解毒散结颗粒《中国药典》2015年版微生物限度检查方法学验证

目的:建立解毒散结颗粒的微生物限度检查方法.方法:对解毒散结颗粒采用《中国药典》2015年版四部“1105、1106、1107”项下方法进行微生物限度检查方法学验证.结果:取1∶10供试液,需氧菌总数采用薄膜过滤法测定,回收率比值均在0.9 ～1.0;霉菌和酵母菌总数采用常规法测定,回收率比值均为1.0;控制菌测定采用常规法.结论:可采用薄膜过滤法测定解毒散结颗粒需氧菌总数,常规法进行霉菌和酵母菌总数及控制菌检查.     

硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂微生物限度检查方法的建立和验证

目的建立和验证硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂的微生物限度检查方法。方法根据2015年版《中国药典(四部)》非无菌产品微生物限度检查方法,采用薄膜过滤法测定试验菌株的回收率,确立需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数方法、控制菌检查方法,并进行验证。结果需氧菌、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数采用薄膜过滤法时,回收率均在0.5~2.0范围内;控制菌的检查采用常规法,结果均符合2015年版《中国药典(四部)》的规定。结论该方法准确、可靠,可用于硫酸沙丁胺醇吸入气雾剂的微生物限度检查。     

阿奇霉素胶囊新版药典微生物限度检查方法的建立

目的建立阿奇霉素胶囊微生物限度检查法并进行方法学验证。方法按《中国药典》2015年版四部制剂通则1105、1106、1107项下要求进行试验。霉菌和酵母菌检查采用平皿法,需氧菌总数检查采用薄膜过滤法,大肠埃希菌检查采用薄膜过滤法,采用上述方法对阿奇霉素胶囊各试验菌进行回收试验测试及对控制菌检查方法进行验证。结果需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数验证试验中各菌的回收比值均符合《中国药典》2015年版规定,控制菌检查方法可行。结论该方法适用于阿奇霉素胶囊的微生物限度检查。     

盐酸莫西沙星片微生物限度方法适用性研究

目的:建立盐酸莫西沙星片微生物限度检查方法.方法:按照《中国药典》2015年版四部通则进行盐酸莫西沙星片微生物限度检查方法适用性试验,对供试液稀释级、中和剂的种类、薄膜过滤冲洗液体积和初始浓度、菌液加入时间等进行考察,通过试验菌株的回收试验确立需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数方法,并确立大肠埃希菌的检查方法.结果:试验样品盐酸莫西沙星片的需氧菌总数检查需采用1:103稀释级供试液,联合使用薄膜过滤法和中和法去除其抑菌性.霉菌和酵母菌总数可增加稀释液体积,取1:50供试液,采用平皿倾注法进行检验.大肠埃希菌检查采用薄膜过滤结合中和剂硫酸镁的方法.结论:建立的盐酸莫西沙星片微生物限度检查方法符合《中国药典》2015年版要求,可用于常规的药品质量控制检验工作.     

复方氧化锌搽剂微生物限度检查方法学研究

目的 建立复方氧化锌搽剂的微生物限度检查方法.方法 通过中和法、培养基稀释法及薄膜过滤法的单独或联合应用,建立了复方氧化锌搽剂微生物限度检查的方法.结果 与结论 采用中和法、培养基稀释法联合薄膜过滤法对复方氧化锌搽剂的需氧菌总数,霉菌和酵母菌总数及控制菌进行检查,该方法能够客观反映该制剂的染菌状态,结果准确、可靠.     

盐酸沙格雷酯片微生物限度检查方法的建立

目的：建立盐酸沙格雷酯片的微生物限度检查方法。方法：采用带过滤功能均质袋对样品进行粗滤,取粗滤后的供试溶液采用薄膜过滤法进行计数检查,采用未经粗滤处理的供试液常规薄膜过滤法进行控制菌检查。结果：该方法的需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数及控制菌检查适用性试验均符合《中国药典》2015年版的要求。结论：该法可用于盐酸沙格雷酯片微生物限度需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数计数及控制菌检查。     

冰硼散微生物限度检查方法学研究

目的:建立冰硼散的微生物限度检查方法.方法:按照《中国药典》2020年版四部通则1105和1106非无菌产品微生物限度检查,进行试验和结果判定.结果:需氧菌总数采用薄膜过滤法进行;霉菌和酵母菌总数数采用薄膜过滤法进行;控制菌均能正常检出.结论:此方法可以有效地控制冰硼散的微生物限度.     

