86例新生儿社区获得性肺炎病原体的构成及其耐药性分析

目的:分析新生儿社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia,CAP)感染病原体的构成及其耐药特点.方法:选取医院2018年3月—2020年3月新生儿科收治的CAP患儿186例病历资料,统计其患儿入院后呼吸道分泌物细菌培养和药敏试验结果,分析不同感染患儿中主要病原体的分布(包括常见细菌、病毒等)及主要革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌的耐药特点.结果:186例新生儿中,其中细菌感染143例(分离出病原菌143株)和病毒感染43例(分离出病毒38株);143例细菌感染的CAP患儿中,感染病原菌TOP3的主要是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,分别占46.85％、25.17％和10.49％;检出的38株病毒中,其中B型流感病毒和A型流感病毒感染较为常见(分别为44.74％和21.05％);药敏检测结果发现,大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林-舒巴坦钠的耐药率为25.37％,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林的耐药率为38.89％,流感嗜血杆菌对头孢曲松的耐药率为15.38％,肺炎链球菌对克林霉素、红霉素的耐药率为85.71％;金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素、克林霉素、青霉素的耐药率分别为86.67％、86.67％和80.00％.结论:细菌是新生儿CAP的常见病原体,且对头孢菌素类、克林霉素、红霉素等抗菌药物的耐药率较高,临床应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物治疗,确保其治疗的有效性.     

儿童社区和院内获得性肺炎的病原菌检查及耐药性分析

目的探讨儿童社区获得性肺炎（CAP）与院内获得性肺炎（HAP）细菌病原构成及耐药性的差异,给临床提供参考。方法对本院2010年6月～2011年5月收治的CAP患儿120例,HAP患儿80例,均进行痰细菌学培养及致病菌耐药性分析。结果 120例CAP患儿共培养细菌134株,细菌构成前5位分别为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、卡他莫拉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;80例HAP患儿共培养细菌94株,细菌构成前5位分别为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌;HAP患儿中大肠埃希菌耐药率与CAP无明显差异（P〉0.05）,HAP中肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、头孢哌酮、庆大霉素、SMZ＋TMP耐药率远高于CAP（P〈0.05）;HAP阴沟肠杆菌对庆大霉素、SMZ＋TMP、头孢哌酮舒巴坦耐药率明显高于CAP（P〈0.05）;HAP铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、头孢哌酮、庆大霉素耐药率明显高于CAP（P〈0.05）;HAP鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢他啶、氨曲南、头孢哌酮、庆大霉素、SMZ＋TMP耐药率明显高于CAP（P〈0.05）。结论肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌在CAP致病最多,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌在HAP致病最多,并且HAP致病菌耐药率高于CAP。     

小儿社区获得性肺炎的病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的分析小儿社区获得性肺炎感染(CAP)的病原菌的分布及耐药情况。方法对2014年1月至2014年12月我院儿科病房诊断为社区获得性肺炎的患儿,搜集其痰液标本细菌培养及药敏检测结果,并进行统计学分析。结果送检痰标本检出细菌721株,检出病原菌主要为肺炎链球菌186株(25.8%)、流感嗜血杆菌172株(23.9%)、金黄色葡萄球菌118株(16.3%)。主要G~-菌对一、二代头孢耐药率较高。美罗培南敏感性高,主要G~+菌对大环内酯类抗生素耐药率增高,对万古霉素,利奈唑胺敏感性高。结论我院小儿CAP患者的病原菌以肺炎链球菌为主,其次为流感嗜血杆菌,临床应根据药敏结果合理选用抗生素。     

134例社区获得性肺炎病原谱及药敏学分析

目的了解我市社区获得性肺炎（CAP）条件致病茵分布及药敏情况,为临床治疗CAP提供强有力的证据。方法收集2007年1月到2009年12月我院CAP住院患者痰菌培养阳性结果进行回顾性统计分析。结果 134份合格痰标本分离检出病原茵100株,检出率79.8%,主要致病菌是肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。病原茵对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉的耐药率比较高,对左氧氟沙星耐药率较低。结论 CAP是常见的社区感染,临床上应合理应用抗生素以延缓细菌耐药性的产生。     

2018-2021年焦作市儿童下呼吸道感染病原菌谱及耐药性分析

目的:调查焦作市儿童下呼吸道感染(LRTI)病原菌种类、分布特点和耐药情况,为指导儿科临床用药及感染性疾病控制提供证据。方法:对2018-2021年于焦作市人民医院就诊的社区获得性LRTI患儿的痰液样本进行细菌分离培养,通过ATB细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪对细菌进行鉴定和耐药性分析。结果:从5 493份送检的样本中共检出阳性样本952份(17.33%),分离出1 092株病原菌,包括415株(38.00%)革兰阳性菌、655株(59.98%)革兰阴性菌和22株(2.01%)真菌。检出最多的革兰阳性菌为肺炎链球菌(32.69%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(3.94%);最常见的革兰阴性菌为流感嗜血杆菌(26.56%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(22.80%);真菌以白色念珠菌(1.28%)和光滑念珠菌(0.55%)常见。革兰阳性菌和肺炎链球菌检出率总体呈逐年升高的趋势(P<0.05),且在春季和冬季检出率较高。共发现107例混合感染。肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素和环丙沙星较敏感,对阿奇霉素的耐药率较高;流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林和阿莫西林的敏感性较低,对其他抗菌药物均有一定敏感性。结论:焦作...     

