血管内介入治疗下消化道出血的初步经验

临床上对下消化道出血的原因及部位的判断常常较困难,以往常规检查方法很容易漏诊.数字减影血管造影及栓塞治疗可以及时发现出血部位并行栓塞治疗.我科2000-02～2004-08对18例下消化道出血患者施行了选择性数字减影血管造影,对6例施行栓塞治疗,均取得了满意的效果.     

不明原因消化道出血的血管造影诊断及介入治疗

目的 研究不明原因的消化道出血的诊断和治疗。方法 报告23例消化道出血的血管造影表现及结果。结果 21例明确了出血部位及出血原因,2例造影阴性;8例行介入性栓塞治疗。结论 血管造影对不明原因的消化道出血有肯定的诊断价值,阐述了消化道出血的介入性治疗方法和注意事项。     

消化道出血的选择性动脉造影诊断与介入治疗

目的 研究消化道出血的选择性动脉造影诊断的价值及介入治疗的方法和意义。资料与方法 经选择性动脉DSA后明确消化道出血部位或原因共57例，对非肿瘤性出血采用相应供血动脉栓塞或血管加压素局部灌注；肠道肿瘤及介入治疗止血不彻底者行外科切除。结果 非肿瘤性出血41例，肿瘤出血16例，其中44例经动脉栓塞或灌注血管加压素治疗，25例得到完全止血，14例止血不彻底，5例复发，共有32例经外科切除后得到病理诊断，分别为贲门溃疡1例，十二指肠溃疡7例，小肠憩室炎7例，小肠平滑肌瘤8例和平滑肌肉瘤7例，恶性淋巴瘤1例，脾动脉真性动脉瘤1例。结论 选择性动脉造影对不明原因消化道出血的定位和定性诊断有重要的价值；对多数非肿瘤性出血应用选择性动脉栓塞可以得到完全止血，预防栓塞并发症的关键是尽可能超选择和选用较大的栓塞颗粒。     

消化道动脉性出血的急症介入治疗

急性动脉性消化道出血，出血量大，难以判断出血部位及出血原因，如果诊断和治疗不及时将危及生命。急诊胃(肠)镜受胃肠道内过量出血、凝血块和内容物的影响，对其诊断有一定的限度，而急症外科剖腹探查的结果取决于对出血点的了解、手术的类型以及患者的一般状况，因此有一定的盲目性。     

消化道出血血管造影及介入治疗价值

目的 探讨消化道出血的急诊血管造影和介入治疗价值。方法 对123例消化道出血病例进行急诊血管造影,初次造影末发现出血灶的病例,灌注扩血管药物后复查。根据造影检查前临床是否有出血表现,将其分为甲、乙两组作对比分析。术中按不同出血原因和部位再采用动脉栓塞或（和）缩血管药物灌注治疗。结果 出血活动期病例出血检出阳性率为90．8％,出血静止期病例出血检出阳性率为47．2％;动脉栓塞治疗即时止血率为100％;无严重并发症。缩血管药物灌注治疗即时止血率为82．7％。结论 消化道出血在出血活动期急诊血管造影检出阳性率明显高于出血静止期,两组差异有显著性（P＜0．01）;动脉栓塞或缩血管药物灌注治疗是安全、有效的止血措施。     

介入诊断和治疗在消化道动脉性出血中的临床应用

消化道动脉性出血病因较多，出血量大，消化道钡餐检查和内镜检查作用有限，而急诊外科剖腹探查的结果取决于对出血点的了解、手术的类型以及患者的一般状况，因此有一定的盲目性。近年来随着介入放射学的发展，胃肠道血管造影检查和介入栓塞治疗以其独特的优越性日益受到重视。     

在消化道出血中DSA诊断与介入治疗的临床应用

目的:评价DSA诊断与介入治疗在消化道出血中的应用价值。方法:38例消化道出血病例进行了DSA检查,对动脉性出血的28例患者根据出血的原因和部位,应用不同栓塞剂或缩血管药进行介入治疗。结果:38例中发现血管源性出血23例,肿瘤性出血9例,阳性率84.2%,假阴性3例(7.89%),阴性3例。介入治疗28例患者止血成功率96.42%,术后随访3~6个月无并发症及复发。结论:DSA在消化道出血中具有较高应用价值,动脉栓塞或缩血管药灌注治疗出血性病变创伤小、安全、可靠。     

