60例新生儿呼吸机相关肺炎病原培养和药敏分析

目的:分析新生儿呼吸机相关肺炎(vAP)的病原和药敏试验结果.方法:对60例VAP患儿在撤机时无菌操作下留取气管导管末端分泌物进行细菌培养并作药敏试验.结果:60例标本检出50株病原菌,阳性率83.3%,病原菌前5位依次是大肠埃希菌、恶臭假单胞菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、表皮葡萄球菌;革兰阴性杆菌40例(80.0%),革兰阳性球菌6例(12.0%),真菌2例(4.0%).革兰阴性杆菌敏感药物前5位依次是亚胺培南/西司他丁(泰能)、环丙沙星、克林霉素、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮 舒巴坦,表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感,对其余大部分抗生素均耐药.结论:VAP致病菌主要是耐药性条件致病菌,综合防治至关重要.     

584例新生儿感染性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:探讨新生儿感染性肺炎病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,以指导临床用药。方法:回顾性分析2015-2016年收治的390例社区获得性肺炎(CAP)和194例医院感染性肺炎(HAP)新生儿病原菌检测结果及药敏试验结果。结果:584例患儿送检标本共382例培养阳性,阳性率为65.4%;分离致病菌411株,其中革兰阴性菌(G-菌)288株,革兰阳性菌(G+菌)118株,真菌5株;G-菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌为主,G+以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、草绿色链球菌为主。CAP患儿送检标本检出致病菌181株,其中G-菌119株(65.8%),以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;G+菌59株(32.6%),以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌为主;真菌3株(1.7%);194例HAP患儿送检标本检出致病菌230株,其中G-菌169株(73.5%),以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌为主;G+菌59株(25.7%),以草绿色链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌2株(0.9%)。G-对青霉素类及头孢菌素类抗菌药物耐药率较高,对亚胺培南、环丙沙星、呋喃妥因敏感;G+菌对青霉素类、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素等高度耐药,对阿米卡星、万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、奎奴普丁等敏感。CAP及HAP常见致病菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性差异不明显。本组共检出产超广谱茁鄄内酰胺酶(ESBL)大肠埃希菌34株,占大肠埃希菌总检出株数的34.3%;产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌24株,占肺炎克雷伯菌总检出株数的34.3%。结论:本地区 新生儿感染性肺炎的病原菌以G-为主,大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为常见致病菌。加强细菌耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,可减缓耐药菌株的产生。     

30例医院感染新生儿肺炎克雷伯菌败血症的耐药性分析

目的分析本院院内感染新生儿肺炎克雷伯菌败血症的耐药性情况。方法对我院新生儿科30例确诊为院内感染肺炎克雷伯菌败血症新生儿的细菌药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果分离肺炎克雷伯菌共30株,其中产ESBLs21株,产ESBLs率为70%;肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素类及头孢菌素类抗菌药物具有较高的耐药性,对酶抑制剂复合物则比较敏感,亚胺培南无耐药发生。结论院内感染败血症的肺炎克雷伯菌耐酶率高,治疗上可选用酶抑制剂复合物抗生素及亚胺培南;为减少耐药性的产生,新生儿科医师应该加强病原学监测,严格把握抗生素适应证,按照药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素。     

急性阑尾炎860例患者脓液细菌培养及耐药性分析

目的对急性阑尾炎脓性分泌物的细菌培养及药敏结果进行统计和分析,为临床合理选用抗生素提供参考。方法对860例急性阑尾炎的脓液标本进行常规需氧菌的培养及药敏试验,并对结果进行分析。结果 860例送检的标本中有662例培养出致病菌,阳性率约为77.0%。构成比以大肠埃希菌居多,451株(64.3%),肺炎克雷伯菌56株(8.0%),铜绿假单胞菌49株(7.0%),溶血葡萄球菌36株(5.1%),变形杆菌属35株(5.0%),肠球菌属35株(5.0%),其它40(5.7%)。对大肠埃希菌敏感性最高的3种常用抗生素为亚胺培南、美罗培南和氨曲南。对肺炎克雷伯菌敏感性最高的3种常用抗生素同样为亚胺培南、美罗培南和氨曲南。对铜绿假单胞菌敏感性最高的3种常用抗生素为亚胺培南、美罗培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦。结论急性阑尾炎的主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌;敏感性最高的抗生素是亚胺培南、美罗培南、氨曲南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦。     

