中老年卫生服务利用不平等研究:三种基本社会医疗保险的作用

目的 了解中国中老年人身体健康状况,分析在三种基本社会医疗保险下卫生服务利用的不平等性.方法 基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2013年数据,采用多元Logistic回归等方法分析拥有不同基本医保的中老年人在身体健康状况和卫生服务利用方面的差异.结果 城镇职工医疗保险、城镇居民医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗保险人员自评健康状况得分分别为2.74分、2.59分和2.49分;慢性病患病率分别为52.07%、55.66%和57.78%;4周患病率分别为12.74%、16.49%和13.92%.相对于城镇职工医疗保险参保人群,新型农村合作医疗参保人群对门诊服务(OR=0.82)和住院服务(OR=0.79)的利用以及城镇居民医疗保险参保人群对门诊服务(OR=0.77)和住院服务(OR=0.69)的利用均处于较低水平;对其中慢性病参保人群进行回归分析其结果相似,以上OR值差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 不同医保的中老年人在健康状况和卫生服务利用上存在不平等性,应通过统筹发展城乡医保、提高筹资及报销比例来缩小不同医保保障水平的差异.     

医疗救助与医疗保险制度衔接探讨

我国医疗保险主要包括城镇职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗,另外还有公费医疗、企业补充医疗保险、商业医疗保险等.目前,我国医疗保险制度尚未覆盖所有人群.据资料显示[1],城镇职工2.7亿,参保1.8亿;城镇非从业居民2.4亿,参保0.3亿;农村居民中参加新型农村合作医疗的人数2008年达到8.33亿,参合率在90%以上,但保障水平较低[2].在参保和非参保人群中,均有贫困人群,有的要么一开始就贫困,有的或者因某些因素而变得贫困,如疾病、灾害等.这些人群可能因为持续贫困或因某些因素陷入贫困,而无法参加保险或者退出保险.由于没有医疗保险的保障,这些人一旦面临大额医疗费用,将陷入更严重的贫病循环.     

我国医疗保险对城镇居民直接疾病经济负担影响研究

文章利用"国务院城镇居民基本医疗保险试点评估入户调查"数据,通过最小二乘法线性回归模型,分析现有几种主要医疗保险对于城镇居民疾病经济负担的影响.结果显示,有医疗保险的城镇居民的疾病经济负担较没有任何医疗保险的城镇居民低,其中拥有城镇职工基本医疗保险、公费医疗及商业医疗保险的人群疾病经济负担下降了5%或4%;拥有城镇居民基本医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗的人群,其疾病经济负担没有明显下降,分析原因可能是由于城镇居民基本医疗保险刚刚开始试行,参保人群的潜在需求还未充分释放出来:而城镇里拥有新型农村合作医疗的人群可能本身就属于收入比较低和健康比较差的流动人群或农民工,所以未显示出疾病经济负担的缓解.     

天津市参保脑出血患者住院费用及影响因素分析

目的 探讨天津市参加城镇职工基本医疗保险的脑出血患者住院费用构成及其影响因素,为合理控制医疗费用、降低患者经济负担提供参考依据.方法 从天津市2003-2007年参加城镇职工基本医疗保险的住院患者资料库中抽取脑出血患者2 895例,运用R软件对其住院费用情况进行多元逐步回归分析.结果 天津市2003-2007年参加城镇职工基本医疗保险的脑出血患者住院人均总费用中位数为10 913.17元,其中药品费占总费用的47.72％,治疗费占25.33％,检查费占10.26％.多元回归分析中影响参保患者住院费用的因素有年龄、住院天数、住院次数、是否手术和医院级别.结论 减少患者住院天数和住院次数,可以在二级医院就诊的患者尽量减少去三级医院住院,卫生资源合理配置等途径可以合理控制患者的住院费用.     

北京、上海、广州城镇居民基本医疗保险制度比较

1998年国务院颁布《关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》,对城镇职工基本医疗保险改革的任务和原则、覆盖范围和缴费办法、筹资模式、监督管理等内容进行了纲领性界定,标志着以城镇职工参保为主体的基本医疗保险制度的建立。2003年卫生部等部门提出《关于建立新型农村合作医疗制     

2013年-2017年全国三级公立医院神经重症医疗质量现状分析

目的了解我国三级公立医院神经重症住院患者医疗质量现状。方法采用病案首页主要诊断和其他诊断的疾病编码，提取医院质量监测系统中2013年1月1日-2017年12月31日诊断为神经系统疾病的神经重症患者信息。采用SPSS 21.0统计软件对相关指标数据进行分析。结果全国506家三级公立医院共计220 027例神经重症患者纳入研究，其中，男性患者居多，占住院总人次的58.61%，年龄中位数（四分位数）为58（27，72）岁。患者住院死亡率和平均住院天数呈逐年下降趋势，出院人数逐年增加，机械通气时间逐年缩短，31天重返ICU率在小范围内波动。神经重症患者付费方式以城镇职工基本医疗保险为主，新型农村合作医疗保险次之。结论我国神经重症医疗质量逐年上升，救治水平在逐步提高，未来仍需继续关注结构、过程、结局指标，以持续改进。     