动脉性消化道出血的DSA诊断及介入栓塞治疗

动脉性消化道出血是常见急诊病种之一,常因患者出血量大、病情重、出血原因和出血部位判断困难,在临床诊断和治疗上均为一大难题。自开展数字减影血管造影（digital subtraetion angiography,DSA）和经血管介入治疗以来,消化道出血的检出率大大提高,一部分患者还能同时进行出血动脉栓塞和／或缩血管药物灌注止血,起到及时诊断和有效止血的双重作用。笔者结合现在介入放射学技术及材料的发展,就动脉性消化道出血的DSA诊断及介入栓塞治疗现状作一综述。     

急性消化道出血血管造影与介入治疗价值

目的 评价急性消化道出血血管造影的诊断价值及介入治疗疗效。方法 47例急性消化道出血，经动脉血管造影41例发现出血部位(87．2％)。6例手术治疗，1例保守治疗，4例食管胃底静脉出血另行处理，30例进行介入治疗，9例灌注加压素，21例进行栓塞治疗。结果 随访1个月-3个月，7例复发出血(2例手术切除，1例内科治疗，4例病死)，23例治愈(76．6％)。结论 急性消化道出血血管造影，可发现内窥镜和其他检查方法不能发现的出血部位，介入治疗是一种安全、微创、有效的治疗方法，亦能为手术做好准备。     

消化道出血的介入治疗

目的:探讨消化道出血经导管介入治疗的临床价值。方法:经DSA诊断的上消化道出血5例,4例采用立止血 明胶海绵栓塞,1例仅灌注立止血。下消化道出血14例,4例采用立止血 明胶海绵栓塞,10例仅灌注立止血。结果:动脉栓塞治疗的病例,止血率为100%,未出现严重并发症;灌注立止血的24h内止血率为80%,2例48h后再出血。结论:经动脉栓塞和灌注立止血治疗消化道出血是安全有效的止血方法,无明显副作用,在无法行靶血管栓塞的情况下,局部注入立止血也是有效可行的方法。     

Superselective arterial embolization for the treatment of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the technical feasibility, efficacy of hemostasis, recurrent bleeding, and ischemia resulting from superselective embolization of acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two superselective mesenteric artery catheterization procedures were undertaken in 48 patients with angiographic evidence of lower GI bleeding. Embolization was performed only if the arterial recta leading to the bleed could be successfully catheterized (n = 39). The lesions treated were located in the colon (n = 33) and jejunum (n = 6). In 28 of 39 procedures, embolization was achieved by delivering polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles (150-500 microm) through a microcatheter. Microcoils were used as the sole embolic agent in four procedures and a combination of microcoils and PVA particles were used in another four. Gelfoam particles were used in three of our earliest procedures. Of the 35 patients who underwent embolization, 25 were evaluated for objective evidence of ischemia by endoscopy (n = 16) and/or histologic evaluation of the surgical specimen (n = 9); the remaining 10 patients were followed clinically. RESULTS: Embolization was successful in 39 procedures involving 35 patients. Immediate hemostasis was achieved after embolization in all but two patients. Recurrent bleeding occurred in 12 other patients, eight patients underwent surgery, three were managed medically, and one underwent successful repeat embolization. Of the 25 patients evaluated for ischemia, mucosal ischemia was demonstrated in six (24%), but they remained asymptomatic and developed no sequelae as a result of ischemic changes on long-term follow-up. There was no incidence of clinically significant intestinal ischemia. Embolization alone was the definitive treatment in 44% patients (21 of 48). Reasons for unsuccessful superselective catheterization (27%) were small vessel spasm, cessation of bleeding, and vessel tortuosity. CONCLUSION: Superselective embolization is a feasible, safe, and effective technique for treating acute lower GI hemorrhage.     

Ultraselective arterial embolization of vasa recta using 1.7-French microcatheter with small-sized detachable coils in acute colonic hemorrhage after failed endoscopic treatment

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to document our experiences with ultraselective arterial embolization to manage acute colonic hemorrhage using a 1.7-French microcatheter with small-sized detachable coils and to discuss the feasibility and clinical efficacy of this new technique. CONCLUSION: We achieved technical success in all four patients with the sole use of short-segment embolization of the long branch of the vasa recta. Our findings suggest that this technique is useful for embolization in cases of colonic hemorrhage.     

