原发性肝癌术后复发再切除问题探讨

目的　探讨复发性肝癌发现的途径 ,再切除的路径和手术方法 ,再切除的疗效以及影响再切除肝癌预后的因素。方法　研究 5 7例肝癌术后复发的各种发现途径 ,5 7例复发性肝癌进行再切除 ,比较第一次术后的无瘤生存期、再切除术后的生存期、累积生存期以及影响预后的相关因素。结果　复发性肝癌的诊断手段为术后AFP再次升高 36例 (81.8% ) ,CT发现病灶 43例 (87.7% ) ,B超发现病灶 33例 (6 4.7% )。第一次手术后的 1,3,5 ,10年无瘤生存率分别为 6 3.9% ,38.3 % ,2 6 .6 % ,12 .8% ;再切除后的 1,3,5 ,10年生存率为 5 6 .6 % ,37.7% ,31.9% ,16 .2 % ;而 1,3,5和 10年的累积生存率分别为 82 .1% ,6 0 .8% ,47.6 % ,19.5 %。影响再切除预后的因素有肿瘤的大小、数目、复发时间、再手术切除根治与否。结论　肝癌术后AFP的监测和定期的CT检查是发现复发性肝癌的最佳途径。再切除是治疗复发性肝癌的有效方法之一。肿瘤的大小、数目、复发时间、是否有完整包膜和再手术方式都是影响复发性肝癌手术预后的因素     

肝癌肝移植术后骨转移患者的手术治疗

目的 分析肝癌肝移植术后肝癌骨转移患者的临床特征、手术疗效及预后影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2000年7月至2010年1月就诊于北京大学人民医院20例肝癌肝移植术后骨转移手术患者的临床资料,总结其临床特征,随访了患者的生存状况.与同时期未行手术治疗的患者进行对比,评价手术疗效,对可能影响患者的预后因素进行单、多因素分析.结果 肝移植术后肝癌骨转移患者的中位生存时间为7.5个月,肝癌骨转移术后1年生存率仅为20％.手术治疗能够明显改善患者的疼痛和一般体力状况.单因素发现肝癌骨转移时的终末期肝病模型(model end-stage liver disease,MELD)评分和肝癌是否伴有微血管浸润是影响患者预后的因素.多因素分析提示,手术切除肝癌是否伴有微血管浸润是影响患者预后的危险因素.结论 肝移植术后肝癌骨转移的患者预后较差,手术治疗能够提高这类患者的生活质量.肝移植时肝癌是否合并微血管浸润影响这些手术患者预后的独立危险因素.     

射频毁损术与再手术切除治疗复发性小肝癌对照研究

目的 研究射频毁损术治疗肝癌切除术后疗效以及其与再手术切除效果的比较.方法 病例为2000年1月至2005年12月间在复旦大学肝癌研究所治疗的213例复发性小肝癌(肿瘤结节直径≤3 cm,结节数≤3个),包括射频毁损术68例,再手术切除145例.Kaplan-Meier方法估计生存期,Log-rank分析生存曲线之间的差别,COX比例风险模型多因素分析影响预后的因素.总体生存率和无瘤生存率从接受射频毁损术或再手术切除治疗时计算.结果 射频毁损术治疗的患者和再手术切除治疗的患者的1、3、5年总生存率分别为94.7%、65.1%、37.3%和88.1%、62.6%、41.0%,其生存曲线无明显差别(P=0.693).但射频毁损术的1、3、5年无瘤生存率低于再手术切除组,分别为58.0%、27.8%、12.4%和79.4%、48.1%、34.4%(P=0.001).首次肝癌切除术后复发问期超过2年的患者的预后较好.结论 虽然射频毁损治疗的无瘤生存率低于再手术切除,但其远期总体生存率类似于再手术切除,可作为复发性小肝癌再切除术的替代性治疗.     

肝癌合并门静脉癌栓手术疗效及预后分析

目的探讨影响肝癌合并门静脉癌栓病人手术疗效和预后的因素。方法回顾性分析我院2000年~2003年收治的68例肝癌合并门静脉癌栓病人的临床资料。分别按术后是否加用化疗、有无合并肝硬变、肿瘤大小及Child-Pugh分级等进行分组研究,比较各组间术后不同的疗效。结果手术切除加化疗组中位生存时间为17.8月,术后6个月及1、2、3年生存率分别为80.4%及64.7%、47.1%、31.4%;单纯手术切除组分别为14.5月和70.6%、52.4%、29.4%、5.9%。手术切除加化疗组疗效均明显优于单纯手术切除组(P<0.05)。结论手术切除加术后化疗或栓塞治疗是治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓病人的有效治疗方案。肝硬变、肿瘤大小及Child-Pug分级与病人术后生存时间相关,可作为判断预后的重要指标。     