基本医疗保险重复参保现象研究

随着我国基本医疗保障体系逐步完善,新型农村合作医疗、城镇职工基本医疗保险和城镇居民基本医疗保险在各自的覆盖范围内发挥了重要作用,但由此也引发了重复参保的现象。文章从重复参保现状入手,分析了引起重复参保的原因以及所产生的消极影响,进而从实现基本医疗保险制度并轨、实现医保管理转移接续和建立完整的信息平台等角度提出了消除重复参保现象的路径选择。     

宁夏南部地区不同医疗保险类型住院费用分析

目的分析宁夏回族自治区宁南地区发病率排名前2位医疗费用的影响因素,比较在不同医疗保险制度下按业务量排名前2位的住院总费用及各结构费用是否存在差异,探讨不同医疗保险的类型作为住院的支付方式对宁南地区居民医疗费用的影响,并探讨不同医保类型对患者能否造成就医经济负担。方法通过获得宁南地区病案数据库得到当地发病率最高的前2种疾病,采用卡方检验和方差分析比较不同类型医保患者的性别、民族、年龄、住院天数的分布情况、住院总费用及各结构费用的构成情况,应用多元线性回归模型分析宁南地区居民医疗费用的影响因素。结果城镇职工医保、城镇居民医保和新型农村合作医疗的次均费用普遍高于自费患者的次均费用,4种不同医疗保险类型患者的性别、民族、年龄和住院天数构成率存在差异;住院总费用和各结构费用两两比较存在差异。建议(1)控制疾病医疗费用增长;(2)改进基本医疗保险方案设计。     

我国三种基本医疗保险中老年人医疗服务利用比较及变化趋势研究

目的:探讨我国参加三种基本医疗保险的中老年人在医疗服务利用上是否存在差异,分析其变化趋势。方法:基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2011和2013年数据,保留两次调查都包括的样本,采用描述性统计和logistic回归的方法进行分析。结果:以城镇职工医疗保险为参照组,门诊服务利用上,2011年城镇居民医疗保险利用率较低,2013年城镇居民医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗均低于城职保。住院服务利用上,城镇居民医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗都低于城镇职工医疗保险,2011年与2013年这种差异均显著。三种保险与年度交互作用不显著,但是2013年度变量有统计学意义,且OR值显著地大于1。结论:参加三种基本社会医疗保险中老年人在门诊服务和住院服务利用上存在差异,城镇职工医疗保险的利用程度较高,三种保险对医疗服务的利用水平都随时间显著增长。     

不同级别医院城乡参保和参合居民患者住院医疗费用的对比研究

目的比较不同级别医院参加城镇居民医疗保险(简称"参保")和新型农村合作医疗(简称"参合")的居民患者住院医疗费用及不同支付方式费用差别,了解城乡居民医疗保障水平。方法选择某县2011年度城乡参保和参合居民患者,运用非参秩和检验分析住院医疗费用及不同支付方式费用。结果除一般检查费外,县级医院总费用、各项费用及不同支付费用均高于乡镇医院(P0.05);县级医院参合与参保患者平均住院费用未见有显著差异(P0.05),但参保患者统筹支付费用高于参合患者,个人支付费用低于参合患者(P0.05);参保及参合居民患者乡镇医院统筹支付费用及个人支付费用均低于县级医院(P0.05),但参保居民不同级别医院间统筹支付费用(63%~64%)及个人支付费用(35%~36%)所占比例接近,参合居民个人支付费用县级医院(1 647.47元)占总费用的55.84%,乡镇医院(560.81元)占43.01%。结论促进和引导参合和参保居民患者在基层医疗机构就医、合理控制药物使用、不断提高统筹支付报销比例,以减轻城乡居民疾病经济负担。     

不同医疗保障制度慢性乙肝患者住院床日数及出院转归影响因素分析

目的：分析不同医疗保障制度下慢性乙肝患者的住院床日数及出院转归的影响因素。方法：在山东省济南市和潍坊市共选择3所县级医院和3所市级医院,每所医院抽取2009年全部出院诊断为＂乙型肝炎＂的病历;采取描述性统计及多元线性回归分析数据。结果：城镇职工医保的各型慢性乙肝患者的平均住院床日数约为城镇居民医保患者的1.6～2.3倍,为新农合患者的1.5～1.9倍。医疗保障类型、医院级别、出院转归及慢性乙肝的分型对住院床日数的影响具有统计学意义;住院床日数影响出院转归。结论和建议：不同医疗保障制度间的待遇差异,导致了患者住院床日数的差异;住院床日数又影响了患者的病情转归。建议缩小和消除不同医疗保障制度间的不平等,保障国民健康权益的公平性。     