经导管动脉栓塞术治疗腹部外科术后迟发性出血

【摘要】 目的 评价经导管动脉栓塞术（TAE）治疗腹部外科术后迟发性出血的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2010年5月至2019年6月采用TAE诊断治疗的腹部外科术后迟发性出血患者23例。术中动脉造影明确出血责任动脉,对动脉主干出血予以弹簧圈栓塞动脉远段和近段,对动脉末梢出血予以明胶海绵颗粒或明胶海绵颗粒联合弹簧圈栓塞。术后随访至患者治愈出院或院内死亡。结果 23例患者中造影表现阳性22例,阴性1例,阳性率为95.7%。阳性患者中动脉假性动脉瘤形成8例,动脉破裂伴对比剂外溢14例。所有阳性患者均接受进一步TAE治疗,术后治愈17例,死亡3例,复发2例,临床有效率为86.4%。术后1例死于肝衰竭,2例死于多脏器衰竭,2例复发患者再次TAE治疗后治愈出院,所有患者均未发生胃肠坏死和胃肠穿孔等栓塞并发症。结论 动脉造影结合TAE诊断腹部外科术后迟发性出血阳性率高,治疗效果确切,可作为首选方法。     

急性胃肠道出血的介入治疗

目的 探讨介入治疗急性胃肠道出血的临床应用价值。方法 15例急性胃肠道出血患者常规行腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉及肠系膜下动脉DSA造影，发现阳性征象者12例，分别超选择病变血管，并采用栓塞剂或药物灌注治疗。其中，使用明胶海绵栓塞6例，明胶海绵加弹簧钢圈1例，海藻酸钠（KMG）颗粒加弹簧钢圈2例；垂体后叶素灌注3例；3例造影阴性患者未给予治疗。结果 本组病例均无严重手术并发症，栓塞的9例患者中，1例Meckel憩室患者于术后3d再次出血，其余8例均一次性止血成功；另3例垂体后叶素灌注病例术后仍有反复出血症状。结论 介入栓塞治疗是处理急性胃肠道出血的一项简便、微创的有效措施。     

Superselective microcoil embolization for the treatment of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of superselective microcoil embolization for the treatment of lower gastrointestinal (LGI) hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of LGI superselective microcoil embolization data for a 10-year period was performed. During this period, twenty-two patients with evidence on angiography of LGI bleeding underwent superselective microcoil embolization. Hemorrhage was treated in the colon (n = 19) and jejunum (n = 3). Ivalon was used adjunctively in two patients and gelfoam was used as a secondary agent in two additional patients. Postembolization ischemia was evaluated objectively in 14 patients by colonoscopy (n = 10), surgical specimen (n = 3), and barium enema (n = 1). All patients were followed for clinical evidence of bowel ischemia. Four patients died before further follow-up could be performed. Additionally, 122 cases of LGI hemorrhage treated with superselective microcoil embolization were identified in a review of the literature. A meta-analysis was then performed, combining the data in this study and the data from the literature, to estimate the rate of major and minor ischemic complications on a total of 144 superselective microcoil embolizations. RESULTS: Immediate hemostasis was achieved in all 22 patients in this study. Complete clinical success was achieved in 86% of patients (19 of 22 patients). Rebleeding occurred in 14% of patients (3 of 22 patients) and each underwent colonoscopic intervention with success. Postembolization objective follow-up was performed in 64% of patients (14 of 22 patients). Ten patients underwent follow-up colonoscopy; one patient received a follow-up barium enema; and three patients underwent subsequent surgery. Colonic resection (one partial and one total) was performed in two patients. The partial colectomy was performed in a patient who had been diagnosed with colonic polyps and dysplasia. The total colectomy was performed on a patient with history of chronic LGI bleeding complicated by long-term anticoagulation therapy and a history of tubular adenoma resection. The third surgical patient (16 months old) underwent a follow-up exploratory laparotomy after embolization of a proximal jejunal branch of the superior mesenteric artery. None of the three patients who underwent surgery were found to have postembolic ischemic changes in the bowel specimen. Four patients in this study died, for reasons unrelated to hemorrhage or embolization, before further follow-up could be performed. The last four patients were followed clinically and experienced no symptoms of intestinal ischemia. A minor ischemic complication was reported in 4.5% of patients (1 of 22 patients), and there were no major ischemic complications (0%) in this series. A review of the data from 122 cases of LGI superselective microcoil embolization in the literature is also presented. Combined with the data in this study, the minor complication rate was 9% (13 of 144 patients), and the major complication rate was 0% (0 of 144 patients). CONCLUSION: Superselective microcoil embolization is a safe and effective treatment for LGI hemorrhage.     

