不同部位鼻中隔偏曲伴窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异的特点

目的 探讨不同部位鼻中隔偏曲伴窦口鼻道复合体(OMC)解剖变异的差异。方法 对103例不同部位鼻中隔偏曲病人作鼻内镜检查和鼻腔、鼻窦冠状位、轴位CT扫描,比较OMC解剖变异的差异。结果 单纯高位偏曲组甲泡、Haller气房及钩突偏曲的发生率分别为50％、56.3％和28.1％,显著高于低位嵴组及前部偏曲组(P<0.05);甲泡在单纯高位偏曲对侧发生率为62.5％,同侧为37.5％,其同侧与其它各组间无明显差异,其对侧则差异显著(P<0.05);前部偏曲筛泡过度气化发生率为8.3％,明显低于其它各组(P<0.05);中鼻甲反常曲线、鼻丘气房、钩突气化等的发生率在各组之间没有明显差别。结论 不同部位的鼻中隔偏曲伴随的某些OMC解剖变异存在较大的差异。     

鼻中隔软骨黏膜下部分切除＋下鼻甲部分切除术治疗常年性变应性鼻炎的疗效分析

目的对常年性变应性鼻炎合并鼻中隔偏曲的患者行鼻中隔软骨黏膜下部分切除术＋下鼻甲部分切除术观察常年性变应性鼻炎疗效。方法56例常年性变应性鼻炎合并鼻中隔偏曲的患者分成治疗组和对照组分别于鼻内镜下行鼻中隔软骨黏膜下部分切除术斗下鼻甲部分切除术及药物治疗。结果3及6个月后对2组患者进行疗效评定,3个月时治疗组有效率为91．6％对照组有效率N31．2％（P〈0．05）。6个月时治疗组有效率为95．8％,对照组有效率为21．8％（P〈0．05）。差异有统计学意义。结论鼻中隔软骨黏膜下部分切除术斗下鼻甲部分切除术治疗常年性变应性鼻炎具有良好的疗效。     

鼻腔结构与真菌性上颌炎关系的CT影像学研究

目的 探讨真菌性上颌窦炎是否存在鼻腔解剖结构异常。 方法 分析102例真菌性上颌窦炎患者(单侧患病)的CT图像,观察鼻中隔、中鼻甲、钩突、筛泡的变异情况,有无Haller气房;测量冠状位钩突平面下鼻甲、钩突和中鼻甲所占该平面鼻腔面积比。 结果 鼻中隔偏曲87例(85.29%),其中51例宽敞侧发病,36例狭窄侧患病(P<0.05)。高位偏曲病例与低位偏曲相近。高位偏曲病例中,宽敞侧患病例数多于狭窄侧(P>0.05),但无统计学差异。低位偏曲病例中,两侧患病例数差异无统计学意义。患侧与健侧中鼻甲、钩突、筛泡变异及Haller气房出现情况患侧反向中鼻甲明显多于健侧,差异有统计学意义。钩突偏曲、Haller气房两侧差异有统计学意义,筛泡过度气化患侧较健侧多,但无统计学意义。冠状位钩突平面下鼻甲、钩突和中鼻甲所占该平面鼻腔面积比,两侧差异无统计学意义。 结论 鼻中隔偏曲及中鼻甲、钩突变异可能是真菌性上颌窦炎致病因素,真菌性上颌窦炎手术应同时处理相应变异结构。     

鼻中隔偏曲两侧窦口鼻道复合体解剖变异的差异

目的探讨鼻中隔偏曲患者两侧窦口鼻道复合体（ostiomeatalcomplex,OMC）的解剖变异。方法对103例不同部位鼻中隔偏曲的患者作鼻内窥镜检查和鼻窦冠状位、轴位CT扫描,比较两侧OMC解剖变异发生率和鼻窦炎发病率的差异。结果偏曲对侧中、下鼻甲肥大的发生率明显高于同侧（P<0.05）,筛泡和鼻丘气房的宽度也明显大于同侧（配对t检验,P<0.01）;中鼻甲反常曲线偏曲同侧的发生率明显高于对侧（配对t检验,P<0.01）,其它解剖变异偏曲两侧差异无显著性。偏曲两侧鼻窦炎的发病率差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论鼻中隔偏曲可能引起偏曲对侧中鼻甲及鼻腔外侧壁结构的代偿性改变,这种改变可能在偏曲对侧鼻窦炎的发病中起着一定的作用。     