儿童呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌和耐药性研究

目的 探讨儿科重症监护病房小儿呼吸机相关肺炎的病原菌分布及耐药性特点.方法 分析134例机械通气患儿308例次呼吸机相关肺炎的致病菌分布和耐药性状况,并对早发性和迟发性呼吸机相关肺炎的病原学构成进行对比分析.结果 共检出致病菌498株,革兰阴性细菌416株(83.5%),革兰阳性球菌66株(13.2%),真菌16株(3.2%),其中金黄色葡萄球菌35株(7.0%)[含耐甲氧西林株22株],表皮葡萄球菌19株(3.8%)[含耐甲氧西林株为11株],前5位致病菌分别为肺炎克雷伯菌155株(31.2%)、鲍氏不动杆菌56株(11.2%)、铜绿假单胞菌54株(10.8%)、大肠埃希菌39株(7.8%)、金黄色葡萄球菌35株(7.0%);药敏结果显示这几类菌株的多重耐药现象严重,对革兰阴性细菌较为敏感的抗菌药物有亚胺培南/西司他丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星及阿莫西林/克拉维酸等,革兰阳性细菌均对万古霉素敏感,对头孢唑林、利福平、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感;迟发性小儿呼吸机相关肺炎的混合培养阳性比例显著高于早发性呼吸机相关肺炎.结论 小儿呼吸机相关肺炎的病原菌构成以革兰阴性菌为主,且呈现出多重耐药现象,真菌常见,抗菌治疗应依据于病原学和药敏实验的监测结果.     

227株小儿感染性肺炎病原菌的分布及其耐药性探究

目的:探究小儿感染性肺炎病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法:抽取2018年1月-2018年6月期间收治的小儿感染性肺炎患儿500例临床资料作为本次研究的对象,统计其所有患儿痰液标本的细菌学培养和药敏试验结果,分析其病原菌的分布及其耐药性。结果:500例患儿痰标本中分离出227株致病菌,其中革兰阴性菌中主要为大肠埃希菌28株(占12.33%)、肺炎克雷伯菌24株(占10.57%)、铜绿假单胞菌41株(占18.06%)以及鲍曼不动杆菌13例(占5.73%);革兰阳性菌中主要为金黄色葡萄球菌41株(占18.06%)以及肺炎链球菌23例(占10.13%);经药敏试验分析显示,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌以及金黄色葡萄球菌对大多数常用抗菌药物产生耐药性,其中肺炎克雷伯菌以及大肠埃希菌耐药的情况比较严重,多重耐药性的情况较为普遍;但亚胺培南对其致病菌仍然较为敏感。结论:在小儿感染性肺炎中病原菌的分布主要为革兰阴性菌,其对常用抗菌药物出现耐药的情况较为严重,多重耐药出现的情况也呈增长趋势,临床在治疗此类患儿时应根据药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物治疗,有利于降低细菌对其耐药性,以确保患儿治疗的有效性和安全性。     

肺炎克雷伯菌属感染新生儿的临床特征及其对抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的:分析医院ICU肺炎克雷伯菌属感染新生儿的临床特征及其耐药性,为感染新生儿的治疗提供参考。方法:选取2014年—2015年医院ICU肺炎克雷伯菌属感染新生儿60例的临床资料,分析其临床特征及其耐药性。结果:2014年—2015年间医院ICU肺炎克雷伯菌属感染新生儿60例,其中早产儿39例占65.00%,足月儿20例占33.33%和过期产儿1例占1.67%;痰液培养结果示阳性者为20例,2次以上不同部位采血培养结果显示阳性者为13例,气管插管末端采样培养结果呈阳性者为13例,脐部分泌物采样培养结果呈阳性者12例,尿培养结果呈阳性者1例和静脉置管采样培养结果呈阳性者为1例;50例患儿伴有基础疾病,其中呼吸道综合征25例,肺部感染12例,窒息及并发症6例,败血症4例和坏死性小肠结肠炎3例;治疗后治愈52例,好转6例,病死2例;肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)阳性和阴性菌株对氨苄西啉产生耐药性,其中ESBLs阳性肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性大多高于ESBLs阴性菌。结论:医院ICU新生儿肺炎克雷伯菌属感染受多种因素影响,在临床治疗过程应根据患儿的痰液培养和药敏实验结果合理选用抗菌药物,以提高ICU新生儿肺炎克雷伯菌属感染的治愈率。     