107例肝细胞肝癌切除术后预后因素分析

目的 探讨影响肝细胞肝癌切除术后的预后因素。方法 回顾性分析广西医科大学肿瘤医院2002年6月~2004年5月间107例肝细胞肝癌手术切除患者的临床资料,选择38项临床病理因素分析其对生存率的影响。Kaplain-Meier法计算生存率,单因素分析采用Log-rank检验,多因素分析采用Cox模型筛选出对肝细胞肝癌切除预后有影响的临床病理因素。结果 全组1、3、5年生存率为85.0%,53.3%,43.9%。单因素分析：术前GGT,术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级,术后ALB,术后TBIL,术后ALP,术后GGT,肿瘤最大直径,门静脉癌栓,术中失血情况,围手术期输血,术后是否复发以及手术是否根治切除等。多因素分析：术后ALB,术后ALP,门静脉癌栓,术后是否复发,手术是否根治切除与预后相关。结论 术后ALB,术后ALP,门静脉癌栓,术后复发,根治性切除是影响肝细胞肝癌术后生存期的独立预后因素。     

影响中晚期肝细胞肝癌手术切除预后的多因素分析

目的：探讨影响中晚期肝细胞肝癌手术切除预后的因素。方法：对130例中晚期大肝癌随访1-7年，采用单因素、多因素分析统计不同预后因素对患生存率的影响。结果：手术后1，3，5年生存率分别为81．7％，24．3％，18．4％。单因素分析提示影响预后的因素为肝癌大小、是否早期复发、肝硬化情况、输血量；多因素分析提示肝癌大小、肿瘤早期复发是影响肝癌术后的预后因素。结论：中晚期肝癌手术切除预后仍不理想，重视围手术期处理，预防术后早期复发有望提高手术疗效。     

中央型肝癌的手术切除

目的探讨中央型肝癌手术切除的方法和疗效。方法回顾分析1988—2005年在我所行手术切除的257例中央型肝癌的临床资料及随访结果。按手术切除的方式将患者分为半肝切除（包括扩大半肝，n=19）和肝中叶切除（包括部分及扩大肝中叶，n=238）两组，比较手术情况及预后的差异。结果257例中央型肝癌患者术后1、3、5年生存率及无瘤生存率分别为73．4％、55．6％、41．2％和83．8％、73．8％、63．4％。Cox多因素分析提示，肿瘤大小、包膜及微血管侵犯是影响患者预后的相关因素。两种手术方式对手术时间、术后并发症、围手术期死亡、生存率及无瘤生存率的影响差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论手术切除是治疗中央型肝癌的有效手段，而对于合并有肝硬化的中央型肝癌，肝中叶切除术（包括部分及扩大肝中叶）则是首选的治疗方法。     

复发性肝癌的手术适应证及术式选择

随着肝脏外科技术的发展以及各种新的治疗方法的建立 ,肝癌术后无瘤生存时间明显延长 ,但肝癌术后复发率仍很高 ,文献报道 ,肝癌术后 3年的复发率可高达 5 7%～ 81% ,小肝癌根治性切除后 5年复发率亦在 5 0 %以上[1] 。临床实践证实 ,肝癌术后复发最有效的治疗方案仍然是手术再切除。Aramaki等[2 ] 研究也显示 ,肝癌术后复发灶的重复切除可使患者长期存活。因此 ,只要患者条件许可 ,首先要选择手术治疗。一、首先要树立正确的认识鉴于原发性肝癌切除术后肝内复发率仍然很高 ,已成为影响其预后的一个重要因素 ,复发病灶多在肝切除术后 2年内…     

吲哚菁绿在肝切除围手术期的临床应用

术后肝功能不全、肝衰竭等并发症是影响肝癌患者手术方式及预后的重要因素。围手术期肝脏储备功能评估可早期识别肝脏潜在损伤,评价剩余肝功能,有助于分析肝切除患者的耐受、预后及恢复情况。吲哚菁绿（indocyanine green,ICG）清除试验可以检测正常肝细胞代谢总和,其测量的肝脏储备功能比血清生化检查更加准确,且具有动态性。近年来ICG在术前评估手术风险、指导术式选择,术中评估手术安全性,术后预测预后等方面的应用逐渐深入。本文就ICG在肝切除围手术期应用的最新进展进行综述。     

影响肝细胞肝癌手术切除预后因素的COX模型分析

目的 对影响肝细胞肝癌手术切除预后的因素进行多因素分析。方法 1986－1996年经手术切除的145例肝癌患者,随访至1999年底。单因素分析采用Kaplain-Meier Log-rank时序检验,多因素采用COX比例风险模型。结果 手术后1、3、5、7、10、12年生存期分别为75．0％、44．4％、29．5％、23．5％、21．2％、16．9％;单因素分析影响预后因素为发现方式、肝癌体积、有否门静脉癌栓、卫星结节及肝癌结节数、UICC分期、手术切缘、有否复发及复发后治疗方式、是否根治性切除;多因素分析得出和预后有关的因素为发现方式、UICC分期、手术切缘、有否复发及复发后治疗方式,是否根治性切除。结论 肝癌的预后取决于早期诊断及治疗方式;UICC分期与预后相关,且与卫星结节、结节数、门静脉癌栓相关。1cm以上的手术切缘,可明显提高切除疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.