持续性变应性鼻炎患者鼻中隔中神经肽的初步研究

目的：探讨持续性变应性鼻炎患者鼻中隔软骨及骨性鼻中隔中的神经肽含量较正常个体有无变化,从而探讨鼻中隔矫正手术对于变应性鼻炎的治疗意义。方法：接受鼻中隔黏膜下切除术患者45例,其中持续性变应性鼻炎患者20例,单纯性鼻中隔偏曲患者25例。以放射免疫分析法测定手术切除的鼻中隔软骨及骨性鼻中隔中的神经肽SP、VIP及cGRP含量,并比较其差异。结果：正常组骨性鼻中隔中SP、VIP及CGRP含量较鼻中隔软骨高（P〈0．05）;鼻炎组鼻中隔软骨与骨性鼻中隔中SP、VIP含量无明显差异（P〉0．05）,鼻中隔软骨中CGRP含量较骨性鼻中隔高（P〈0．05）;鼻炎组鼻中隔软骨中SP、VIP含量较正常组高（P〈0．05）,CGRP含量无明显差异（P〉0．05）,骨性鼻中隔中SP、VIP及CGRP含量较正常组无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：持续性变应性鼻炎患者鼻中隔中神经肽含量较正常个体增高,主要是鼻中隔软骨中的神经肽增高,因此鼻中隔黏骨膜下切除术后,变应性鼻炎能够得到缓解。     

鼻内镜鼻窦手术中鼻腔鼻窦解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系

目的 探讨鼻内镜鼻窦手术中鼻腔鼻窦解剖变异与慢性鼻窦炎的关系。 方法 选取慢性鼻窦炎患者206例,根据是否患有慢性鼻窦炎分为观察组85例与对照组121例。记录两组患者是否存在鼻中隔偏曲、泡状中鼻甲、下鼻甲及鼻丘气房肥大、中鼻甲反向偏曲及钩突气化等鼻腔鼻窦解剖变异现象。 结果 观察组鼻中隔偏曲、下鼻甲及鼻丘气房肥大、泡状中鼻甲发生率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而中鼻甲反向偏曲及钩突气化发生率比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。两组鼻中隔偏曲均以高位偏曲为主,但观察组鼻中隔高位偏曲发生率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论 鼻中隔偏曲、泡状中鼻甲、鼻丘气房及下鼻甲肥大均为慢性鼻窦炎发展中的重要结构变异,与慢性鼻窦炎的发生密切相关。     

鼻腔良性阻塞性病变嗅功能障碍的处理

对筛选出的鼻腔良性阻塞性嗅觉异常的39例（62侧）鼻腔进行CT及鼻内窥镜检查,发现因中鼻甲变异致嗅裂消失者14侧（22.58％）,筛泡肥大及中鼻道息肉26侧（41．93％）,中鼻道合并嗅裂息肉15侧（24.19％）,鼻中隔高位偏曲4侧（6.45％）。鼻中隔代偿性肥厚3侧,经功能性鼻窦内窥镜手术处理后,对其嗅觉变化进行了动态观察,发现术后12周嗅觉治愈率为48．4％（30／62）,嗅觉好转为25.8％（16／62）,25.8％（16／62）无变化。鼻窦炎越严重者,嗅觉恢复越慢,由此认为嗅觉障碍常与中鼻甲变异,窦口鼻道复合体及嗅裂的阻塞和炎症有关,早期处理上述病变,可使嗅觉有较好的恢复。     

鼻声反射和鼻腔测压评价鼻中隔矫正术对双侧鼻腔的影响

目的：评价鼻中隔矫正术对双侧鼻腔的影响。方法：用鼻声反射和前鼻主动测压法对22例鼻中隔矫正术患者分别于术前和术后进行测试,其中3例行双下甲成形术,1例由于单侧鼻腔完全阻塞术前未能测出鼻声反射和鼻阻力数值,2例宽敞侧鼻腔行右下甲成形术,予以排除。最后纳入实验组狭窄侧鼻腔18侧,宽敞侧鼻腔16侧。记录鼻腔最小横截面积（NMCA）、NMCA至前鼻孔的距离（DCAN）、0～5cm鼻腔容积（NCV）和鼻阻力,进行统计学分析。结果：前鼻测压结果：偏曲侧鼻腔的吸气有效阻力术后比术前有明显下降（P〈0．05）,而宽敞侧吸气有效阻力术后较术前下降,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。鼻声反射结果：偏曲侧鼻腔收缩前,0～5cm NCV和NMCA术后比术前明显增大,DCAN明显前移,3项指标均显示差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。宽敞侧鼻腔收缩前,0～5cm NCV术后比术前轻微增大,术后NMCA较术前轻微减小,DCAN较术前后移,3项指标的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。收缩后,0～5cm NCV术后比术前增大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;术后NMCA较术前轻微减小,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：鼻中隔矫正术对偏曲侧鼻腔的功能和几何形态有明显改善,对侧宽敞侧鼻腔的通气功能和几何形态无明显恶化。     