Angiographic embolization of arterial hemorrhage following endoscopic US-guided cystogastrostomy for pancreatic pseudocyst drainage

Pseudocyst development is a common complication of chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic cystogastrostomy is an alternative to percutaneous drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) guidance is thought to decrease the procedural risk by identifying and avoiding intervening vasculature. With EUS guidance, extreme care should be exercised to identify large gastric vessels in the path of the puncture. Preoperative imaging should be closely scrutinized for the presence of these vessels. In cases of hemorrhage, balloon tamponading is a rapid way to provide temporary control, allowing transfer of the patient for angiographic embolization. We present a case of arterial hemorrhage due to inadvertent puncture of a hypertrophied right gastric artery following EUS-guided cystogastrostomy, which was successfully treated with temporary balloon occlusion and coil embolization.     

动脉性肾出血的急诊介入栓塞治疗

目的：探讨动脉性肾出血急诊造影的不同表现及介入栓塞治疗方法与疗效。方法对87例经保守治疗无效的动脉性肾出血患者行急诊肾动脉造影,明确出血动脉部位及程度后,使用弹簧圈、丙烯酸微球等栓塞剂行急诊介入栓塞治疗。对急性肾出血的动脉造影表现及栓塞效果进行回顾性分析。结果43例患者动脉造影可见单纯性对比剂外溢,13例为对比剂外溢合并肾动静脉瘘(RAVF);15例为肾假性动脉瘤(RAP),其中包括5例 RAP 破裂合并 RAVF 及1例 RAP 破裂合并肾动脉-肾盏瘘;15例为肿瘤血管出血;1例为肾动静脉畸形(RAVM)。47例患者介入术前行肾动脉 CT 血管造影(CTA)检查。82例患者采用急诊栓塞治疗后血尿完全停止或明显减少,3例肾外伤患者及2例经皮肾镜取石术后患者介入术后仍有持续血尿,行外科手术切除患肾。栓塞术后随诊2年,急诊介入栓塞治疗总有效率为94.25%(82/87),所有患者无严重并发症出现。结论介入栓塞术是治疗急性肾出血的一种有效、安全、微创的方法,可最大限度地保留肾功能;急性肾出血动脉造影表现不一;合理地选择栓塞剂是成功止血的关键;介入术前行肾脏 CTA 检查对肾出血的诊断及治疗有重要价值。     

Comparison of transcatheter arterial embolization and surgery for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer after endoscopic treatment failure

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of embolotherapy and surgery as salvage therapy after therapeutic endoscopy failure in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal peptic ulcer bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 70 cases of refractory peptic upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage was performed. Thirty-one cases were managed with embolotherapy and 39 were managed surgically. Demographic variables, underlying conditions, clinical findings, endoscopic treatment, transfusion requirements before and after alternative therapeutic approach, length of hospital stay, and outcomes including recurrent bleeding, need for surgery after initial alternative treatment, and in-hospital death were recorded. RESULTS: Patients who received embolotherapy were older (75.2 years +/- 10.9 vs 63.3 years +/- 14.5; P <.001) and had greater incidences of heart disease (67.7% vs 20.5%; P <.001) and previous anticoagulation treatment (25.8% vs 5.1%; P =.018). There were no differences in the rest of the pretreatment variables. No differences were found between the embolotherapy and surgery groups in the incidence of recurrent bleeding (29% vs 23.1%), need for additional surgery (16.1% vs 30.8%), or death (25.8% vs 20.5). CONCLUSIONS: The lack of differences between these two treatment alternatives, despite the more advanced age and greater prevalence of heart disease in the embolotherapy group, provides support for future prospective randomized studies aimed to evaluate the role of embolotherapy in the management of refractory peptic ulcer bleeding.