养肝解毒丸微生物限度检查法的验证实验

目的建立适合养肝解毒丸微生物限度检查的方法,保证方法的科学性和检查结果的准确、可靠。方法按照《中国药典》2015年版四部规定的微生物限度检查法对微生物限度和控制菌进行检查,以5种试验菌的回收率对检验方法的有效性进行验证和确认。结果在3次独立的平行试验中,需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数验证中各试验菌每次试验的比值在0.5~2的范围内;试验组可以检出控制菌大肠埃希菌和乙型副伤寒沙门菌。结论需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数检查采用薄膜过滤法,控制菌检查可采用常规法。     

苯扎氯铵微生物限度检查方法适用性研究

目的建立药用辅料苯扎氯铵的微生物限度检查方法。方法按《中国药典》2015年版四部制剂通则1105、1106项下要求进行试验,需氧菌检查、霉菌和酵母菌检查和控制菌检查均采用薄膜过滤法,并进行了适用性研究。结果需氧菌检查、霉菌和酵母菌检查各个试验菌回收比值均在0.5～2范围内,符合《中国药典》2015年版要求,控制菌方法可行。结论该方法适用于苯扎氯铵的微生物限度检查。     

四黄软膏微生物限度检验方法的验证

目的：建立科学有效的实验方法适用于四黄软膏微生物限度的检查,确保方法学验证结果准确、可靠。方法：按照《中国药典》2015年版四部附录1105、1106非无菌产品微生物限度检查的规定对其微生物计数及控制菌进行检查,通过5种试验菌的回收率确认检验方法的有效性。结果：在3次独立的平行实验中,需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数验证中5种试验菌每次试验的回收率比值菌落在0.5～2的范围内;在控制菌检查中,试验组均可检出金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌。结论：需氧菌总数、霉菌和酵母菌总数检查采用薄膜过滤法,控制菌检查采用薄膜过滤法。     

对临床试验中显著性检验、区间检验及置信区间检验之间关系一致性的认识

显著性检验是最基本的统计假设检验,它的基本思想是小概率原理;区间检验是传统显著性检验的延伸,它用来检验两个总体的差异是否在某范围之内;置信区间检验是先找到药物疗效差值的置信区间,通过置信区间下限或(和)上限与界值的关系来判断两种药物非劣效、等效、优效的关系。通过公式推导发现,区间检验与显著性检验的主要区别是前者的假设中包含了有临床意义的界值△,而区间检验和置信区间检验是一致的,可以用置信区间检验实现区间检验的目的。     

谈谈两总体比较的非参数检验方法

针对不同的数据类型,探讨选用不同的非参数检验方法,并通过实例说明这些非参数检验方法的应用。     

A Comparison of Two-Sample Tests of Significance When Used With Variable Treatment Effects

This article compares the performance of many two-sample tests of significance that might be used to test the equality of means when the effect of the treatment is variable. Of the 19 tests that were compared, the normal scores test is recommended for general use in testing the null hypothesis of no treatment effect against the alternative that the distributions are stochastically ordered when the ratio of the larger standard deviation to the smaller standard deviation does not exceed 1.3. The Baumgartner-Weiß-Schindler tests and an adaptive test also have higher power than the pooled t-test, the unequal variance t-test, and the rank-sum test for many distributions. In the simulation studies, data in the first sample are generated from nine distributions, including long-tailed and skewed distributions. Data in the second sample are generated by adding a random treatment effect to a random variable that was generated from the same distribution that was used in the first sample. Because we restricted our power studies to treatment effects that are positive or zero, the population distributions will be stochastically ordered. The results of these studies demonstrate that the normal scores test is often more powerful than the t-tests and the rank-sum test. If the ratio of the standard deviations does exceed 1.3, then one of the t-tests is recommended.     