急性脑卒中相关性肺炎的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:对急性脑卒中相关性肺炎的病原菌分布、耐药性情况予以分析.方法:从我院2013年7月~2015年5月收治的急性脑卒中相关性肺炎患者中选取130例作为研究对象,对其痰培养结果进行分析,了解病原菌分布、耐药性特点.结果:共发现71例痰培养结果为阳性(54.62%);检出114株致病菌,包括101株革兰氏阴性菌(88.60%),7株革兰氏阳性菌(6.14%),6株真菌(5.26%),以肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌最为常见;白色念珠菌、热带念珠菌对抗真菌药物均具有较高的敏感性;金黄色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、万古霉素、利奈唑烷等药物存在较高的敏感性;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚安培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林具有较高的敏感性;鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对多数头孢类药物完全耐受.结论:急性脑卒中相关性肺炎发生的主要病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌感染,多数患者易发生混合感染,故在临床治疗期间应根据致病菌分布特点、耐药性等情况合理应用抗生素.     

2016—2019年安徽省某三级医院呼吸科与ICU卒中相关性肺炎病原菌分布及耐药性

目的 分析呼吸科与重症监护病房(ICU)卒中相关性肺炎(SAP)病原菌分布变迁、耐药性特点,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年6月呼吸科及ICU收治SAP患者病原菌及药敏结果,调查产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及耐碳青霉烯类抗生素病原菌(CRO)比率。结果 呼吸科共检出病原菌41株,其中革兰阴性杆菌38株(92.69%),革兰阳性球菌3株(7.32%),依次为肺炎克雷伯菌16株(39.02%),铜绿假单胞菌7株(17.07%),鲍曼不动杆菌6株(14.63%)等。ICU共检出病原菌137株,革兰阴性杆菌128株(93.43%),革兰阳性球菌9株(6.57%),依次为肺炎克雷伯菌43株(31.39%),鲍曼不动杆菌38株(27.74%),铜绿假单胞菌16株(11.68%)等。呼吸科产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)所占比率分别为50%和12.5%,而ICU分别为41.86%和2.33%;呼吸科耐碳青霉烯鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)、耐碳青霉烯铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)所占比率分别为66.67%和28.57%,而ICU依次为97.37%和37.5%。ICU中鲍曼不动杆菌对于碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药性显著高于呼吸科 (P＜0.05)。结论 呼吸科与ICU收治SAP患者致病菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,且对碳青霉烯类抗生素呈现一定耐药性。同时肺炎克雷伯菌已是最常见致病菌,甚至有CRKP被检出,应被重视。因此有必要加强监测SAP病原学及耐药性变迁,提供当地病原学资料,指导临床抗感染治疗。     

29株前列腺增生症术后尿路感染患者中段尿中致病菌的分布及其药敏试验结果分析

目的:分析前列腺增生症术后尿路感染患者中段尿中致病菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床治疗此类疾病合理用药提供参考。方法:抽取2016年12月—2019年3月间收治的前列腺增生症术后尿路感染患者60例资料,统计其患者中段尿细菌培养和药敏试验结果,分析其病原菌的分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果:60例前列腺增生症术后尿路感染患者中,细菌培养结果呈阳性者25例,其阳性率为41.67%;25例阳性标本中分离出致病菌株29株(其中21例患者中检出1种细菌,4例中检出2种细菌);中段尿细菌培养结果显示,29株致病菌中分别为大肠埃希菌11株(37.93%)、屎肠球菌3株(10.34%)、肺炎克雷伯菌4株(13.79%)、粪肠球菌2株(6.90%)、奇异变形菌5株(17.24%)和其他菌株4株(13.79%);大肠埃希菌对庆大霉素、复方磺胺甲噁唑、氨苄西林的耐药率均大于70%;肺炎克雷伯菌对复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率为75.00%,而其对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的耐药率均为50.00%;奇异变形菌对复方磺胺甲噁唑、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星的耐药率均为80.00%,而其对氨苄西林的耐药率为100.00%;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星的耐药率均为66.67%,而其对青霉素耐药率高达100.00%;粪肠球菌对庆大霉素的耐药率为50.00%。结论:前列腺增生症术后尿路感染患者中段尿中病原菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等革兰阴性菌感染为主,其次为屎肠球菌等革兰阳性菌,且经细菌培养结果发现部分患者为双重致病菌感染;经药敏试验结果表明致病菌对部分药物均具有多重耐药性,临床应结合患者中段尿细菌培养及其药敏试验结果,合理使用抗菌药物治疗,以确保患者用药的合理性、有效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.