MDT主导的BCLC B期肝右叶原发性巨块型肝癌TACE术后外科根治性切除的时机探讨

目的探讨巴塞罗那分期(BCLC)B期原发性肝癌肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)后外科根治性切除的最佳时机及手术方式选择。方法对重庆医科大学附属第二医院于2017年10月收治的1例BCLC B期患者开展MDT讨论。该患者术前诊断为肝右叶原发性巨块型肝癌并周围卫星结节及肝左内叶转移结节(BCLC B期),并在前2个月内先后行2次TACE术,通过MDT讨论为其制定开腹前入路右半肝切除+左内叶肿瘤剜除术的手术方案。结果 MDT讨论结果:患者通过2次TACE,肝右叶肿瘤萎缩,肝左叶明显增生,患者获得了外科手术切除机会;经过精心围手术期管理及术中手术风险控制,患者手术顺利,术后痊愈,无并发症发生。结论部分BCLC B期肝脏原发性巨块型肝癌患者通过TACE治疗可以通过获得二期外科根治性切除的机会,临床工作中应当管理好这部分患者,力争获得良好疗效。     

腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术在二期肝癌肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术在二期肝癌肝切除术中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2009年3月至2012年2月四川省人民医院收治的23例无法一期手术切除的原发性肝癌患者的临床资料.先行腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术,术后3～4周,经CT检查了解各肝叶体积及预计肝切除体积的动态变化,评估肝癌可切除性后再行二期开腹肝癌肝切除术.组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用q检验(方差不齐数据行对数转换).结果 选择性门静脉结扎术:23例患者均行门静脉右支结扎,其中22例于腹腔镜下成功结扎门静脉右支(2例因暴露门静脉右支困难,同时行胆囊切除),1例患者因分离门静脉时出血,中转开腹行门静脉右支结扎.3例多发肿瘤患者行腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎后1周加行TACE,其中2例行右半肝切除+健侧肝脏肿瘤RFA治疗.23例患者术后出现不同程度的肝区隐痛不适、低热、恶心、呕吐等非特异性反应,无腹腔出血、胆汁漏、肝脓肿等并发症发生;术后出现程度不同的肝功能损害,术后1周AST、ALT和TBil恢复至术前水平.术后右半肝体积逐渐缩小,术后3周患者右半肝体积为(590 ± 154) cm3,较术前(698±135)cm3明显缩小,术前与术后右半肝体积比较,差异有统计学意义(F=15.62,P＜0.05);术后3周左半肝体积为(408±149) cm3,较术前(331±68) cm3增生,术前与术后左半肝体积比较,差异有统计学意义(F=17.48,P＜0.05);预计肝切除体积占全肝体积百分比由术前的67％±15％缩小至术后3周时的60％±18％,术前与术后1、2、3周预计肝切除体积占全肝体积百分比比较,差异有统计学意义(F=12.35,P＜0.05).二期肝癌肝切除术:经CT检查评估后,23例患者中,2例因左半肝增生不明显、2例因术后(其中1例患者术前健侧肝脏发现转移癌)3周出现广泛肝内转移失去手术机会,2例失访,3例主动放弃二期肝癌肝切除术,14例在腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术后2～4周行二期肝癌肝切除术.手术切除率为60.9％(14/23).其中扩大右半肝切除2例、右半肝切除8例、不规则右半肝切除4例.二期肝癌肝切除术后患者恢复良好,无肝衰竭、严重腹腔积液、腹腔内感染等严重并发症发生,康复出院.结论 腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术治疗后预留剩余肝脏增生,使部分肝癌患者获得二期手术机会,且二期肝癌肝切除术后患者恢复良好.     

经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞联合手术切除治疗肝细胞癌破裂出血

目的 探讨经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)联合手术切除治疗肝癌破裂出血的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析我院2008年1月至2011年12月收治的26例肝癌破裂出血患者的临床资料.其中经TACE治疗19例、手术切除7例,有8例TACE后再手术切除.结果 26例肝癌破裂出血患者中19例经TACE治疗后休克及时纠正,生命体征很快稳定,复查CT肿瘤缩小;其中8例TACE治疗1个月后行Ⅱ期肿瘤切除,AFP均下降或正常,疗效优良.7例Ⅰ期手术者1例术后死亡,4例发生腹腔肿瘤种植转移.结论 TACE可有效治疗肝癌破裂出血、减少不可切除病例的剖腹探查止血手术、提高肿瘤切除率.TACE联合手术切除可显著降低肿瘤腹腔种植转移率.     

腹腔镜肝外格立森鞘外右肝蒂血流阻断新技术应用

目的探讨腹腔镜下肝外格立森鞘外右肝蒂血流阻断技术应用的可行性和安全性。方法从2013年3至8月,我们对8例右肝肿瘤患者实施了腹腔镜肝切除术,其中原发性肝癌3例,肝肉瘤样癌1例,肝血管上皮样肿瘤1例,肝血管瘤2例,肝转移癌1例。术中控制出血方法采用了肝外格立森鞘外右肝蒂血流阻断技术,通过降低前肝门板,分离后肝门板,最后通过直角钳完成肝外右Glisson鞘外的分离及预阻断。结果实施右半肝切除3例,肝5、6段切除2例,肝6、8段切除1例,肝6段切除2例,分离肝门板时间15～20min,无出血及胆漏等并发症。结论腹腔镜下经肝门板右半肝血流阻断技术安全可行、操作简单、可重复性强,该技术的应用有利于促进腹腔镜右肝切除的开展。     