鼻内镜手术中的中鼻甲的处理

目的探讨鼻内镜手术中的中鼻甲处理技巧和意义。方法回顾性分析收治的80例慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉患者随机分为观察组32例（39侧）和对照组48例（54侧）,观察组强调中鼻甲的处理上尽可能保障中鼻甲空间结构和形态上的相对正常;对照组采用传统的Messerklinger术或wigand术式。术后6个月对比两组中鼻甲的稳定性,中鼻道狭窄或粘连的发生情况以及按lund—Kennedy内镜黏膜形态评分系统进行评价。结果两组患者的术前lund—Kennedy内镜黏膜形态评分差异无统计学意义（t=1．659,P〉0．05）,观察组术后6个月Lund—Kennedy评分为（1．89±1．31）分,低于对照组（2．48±1．42）分,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（t=8．1,P〈0．01）。术后观察组中鼻甲结构良好稳定,中鼻甲轻度外移、中鼻道狭窄、中鼻甲与鼻腔外侧壁粘连3种情况的发生率分别为83．2％、4．1％、6．7％,对照组的发生率分别为44．9％、21．6％、10．3％,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（r=10．77,P〈0．01）。结论保障中鼻甲空间结构和形态上的相对正常有助于提高鼻内镜手术疗效,减少术后不良并发症。     

鼻中隔偏曲和慢性鼻窦炎的相关性分析

目的探讨鼻中隔偏曲与慢性鼻窦炎的关系.方法通过前鼻镜、鼻内窥镜、鼻窦冠状位CT检查,观察鼻中隔偏曲患者鼻腔、鼻窦情况及慢性鼻窦炎患者鼻中隔情况,并作统计分析.结果53例鼻中隔偏曲患者中,高位偏曲38例,其中16例患鼻窦炎,低位偏曲15例,其中4例患鼻窦炎,96例慢性鼻窦炎中,38例鼻中隔偏曲,其中29例为高位偏曲,9例为低位偏曲.结论鼻中隔偏曲尤其是高位偏曲与鼻窦炎发病密切相关.     

The relationship between the concha bullosa,nasal septal deviation and sinusitis

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the possible relationship between concha bullosa, nasal septal deviation and sinusitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Paranasal sinus computed tomography scans of patients suffering from rhinosinusitis were examined. Fifty-four patients with concha bullosa were included in the study. The relationship between concha bullosa, nasal septal deviation and sinusitis was investigated. RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship between unilateral concha bullosa and nasal septal deviation was found (p < 0.01). The relationships of unilateral and bilateral concha bullosa with sinusitis, and bilateral concha bullosa with nasal septal deviation were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In order to define the relation between the concha bullosa, nasal septal deviation and sinusitis, more detailed investigations are needed.     

Massive Concha Bullosa with Secondary Maxillary Sinusitis

Concha bullosa is a common anatomic variation of the middle turbinate; however, sinusitis secondary to the concha bullosa is rare. A 52-yr-old woman presented with nasal obstruction and posterior nasal drip. Computed tomography and examination of the nasal cavity revealed septal deviation on the left side, and a massive concha bullosa and maxillary sinusitis on the right side. The lateral lamella of the affected turbinate was removed and the inspissated material was drained. Histopathologic examination of the excised lesion in the concha bullosa revealed bacterial colonies in the mucus plug. We report here on a massive concha bullosa with secondary maxillary sinusitis.     