Testing equality of proportions for correlated binary data in ophthalmologic studies

In ophthalmologic studies, bilateral correlated data often arise when information involving paired organs (e.g., eyes) are measured from each subject. Adjusted chi-square approach for testing the equality of proportions has been proposed in the literature. In this article, we investigate and derive three alter- native testing procedures for the problem. Our simulation results show the score testing procedure usually produces satisfactory type I error control with higher power, and therefore is recommended. Examples from ophthalmologic studies are used to illustrate our proposed methods.     

中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题

目的在综合分析中国药品上市后抽验模式现状及问题的基础上,提出药品上市后抽验的建议。方法通过文献研究的方法,发现中国药品上市后抽验模式中存在的问题,并提出相关建议。结果与结论在药品抽验中引入以风险为基础的抽验模式,将药品上市后抽验结果与药品监管相衔接。     

Mutagenicity testing of quinine with submammalian and mammalian systems

Quinine hydrochloride was assayed for genotoxic activity by using 4 different test systems with distinct genetic endpoints. No indications for point mutations were observed in the Ames system. In 3 cytogenetic tests performed on small rodents, Chinese hamsters showed no genotoxic activity, while inbred strains of mice revealed a dose dependent increase of SCEs, enhanced incidence of micronuclei and elevated chromatid breaks.     

刹毒草口服液的药理作用研究

目的:研究刹毒草口服液对小鼠的药理作用。方法:用小鼠分别进行爬杆实验、炭粒廓清实验、耳肿胀实验和墨汁推进实验,观察刹毒草口服液对小鼠的抗疲劳作用、非特异性免疫功能的影响、抗炎作用和抗腹泻作用。结果:刹毒草口服液能显著延长小鼠爬杆时间,有较好的抗疲劳作用;高剂量刹毒草口服液能显著提高小鼠对惰性炭粒的吞噬指数及吞噬活性,可提高小鼠免疫功能;刹毒草口服液3个剂量组均对二甲苯致小鼠耳炎症有较好的抑制作用,且能显著降低墨汁推进的速率,有较好的抗腹泻作用。结论:刹毒草口服液具有一定抗疲劳、抗炎、提高非特异性免疫功能和抗腹泻作用。     

Simultaneous Test for Superiority and Noninferiority Hypotheses in Active-Controlled Clinical Trials∗

The primary objective of the dose-escalation trial for NGX267 was to estimate the maximally tolerated dose (MTD) and to gather detailed clinical and pharmacokinetic observations near the MTD. The MTD was defined based on the weighted average of moderate and severe adverse events. An adaptive design was employed to concentrate dosage assignments at or near the MTD. Favoring the acquisition of data near the MTD, at the expense of information at lower dosage levels, resulted in a shorter trial and no loss of the type of information required to inform subsequent studies where larger normal volunteer or patient samples are evaluated.     

氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查法的建立

目的:建立氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法:按《中国药典》2010年版(二部)附录相关方法确定本品细菌内毒素限值,分别进行细菌内毒素检查凝胶法和动态浊度法的干扰试验。结果:凝胶法结果表明,样品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时对试验无干扰作用;动态浊度法结果表明,本品稀释2倍(5 mg/ml)时外加内毒素的回收率在50%²00%之间。每1 mg氢溴酸山莨菪碱中含内毒素应小于0.35 EU。结论 :本文初步建立的氢溴酸山莨菪碱注射液细菌内毒素检查方法,可为《中国药典》增订该制剂的细菌内毒素检查项提供参考。     

Bootstrap inference in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables

Summary We study several tests for the coefficient of the single right‐hand‐side endogenous variable in a linear equation estimated by instrumental variables. We show that writing all the test statistics—Student's t, Anderson–Rubin, the LM statistic of Kleibergen and Moreira (K), and likelihood ratio (LR)—as functions of six random quantities leads to a number of interesting results about the properties of the tests under weak‐instrument asymptotics. We then propose several new procedures for bootstrapping the three non‐exact test statistics and also a new conditional bootstrap version of the LR test. These use more efficient estimates of the parameters of the reduced‐form equation than existing procedures. When the best of these new procedures is used, both the K and conditional bootstrap LR tests have excellent performance under the null. However, power considerations suggest that the latter is probably the method of choice.