortality and morbidity (in hospital and 30-day). Effectiveness outcomes were local recurrence, re-hepatectomy, survival (months), 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- year overall survival rate (%), disease free survival (months) and 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- year disease free survival rate (%). Overall median figures were calculated using unweighted median data given in each paper.Results demonstrated that mortality was low across all studies with a median of 0% and a maximum of 5.9%. The median morbidity rate was 15%. Overall survival was a median of 35.1 months and a median 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival of 84.55%, 71.4%, 52.85% and 33% respectively. Median disease free survival was 21.5 months with a 3- and 5-year median disease free survival of 36% and 18%.Whilst the results demonstrate seemingly satisfactory levels of overall survival and disease free survival, the data are of poor quality with multiple confounding variables and small study populations. Recommendations are for extensive pilot and feasibility work with the ultimate aim of conducting a large pragmatic randomised control trial to accurately determine which patients benefit from liver resection for breast cancer liver metastases.     

The prognostic significance of computerised tomography findings in women with liver metastases from breast cancer

Aims

While computerised tomography (CT) is used for diagnosis and assessing response to treatment little work has been performed on the prognostic significance of the CT findings in women with liver metastases. The aim of this study was to assess if the CT findings in women diagnosed with liver metastases at the time of first presentation with metastatic breast cancer have any prognostic significance.

Materials and methods

The staging CT scans of 78 consecutive women diagnosed with liver metastases at the time of first presentation of metastatic breast cancer were reviewed independently by two radiologists who were blinded to survival and the histological features of the tumour. The number and enhancement characteristics of liver metastases, whether metastases were solitary, multiple or diffuse, the diameter of the largest and the sum of the diameter of the five largest lesions, an estimate of % involvement (<10%, 10–50%, >50%), and the presence of metastases at other sites were assessed. HER-2 and ER status and histological grade of the patient’s primary breast cancer were also recorded.Survival was ascertained from hospital records. The prognostic significance of these factors was assessed in a univariate and multivariate fashion.

Results

At univariate analysis, number of liver metastases, sum of the diameter of the five largest lesions, percentage estimated involvement, presence of ascites, chest metastases and HER-2 status were significantly associated with reduced survival. Liver metastasis pattern (i.e. whether discrete or multiple), enhancement characteristics, ER status and histological grade were not associated with a significant outcome.At multivariate analysis estimated percentage liver involvement and the presence of chest metastases retained prognostic significance. Estimated percentage involvement was reproducible with 90% concordance between the two observers.

Conclusions

The CT appearances of patients with liver metastases at first presentation with metastatic breast cancer provide prognostic information which may be clinically useful.     

初诊乳腺癌肝转移患者列线图预后模型的构建

背景与目的 乳腺癌肝转移（BCLM）患者预后较差,其预后因不同因素而有较大差别。关于BCLM预后的研究很少,且目前缺乏准确预测BCLM的预后的手段。因此,本研究构建列线图来预测初诊BCLM患者的3、5年总生存率（OS）和特异性生存率（CSS）,以期为临床提供参考。方法 在SEER数据库中提取2010—2016年的初诊为BCLM患者资料,根据纳入和排除标准,严格筛选后纳入研究病例共1 994例,按7∶3比例随机分配为建模组（1 398例）和验证组（596例）,将单因素分析差异有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素Cox回归模型进行分析,得到影响BCLM患者生存情况的独立危险因素。基于影响BCLM患者预后的独立危险因素构建预测OS和CSS的列线图模型,通过一致性指数和校正曲线评估列线图的可靠性。结果 年龄、种族、婚姻、组织学分级、激素受体状态、手术、化疗、骨转移、脑转移、肺转移是BCLM患者预后的独立影响因素（均P<0.05）,这些因素均用于构建列线图预后模型,建模组和验证组OS的一致性指数为0.709、0.731,建模组和验证组CSS的一致性指数为0.709、0.732。模型的校正曲线显示该列线图的生存率预测值与实际观测值之间具有良好的一致性。结论 所构建的列线图预后模型能够准确预测初诊BCLM患者预后状态,为临床医生制定个体化的治疗方案提供参考。     

Current state of surgical treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer

Hepatic resection is the procedure of choice for curative treatment of colorectal liver metastases(CLM).Objectives of surgical strategy are low intraoperative blood loss,short liver ischemic times and minor postoperative morbidity and mortality.Blood loss is an independent predictor of mortality and compromises,in common with postoperative complications,long-term outcome after hepatectomy for CLM.The type of liver resection has no impact on the outcome of patients with CLM;wedge resections are not inferior to anatomical resections in terms of tumor clearance,pattern of recurrence or survival.Despite the lack of proof of survival benef it,routine lymphadenectomy has been advocated,allowing the detection of microscopic lymph node metastases and with prognostic value.In experienced hands,minimally invasive liver surgery is safe with acceptable morbidity and mortality and oncological results comparable to open hepatic surgery,but with reduced blood loss and earlier recovery.The European Colorectal Metastases Treatment Group recommended treating up front with chemotherapy for patients with both resectable and unresectable CLM.However,neoadjuvant chemotherapy can induce damage to the remnant liver,dependent on the number of chemotherapy cycles.Therefore,in our opinion,preoperative chemotherapy should be reserved for patients whose CLM are marginally resectable or unresectable.A meta analysis of randomized trials dealing with perioperative chemotherapy for the treatment of resectable CLM demonstrated a benefit of systemic chemotherapy but did not answer the question of whether a neoadjuvant or adjuvant approach should be preferred.Analysis of the literature demonstrates that the results of specialized centers cannot be attained in the reality of comprehensive patient care.Reasons behind the commonly poorer results seen in cancer networks as compared with literature-based data are,on the one hand,geographical disparities in access to specialized surgical and medical care.On the other hand,a selection bias in the reports of the literature may be assumed.Studies of surgical resection for CLM derive almost exclusively from case series generally drawn from large academic centers where patient selection or surgical expertise is superior to what is found in many communities.Therefore,we may conclude that the comprehensive propagation of the standards outlined in this paper constitutes a major task in the near future to reduce the variations in survival of patients with CLM.     