861例巨大原发性肝癌的手术切除治疗

目的探讨巨大原发性肝癌手术切除治疗的可行性、安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析我院近15年开展的861例巨大肝癌手术切除治疗及随访结果资料。结果可切除的巨大肝癌具有以下临床特点：肿瘤巨大、肝硬化程度轻、肿瘤与肝内及肝周大血管呈推压关系、发病年龄小;不同肝血流阻断方法进行巨大原发性肝癌切除术中出血量及大出血发生率不同;手术切除治疗巨大肝癌病例的1、2、3、5年生存率分别为78．56％、54．42％、33．25％、21．44％,明显高于同期TACE治疗巨大肝癌病例。结论只要掌握适当的适应证,注意术中操作和围手术期处理,手术切除巨大肝癌是安全、有效、可行的。     

手术切除联合术后TACE治疗中晚期肝癌198例报告

目的总结中晚期原发性肝癌手术切除联合术后TACE的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析1998年10月~2004年12月手术切除中晚期肝癌198例临床资料,154例(77.8%)有乙肝背景,148例(74.7%)合并肝硬化,术前AFP阳性182例(91.9%),肿瘤直径6~10 cm 120例(60.6%),10~15 cm 48例(24.2%),15~20 cm 30例(15.2%),包膜完整者186例(93.9%);肿瘤位于左肝59例(29.8%),右肝119例(60.1%),中肝叶20例(10.1%),实施肝段切除139例(70.2%),左半肝切除18例(9.1%),右半肝切除30例(15.2%),中肝叶切除11例(5.6%),分别于手术后1月、2月、3月、6月、9月、12月、18月、24月行TACE,动态检测患者AFP变化,复查上腹CT。结果围术期死亡5例,术后AFP转阴者162例(81.8%);术后1年、3年、5年生存率分别为96.3%,56.8%,33.8%。结论手术切除联合术后TACE可以有效提高中晚期肝癌生存率并改善生存质量。     

肝脏尾状叶巨大肿瘤切除手术经验

施行肝脏尾状叶巨大肿瘤手术４例．其中２例为肝脏多发性海绵状血管瘤．２例为原发性肝癌．术式：左或右半肝切除并肝尾叶切除２例；肝尾叶切除并肝左叶血管瘤剥除１例；巨大左肝尾状叶肿瘤切除、并左肝外叶切除、右肝小癌灶无水乙醇注射１例。１例出院后因癌复发转移．术后２．５个月死亡；３例治愈出院．经６～１７个月随访健在．肝尾状叶巨大瘤块切除是难度大、风险大的手术．本文介绍了具体操作的几点体会．并对难以切除的肝肿瘤行一期或二期手术问题提出自己的看法．     

多种肝血流阻断下的解剖性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌

目的探讨多种肝血流阻断下的解剖性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌的临床疗效。方法总结我院2006年～2009年间36例行肝切除的原发性肝癌患者,其中解剖性肝切除术组16例,非解剖性肝切除术组20例,解剖性肝切除术组采用半肝入肝血流阻断9例,半肝出入肝血流阻断4例,绕肝提拉带半肝血流阻断3例;非解剖性肝切除均采用传统Pringle入肝血流阻断法。对两组病例的手术和随访情况进行分析评价。结果解剖性肝切除组术中出血、围术期输血、并发症发生例数、肝损害及切缘微转移灶明显低于非解剖性肝切除组(P0.05),术后1年肿瘤早期复发率低于非解剖性肝切除组(P0.05)。结论解剖性肝切除术治疗原发性肝癌可减少并发症发生、降低肿瘤早期复发率;采取多种半肝血流阻断的方式可明显降低手术出血及肝损伤。     

不能切除肝癌缩小后二期切除疗效及影响预后因素

目的探讨不能切除肝细胞癌(HCC)经皮穿刺肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)缩小后切除的疗效及影响预后的因素.方法12例二期切除HCC病人TACE前因肿瘤巨大或肿瘤虽不大但紧贴肝门或下腔静脉的大血管,无法达到根治性切除而行TACE治疗.共行TACE 1～7次(平均2.4二1.2次).肿瘤缩小后予以切除.选择7个可能对HCC二期切除后预后产生影响的临床因素通过单因素、多因素Cox模型进行分析.结果随访至2000年12月,TACE后1,3,5,7年生存率分别为94.1%,64.7%,51.2%和40.8%;肿瘤切除后1,3,5,7年生存率分别为88.0%,59.6%,49.0%和37.1%.肝硬化程度、缩小后肿瘤有无包膜及肿瘤坏死程度是影响预后的主要因素(P＜0.05).结论不能切除的HCC经TACE缩小后应行二期切除,并可获得满意疗效.而肝硬化程度及肿瘤坏死程度是影响肝癌二期切除预后的主要因素.     

大肝癌TACE后手术切除标本的病理研究

目的 探讨可切除大肝癌TACE后手术切除标本的病理改变及其意义。方法 2002年1月～2003年1月收治的83例可切除大肝癌患者随机分成术前TACE组(n=36)与I期手术组(n=47),术前TACE组31例Ⅱ期切除(Ⅱ期手术组),5例失去手术切除机会,78例术后病理均证实为肝细胞癌。对比两组标本间主瘤、包膜、子灶、癌栓、肝硬化等病理情况。结果 TACE组除较I期手术组肿瘤坏死广泛、包膜更完整外．两组间子灶及门脉癌栓发生率、肝外浸润转移无显著差异;TACE组TACE后肿瘤体积缩小并不显著,子灶、门脉癌栓完全坏死者少,肝硬化加重。结论 可切除大肝癌术前TACE不能使肿瘤完全坏死,部分患者耽误手术时机,应严格选择应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.