Concha bullosa and septal deviation

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of concha bullosa (CB) in cases with septal deviation (SD), correlation between the angle of deviation and degree of pneumatization and compare these correlations with qualitative and quantitative methods. We retrospectively searched our radiology database for all paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) findings for 672 patients. All scans were grouped according to the presence and side of SD and/or CB. SD angles and pneumatization degree of the CB were measured with appropriate method. These findings were also classified according to the initial defined qualitative method. Generally, CB and SD incidences were 31.52 and 47.77%, respectively. CB ratio in SD patients was 45.34% whereas ratio in non-SD patients was 18.95%. Mean deviation angle of the isolated SD group (15.24 ± 5.03) was found higher than both deviation angle of the unilateral CB + SD group (13.16 ± 4.19) and bilateral CB + SD group (11.15 ± 3.73) (P = 0.002, P = 0.0001 respectively). In conclusion, CB may tend to develop bilaterally in normal, non-deviated nose. However, the increasing incidence of unilateral CB, especially contralateral ones, in septal deviated patients suggested that SD may prevent the development of ipsilateral CB.     

慢性鼻鼻窦炎、鼻息肉与鼻部解剖变异的鼻窦冠状位CT研究

目的：探讨慢性鼻鼻窦炎及鼻息肉与鼻部解剖变异的关系。方法：分析411例鼻窦冠状位CT资料,分为正常组（A）、慢性鼻鼻窦炎组(B)、鼻息肉组(C)3组。统计中鼻甲、钩突变异及Haller′s气房、鼻中隔偏曲等在3组的发生率,并应用统计软件SPSS 12.0分析其与慢性鼻鼻窦炎及鼻息肉的关系。结果：中鼻甲气化、反向弯曲及直形中鼻甲在A组的发生率分别为23.39%、8.06%、3.23%; 在B组为38.52%、18.58%、12.84%;C组为37.45%、21.70%、17.02%。A组中鼻甲各解剖变异与B、C两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。钩突气化、上端分叉及反向弯曲在A组中的发生率为4.03%、4.83%、0.00%;B组中为7.10%、2.73%、2.18%;C组为8.51%、3.83%、7.23%。钩突反向弯曲在A组与C组间、B组与C组间分布差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论：中鼻甲各解剖变异与慢性鼻鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的发生有关;钩突反向弯曲较易引发鼻息肉;钩突气化、钩突上端分叉、鼻中隔偏曲及Haller′s气房与慢性鼻鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的发生无相关性。     

Numerical study of the aerodynamic effects of septoplasty and partial lateral turbinectomy

OBJECTIVES: To investigate, first, the effects of septal deviation and concha bullosa on nasal airflow, and second, the aerodynamic changes induced by septoplasty and partial lateral turbinectomy, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). METHODS: A three-dimensional model of a nasal cavity was generated using paranasal sinus computed tomography images of a cadaver with concha bullosa and septal deviation. Virtual septoplasty and partial lateral turbinectomy were performed on this model to generate a second model representing the postoperative anatomy. Aerodynamics of the nasal cavity in the presence of concha bullosa and septal deviation as well as postoperative changes due to the virtual surgery were analyzed by performing CFD simulations on both models. Inspiratory airflow with a constant flow rate of 500 mL/second was used throughout the analyses. RESULTS: In the preoperative model, the airflow mostly pass through a narrow area close to the base of the nasal cavity. Following the virtual operation, a general drop in the maximum intranasal air speed is observed with a significant increase of the airflow through right middle meatus. While in the preoperative model the greatest reduction in pressure is found to be in the localization of anterior septal deviation on the right side and confined to a very short segment, for the postoperative model, it is observed to be in the nasal valve region in both nasal cavities. Following septoplasty and partial lateral turbinectomy, total nasal resistance is reduced significantly. CONCLUSIONS: CFD simulations promise to make great contributions to understand the airflow characteristics of healthy and pathologic noses. Before surgery, planning for any specific intervention using CFD techniques on the nasal cavity model of the patient may help foreseeing the aerodynamic effects of the operation and might increase the success rate of the surgical treatment.     

A new classification of septal deviations

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Existing nomenclatures of septal deviation deal with the deformation of the nasal septum exclusively and are rarely used in daily clinical work. The aim of this study was to develop a classification of septal deviations based upon the anatomical structures of the nasal septum and common clinical concepts. METHODS OF STUDY: We included patients undergoing septoplasty alone or in combination with rhinoplasty or functional endonasal sinus surgery by reason of septal deviation. Immediately after surgery, the surgeon recorded intraoperative findings of the nasal septum and the nasal turbinates in a data sheet and a standardized drawing for every patient. MAIN RESULTS: Data from 1088 patients were analyzed. Six types of septal deviations were identified. This new classification of septal deviations was developed with special regard to clinical anatomical findings. Leading as well as concomitant pathological findings were assigned to the six types of septal deviation. The frequencies of occurrence of hyperplasia of the inferior turbinate and concha bullosa of the middle turbinate were specified. PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION: The systematic assessment of relevant structures may help to develop improved surgical strategies. Furthermore, the systematic teaching of young surgeons to perform septal surgery may be facilitated.     