The influence of health insurance on hospital admission and length of stay--the case of Vietnam

Few studies analyze the effects of health insurance on inpatient care in low income countries. This paper provides an empirical assessment of the influence of Vietnam's health insurance schemes on both hospital admission and the length of stay (LOS) using the Vietnam National Health Survey 2001-2002 and an appropriate count data regression model. Our findings suggest that the influence of health insurance on hospital admission and the LOS varies across insurance schemes. The compulsory insurance scheme and the insurance scheme for the poor increase the expected LOS by factors of 1.18 and 1.39, respectively, while the voluntary insurance scheme has minimal effect on the expected LOS. Insurance also increases the likelihood of hospital admission far more for compulsory members than for members of the other two insurance schemes. The positive influence of insurance on hospital admission and the LOS also varies across income quintiles, regions and types of health facilities. While the compulsory and voluntary schemes increase the likelihood of hospital admission more for lower and middle income individuals, the influence of the compulsory scheme on the expected LOS is more pronounced for patients in the middle income groups. The influence of insurance on the LOS is also found to be stronger in the North than in the South and stronger for patients admitted to provincial hospitals rather than district hospitals.     

Length of stay,conditional length of stay,and prolonged stay in pediatric asthma

OBJECTIVE: To understand differences in length of stay for asthma patients between New York State and Pennsylvania across children's and general hospitals in order to better guide policy. DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: All pediatric admissions for asthma in the states of Pennsylvania and New York using claims data obtained from each state for the years 1996-1998, n = 38,310. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort design to model length of stay (LOS), the probability of prolonged stay, conditional length of stay (CLOS or the LOS after stay is prolonged), and the probability of readmission, controlling for patient factors, state, location and hospital type. ANALYTIC METHODS: Logit models were used to estimate the probability of prolonged stay and readmission. The LOS and the CLOS were estimated with Cox regression. Model variables included comorbidities, income, race, distance from hospital, and insurance type. Prolonged stay was based on a Hollander-Proschan "New-Worse-Than-Used" test, corresponding to a three-day stay. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The LOS was longer in New York than Pennsylvania, and the probabilities of prolonged stay and readmission were much higher in New York than Pennsylvania. However, once an admission was prolonged, there were no differences in CLOS between states (when readmissions were not added to the LOS calculation). In both states, children's hospitals and general hospitals had similar adjusted LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Management of asthma appears more efficient in Pennsylvania than New York: Less severe patients are discharged faster in Pennsylvania than New York; once discharged, patients are less likely to be readmitted in Pennsylvania than New York. However, once a stay is prolonged, there is little difference between New York and Pennsylvania, suggesting medical care for severely ill patients is similar across states. Differences between children's and general hospitals were small as compared to differences between states. We conclude that policy initiatives in New York, and other states, should focus their efforts on improving the care provided to less severe patients in order to help reduce overall length of stay.     

The variance of length of stay and the optimal DRG outlier payments

Prospective payment schemes in health care often include supply-side insurance for cost outliers. In hospital reimbursement, prospective payments for patient discharges, based on their classification into diagnosis related group (DRGs), are complemented by outlier payments for long stay patients. The outlier scheme fixes the length of stay (LOS) threshold, constraining the profit risk of the hospitals. In most DRG systems, this threshold increases with the standard deviation of the LOS distribution. The present paper addresses the adequacy of this DRG outlier threshold rule for risk-averse hospitals with preferences depending on the expected value and the variance of profits. It first shows that the optimal threshold solves the hospital’s tradeoff between higher profit risk and lower premium loading payments. It then demonstrates for normally distributed truncated LOS that the optimal outlier threshold indeed decreases with an increase in the standard deviation.      

Psychosocial severity, length of stay and the role of social work services

Data on excess length of stay (LOS)-the difference between actual LOS and target LOS for the medical problem-were analyzed for three acute care hospitals. For a sample of 2,642 cases, 29.2% of all hospital days were excess days for patients referred to social services. For a sample of 176 social service cases, a stepwise regression yielded two statistically significant predictors of LOS: (1) Medical problem (target LOS) and (2) severity of psychosocial problem (Person-in- Environment scale). The importance of psychosocial severity as a predictor of LOS has clear implications for the role social workers can play in making health care organizations more efficient.     

Does managed care make a difference? Physicians' length of stay decisions under managed and non-managed care

Background

In this study we examined the influence of type of insurance and the influence of managed care in particular, on the length of stay decisions physicians make and on variation in medical practice.