重庆地区儿童社区获得性肺炎病原体及细菌药敏分析

目的:探讨重庆地区儿童社区获得性肺炎病原体构成和细菌耐药情况。方法:对572例社区获得性肺炎患儿进行痰培养和呼吸道免疫荧光、ELISA方法检测呼吸道常见病毒。结果: (1)410例病原体检出阳性(阳性率71 7% ),其中单纯细菌阳性162例,单纯病毒阳性152例,单纯肺炎支原体阳性18例,混合阳性78例。(2)主要细菌为副流感嗜血杆菌36株、肺炎链球菌26株、流感嗜血杆菌25株、肺炎克雷伯菌24株、大肠埃希菌22株、阴沟肠杆菌9株。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌除对亚胺培南、派拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢西丁、阿米卡星敏感外,对其他抗菌素的耐药性> 50%,肺炎链球菌对红霉素、复方新诺明、四环素的耐药性分别高达85 7%、78 5%、73 5%。(3)主要病毒为呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)68例、巨细胞病毒(CMV)40例、腺病毒(Adv)29例、副流感病毒9例。结论:重庆地区儿童社区获得性肺炎细菌检出率略高于病毒,细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,对抗生素的耐药问题严峻;RSV是最常见的病毒病原。     

某院102例重症细菌性肺炎患儿的病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的:探究医院102例重症细菌性肺炎患儿的病原菌分布及其耐药特点,为临床治疗重症肺炎提供参考.方法:选取2019年6月—2020年6月医院收治的102例重症细菌性肺炎患儿作为研究对象,在其确诊重症肺炎24 h内采集下呼吸道分泌物及2 mL静脉血进行细菌培养及药敏试验,统计患者病原菌的来源、分布,并分析主要革兰阴性菌、主要革兰阳性菌的耐药情况.结果:102例重症细菌性肺炎患儿标本检测出151株病原菌,其中痰液检出112株(占74.17％),血液检出73株(占48.34％);151株病原菌含92株革兰阴性菌、59株革兰阳性菌,分别占60.93％、39.07％;革兰阴性菌中前3位的分别为肺炎克雷伯菌36株(占23.84％)、大肠埃希菌18株(占11.92％)、鲍曼不动杆菌12株(占7.95％),革兰阳性菌前3位的分别为肺炎链球菌23株(占15.23％)、金黄色葡萄球菌16株(占10.60％)、溶血性链球菌12株(占7.95％);药敏结果显示,革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星的耐药率低,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对环丙沙星的耐药率较低;革兰阳性菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素的耐药率低.结论:重症细菌性肺炎患儿的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,以肺炎克雷伯菌最为常见,检出病原菌对常见抗菌药物呈普遍耐药现象,临床应根据药敏试验结果制定适宜用药方案.     

428例儿童社区获得性肺炎病原菌和药敏试验及分析

目的了解本地区儿童社区获得性肺炎的病原菌分布特点、药敏情况。方法对2009年1月至2011年1月在我院住院的1250例儿童社区获得性肺炎病例进行常规深部痰培养,进行细菌培养及药敏试验分析。结果共检出细菌428株,检出率为34.24%,位居前3位的细菌分别为:大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌;金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G100%耐药,对红霉素、阿奇霉素的耐药性均超过80%,对常用的β-内酰胺类如头孢克罗、头孢噻肟也有较高的耐药性,对亚胺培南的耐药率为45.07%;鲍曼不动杆菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢他啶、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率均超过80%,但尚未发现对糖肽类抗生素出现耐药;多数的革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢他啶有较高的耐药性;在主要的革兰阴性菌中尚未发现对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及亚胺培南耐药的菌株。结论大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌为本地区儿童社区获得性肺炎的常见病原菌。分离细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性较为严重。     

1 613例儿童社区获得性肺炎的病原菌变迁及耐药特点

目的:分析重庆医科大学附属儿童医院近10年来儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)病原学检测结果,了解CAP病原变迁及耐药情况。方法:回顾性分析该院2014年1-12月住院治疗的1 613例CAP患儿鼻咽抽吸物(或痰液标本)细菌培养、呼吸道7种病毒及支原体检查结果等资料。结果:(1)检出前2位细菌为副流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌;与2003年及2009年比较,副流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌检出比增加,流感嗜血杆菌检出比显著减少。婴儿组肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种检出比下降。(2)与2003年及2009年相比,各年龄组腺病毒及支原体检出率增加。(3)病原菌对常用抗生素耐药率有一定程度增高,肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率显著下降,为肺炎链球菌敏感药物。结论:儿童CAP病原构成和病原菌耐药性随时间发生变迁,所检出病原菌对常用抗生素有不同程度耐药,做好地区病原及药敏监测,有助于合理选用抗菌药物。     

2012年~2013年某院细菌耐药的监测情况

目的分析2012年~2013年包头医学院第一附属医院分离的主要病原菌及耐药情况,为感染性疾病治疗和抗菌药合理应用提供依据。方法对2012年~2013年从临床标本分离的2631株细菌统计及对常见细菌耐药率分析。结果 2年共分离细菌2631株,革兰阴性菌1750株,革兰阳性球菌881株。2年来革兰阴性菌前三位均是:大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)大肠埃希菌检出率分别为47.2%和52.2%;革兰阳性球菌前三位2012年为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌;2013年为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌,其中MRSA检出率分别为23.3%(2012年)和20.2%(2013年),未检出耐糖肽类药物的金葡菌。结论医院的细菌耐药比较严重,细菌监测对临床合理应用抗生素及预防细菌耐药有重要的参考价值。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.