Role of surgery in the treatment of brain metastases in patients with breast cancer

Background: Patients whose brain metastases from breast cancer are treated nonsurgically have a median length of survival ranging from 2.5 to 7.5 months, and a median time to recurrence ranging from 2 to 5 months. Patients treated with radiotherapy have a median length of survival ranging from 3 to 4 months. Those treated with chemotherapy have a median length of survival ranging from 5.5 to 7.5 months. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis on 63 patients treated over a 10-year period. Only patients who underwent surgery for nonrecurrent brain metastases were studied. Sixty-one patients (97%) underwent surgery within 2 weeks of diagnosis of the brain metastases. Results: The median length of survival was 16 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 11 to 22 months), and the 5-year survival rate was 17% (CI 9% to 29%). Brain metastases recurred in 27 patients at a median interval of 15 months (CI 12 to 24 months). Eleven patients had local recurrence, 10 had distal recurrence, and seven developed leptomeningeal disease. Significant prognosticators of length of survival were age (p=0.011), menopause status (p=0.10), postoperative radiotherapy (p=0.054), preoperative neurologic status (p=0.011), and preoperative systemic disease status (p=0.0003). Systemic disease status had a significant effect on the length of survival but not on the time to recurrence. Presented at the 49th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia, March 21–24, 1996.     

Skeletal metastases in 301 breast cancer patients:: Patient survival and complications after surgery

The aim was to identify prognostic variables associated with survival in 301 breast cancer patients after surgical treatment of skeletal metastases. The study period was 1986–2012. The median age at surgery was 61 (interquartile-range [IQR] 52–70) years. The cumulative 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival after surgery was 45% (95% CI 39–51), 27% (22–32), and 8% (5–12), respectively. The median follow-up time was 1 (IQR 0.2–2) year. Age over 60 years (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.9) and hemoglobin levels <110 g/L (HR 2) increased the risk of death after surgery. Patients with impending fractures (HR 0.4) had a lower death rate. The overall neurological function in patients with spinal metastases improved after surgery (p < 0.001). The complication rate was 25%, including 14% re-operations. Survival data and analysis of complications of this large cohort of surgically treated breast cancer patients help to set appropriate expectations for the patients, families, and medical staff.     

Radioimmunoguided surgery for patients with liver metastases secondary to colorectal cancer

Background: Hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer offers a 5-year survival rate of 30%. Selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from excision is challenging. The judgment is made by radiographic techniques preoperatively and by sight and touch and the instinct of the surgeon intraoperatively. Confirmation that all tumor tissue has been excised relies on the appearance and texture of the tissue and is verified by routine histology. The authors' objective was to evaluate (1) the ability of radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS) to improve the intraoperative detection of metastatic disease, and (2) any change in the operative plan originating from the information gained in patients with colorectal liver metastases. Methods: Charts and tumor registry data for patients who underwent planned liver resection for colorectal cancer using the RIGS method from January 1985 to December 1993 were reviewed. This group of patients was compared to a similar group that underwent traditional liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer during the same period. Patients who had the RIGS procedure during the earlier part of the period (1985–1990), were injected with tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG) antibody B72.3; those in the later period (1990–1993) were injected with the second-generation anti-TAG monoclonal antibody CC49. Both monoclonal antibodies were labeled with sodium iodide I 125. Both traditional and RIGS exploration were used to determine the extent of the malignant process and any change in operative plan. Results: Seventy-four cases of planned liver resection were performed with the RIGS method (group I), and 215 cases were performed with the traditional method (group II). Age and sex distribution were similar in both groups, as were morbidity and mortality, with an overall perioperative mortality of 1%. The distribution and number of metastatic lesions to the liver were the same, although group I included more cases with smaller metastatic lesions and more patients with anatomic resections. No extrahepatic tumor was found in 140 patients (65%) in group II, whereas there were only 21 patients (28%) in group I in whom no extrahepatic disease was detected (P<.001). RIGS exploration identified additional tumor in 12 (16%) of 74 cases: in the gastrohepatic ligament lymph nodes (LN) in five patients, in the celiac axis LN in one patient, and in the periaortic LN in six patients. These discoveries changed the operative plan for all of these patients, avoiding excision in the latter six patients and extending the resection in the other six. Conclusions: RIGS surgery provides an immediate and more accurate intraoperative staging system of patients with colorectal liver metastases than does traditional exploration by identifying additional metastatic disease, mainly to the lymph nodes, thus changing the plan of resection in a significant number of patients. More studies are needed to evaluate any significant survival advantage of patients who undergo removal of all RIGS-positive tissue.