Methods

We studied lengths of stay for comparable patients who are insured under managed or non-managed care plans. Seven Diagnosis Related Groups were chosen, two medical (COPD and CHF), one surgical (hip replacement) and four obstetrical (hysterectomy with and without complications and Cesarean section with and without complications). The 1999, 2000 and 2001 - data from hospitals in New York State were used and analyzed with multilevel analysis.

Results

Average length of stay does not differ between managed and non-managed care patients. Less variation was found for managed care patients. In both groups, the variation was smaller for DRGs that are easy to standardize than for other DRGs.

Conclusion

Type of insurance does not affect length of stay. An explanation might be that hospitals have a general policy concerning length of stay, independent of the type of insurance of the patient.     

Between two beds: inappropriately delayed discharges from hospitals

Acknowledging the necessity of a division of labour between hospitals and social care services regarding treatment and care of patients with chronic and complex conditions, is to acknowledge the potential conflict of interests between health care providers. A potentially important conflict is that hospitals prefer comparatively short length of stay (LOS) at hospital, while social care services prefer longer LOS all else equal. Furthermore, inappropriately delayed discharges from hospital, i.e. bed blocking, is costly for society. Our aim is to discuss which factors that may influence bed blocking and to quantify bed blocking costs using individual Norwegian patient data, merged with social care and hospital data. The data allow us to divide hospital LOS into length of appropriate stay (LAS) and length of delay (LOD), the bed blocking period. We find that additional resources allocated to social care services contribute to shorten LOD indicating that social care services may exploit hospital resources as a buffer for insufficient capacity. LAS increases as medical complexity increases indicating hospitals incentives to reduce LOS are softened by considerations related to patients’ medical needs. Bed blocking costs constitute a relatively large share of the total costs of inpatient care.     

商业保险公司参与经办新农合的效果分析

目的:为商业保险公司经办新农合对经办成本、基金和患者的管理等产生的影响提供证据。方法:收集了商业保险公司参与经办新农合(商保模式)最广泛的两省所有区县2009—2012年新农合报表数据;现场收集了部分县新农合运行的全部费用及全部经办人员信息。商保模式与政府经办的县按照1:2进行匹配,逐年对比经办数据。结果:商保模式的经办费用更高、经办人员更多。商保模式的筹资比例更高、补偿比例更低、住院率更高、基金结余更多。患者和医保基金流向城市医院的情况,两省表现出相反的结果。讨论:(1)商保模式下,政府依然会设置新农合管理办公室,也就需要一定的人员和经费,因而该模式的经办成本更高。从侧面反映了新农合经办人力和经费的不足。(2)商保模式下,筹资水平高、住院实际补偿比例低、基金结余高,可能反映了商业保险公司的管理工作更细致到位,但这仅仅是一种可能的解释。(3)两省患者县外就医比例和资金流向呈现不同结果,可能反映了不同保险公司经办能力的差异。(4)商业保险公司参与新农合经办的程度有限,无法有效激励其行为。     

不同类型医院肺癌治疗结果和住院日的差别研究

目的通过对北京市6所三级医院的肺癌病案首页数据进行分析。找出专科医院和综合医院在诊断结果和住院日上的差别,为不同类型医院提高自身医疗水平、节约医疗资源提供政策性建议。方藩以北京市6所医院2003年肺癌出院病例为研究样本,采用描述性和相关性分析,并分别以首要诊断结果和住院日作为因变量,建立Ordered Logistic Estimariotl和Negative Binomial Estimation模型进行分析。结呆对于肺癌的治疗,专科医院比综合医院治疗效果好,但是住院日要长。结论肺癌专科医院可以在降低住院日的情形下,达到同样水平的治疗效果。我国的肺癌专科医院在发挥自己的业务精优势的同时,需进一步降低住院日来节约医疗资源。     

慢阻肺患者住院费用影响因素的通径分析

目的 为了解慢阻肺患者住院费用的主要影响因素,减缓住院费用过快增长,减轻患者、家庭及社会的经济负担,优化医疗服务价格体系提供科学依据。方法 收集贵州省某三甲医院2015—2019年的9 223例慢阻肺患者病案首页信息,对慢阻肺患者的住院费用和住院天数进行描述性分析,并采用多元回归分析拟合通径分析模型的方法,研究慢阻肺患者住院费用的影响因素。结果 慢阻肺患者的人均住院天数为12.4 d,人均住院费用为18 598.81元,60岁以上患者占比达87.3%,医保患者占73.5%,且住院天数是影响住院费用的主要因素,总效应系数为0.719,危重型患者总效应系数为0.181排第二位。通径分析研究结果显示,年龄、医保、公费、危重、手术、药物过敏、医嘱离院不仅对住院费用存在着直接影响的效应,同时还通过住院天数间接影响着住院费用。结论 在不影响医疗质量的情况之下,按照临床路径的程序,合理缩短住院天数,并加强对于可控因素的限制,采取有效的措施,最大可能的减轻患者住院费用的负担。