唇腭裂术后鼻唇畸形修复同期行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术对鼻气道阻力的影响

目的：探讨唇腭裂患者二期鼻唇畸形修复同期行鼻中隔偏曲矫正术对鼻气道阻力的影响。方法：应用主动性前鼻测压法,测定18例唇腭裂患者二期鼻唇畸形修复时同期行鼻中隔偏曲矫正手术前后鼻气道阻力和主观鼻开放感觉的评分情况。结果：18例患者术前鼻气道阻力为（0．664±0．200）kPa／（s·L）;术后6个月为（0．304±0．180）kPa／（s·L）,12个月为（0．396±0．250）kPa／（s·L）,术后6个月和12个月分别与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。术前主观鼻开放感觉评分为7．5±1．5,术后6个月为2．1±2．0,12个月为3．0±2．4,术后6个月和12个月分别与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。结论：鼻中隔偏曲的矫正应视为唇腭裂鼻唇畸形整复的重要内容之一,可显著降低患者的鼻气道阻力,同时患者的鼻通气功能也得到了明显改善。     

Assessing the efficacy of a modified crushing technique for the management of concha bullosa: a cone beam computer tomography study

IntroductionAlthough many surgical techniques exist to manage obstructive concha bullosa, there continues to be a drive to find the least invasive technique with the fewest complications and best results.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to describe and assess the short- and long-term efficacy of a modified crushing technique for concha bullosa management.MethodsPatients who met inclusion criteria underwent a detailed nasal examination and cone beam computed tomography imaging prior to and after septoplasty with crushing surgery for obstructive concha bullosa. Patients were divided into short- and long-term groups based on their followup period such that the short-term group had a mean followup of 15.14 months (range 6–22 months) and the long-term group had a mean followup of 56.66 (range 29–80) months.ResultsTwenty-four cases of obstructive concha bullosa were included in this study with 13 short-term and 11 long-term follow-ups. All patients showed a significantly decreased postoperative CB size (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between age and postoperative CB change in area (p = 0.39) and no significant difference in the amount of postoperative CB area reduction between the short-term and long-term groups (p = 0.35). No patients experienced bleeding, synechia, conchal destruction, or olfactory dysfunction on followup evaluations.ConclusionsOur modified crushing technique is a simple, effective, and lasting treatment option for concha bullosa. From our experience, there have been no complications and no instances of concha bullosa reformation during the follow-up period.     

Anatomic risk factors for sinus disease: fact or fiction?

BACKGROUND: Sinonasal anatomic variants have been postulated as a risk factor for sinus disease. Therefore, a study was conducted to examine the correlation of sinus disease to septal deviation, concha bullosa, and infraorbital ethmoid cells. METHODS: Two hundred fifty consecutive sinus and orbital computed tomography scans were examined at the University of Virginia over a 2-year period. Coronal, sagittal, and axial views were examined for the presence and size of concha bullosa and infraorbital ethmoid cells. Septal deviations were measured by examining the width of the nasal cavity at the level of the maxillary sinus ostium. The severity of mucosal thickening in the maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses was recorded. The correlation between mucosal disease of the sinuses to the anatomic variants was then compared. RESULTS: Computed tomography images were reviewed in 250 consecutive studies (500 sides). Of the 500 sides, 67.2% of sides had some level of mucosal thickening. Concha bullosa and infraorbital ethmoid cells were both present in 27% of the sides. Concha bullosa was associated with maxillary sinus disease (p < 0.01). Infraorbital ethmoid cells were associated with both ethmoid (p < 0.05) and maxillary (p < 0.01) mucosal disease. Frontal sinus disease had no significant correlation with these anatomic variants (p > 0.05). For sinuses with infraorbital ethmoid cells or concha bullosa, there were a higher number of diseased sinuses with larger anatomic variants (p < 0.01). Narrow nasal cavities were associated with maxillary sinus disease (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Septal deviations, concha bullosa, and infraorbital ethmoid cells, which contribute to the narrowing of the osteomeatal complex, are associated with mucosal disease.