组织多普勒成像评价DDD型右室心尖部起搏的左室收缩同步性和收缩功能的关系

目的 采用组织多普勒成像(TDI)检测右室心尖部起搏(RVAP)对于左室同步性和收缩功能的影响,并探讨两者的关系.方法 57例因病窦综合症(SSS)行RVAP治疗患者,在术前及术后(17±6)个月采用TDI检测左室12节段收缩期达峰时间的标准差(Ts-SD)作为同步化参数,并测量左室收缩功能.结果 根据术后TDI结果,分为同步组(36例)和不同步组(21例).同步组左室收缩末容积小于不同步组,射血分数则大于不同步组.且Ts-SD和射血分数显著负相关.结论 长期RVAP可导致左室收缩不同步和收缩功能减低,且前者是后者的主要原因.TDI技术可以准确评价左室收缩同步性.     

斑点追踪技术评价肥厚型梗阻性心肌病化学消融术前后左心室收缩同步性的研究

目的 应用二维斑点追踪显像(2D-STI)技术评价肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)化学消融术前后患者左室收缩同步性,并探讨左室收缩同步性与左室流出道压差的关系.方法 21例HOCM患者于化学消融术前及术后6d,超声心动图测量左室流出道压差;获取左室短轴观(二尖瓣环、乳头肌和心尖水平)二维灰阶图像,应用2D-STI测量左室短轴观各节段收缩期径向应变达峰时间(TRS).计算左室整体径向应变达峰时间的标准差(TRS-SD).结果 21例HOCM患者左室流出道压差术后较术前明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).术后6d,前间隔基底段及中段径向TRS较术前明显延迟(P＜0.05),左室短轴观水平整体径向TRS-SD与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).前间隔基底段TRS延迟与左室流出道压差下降呈中等相关(r =0.657,P＜0.01).结论 2D-STI能准确检测HOCM患者化学消融术前后左室收缩同步性.     

组织多普勒成像评价右心室心尖部及右室流出道起搏的同步性

目的采用组织多普勒成像（TDI）检测右室心尖部起搏（RVAP）、右室流出道起搏（RVOTP）对于左室同步性的影响与比较。方法 2008年3月2010年3月20例安置RVAP患者及20例安置RVOTP患者术后3个月行TDI检测,将左室12节段收缩达峰时间的标准差（TS-SD）、6个基底段收缩达峰时间差值、左室12个节段中任意两个节段收缩达峰时间最大差值作为同步化参数。结果 TDI结果显示,两组之间同步性参数比较,有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 RVAP会导致左室内收缩不同步,TDI技术可以准确评价左室收缩同步性。     

二维斑点追踪成像评价慢性心力衰竭患者左心室收缩不同步及其与收缩功能的关系

目的 应用二维斑点追踪成像(2D-STI)技术评价慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者左室的收缩不同步特征,并探讨其与心衰程度的关系.方法 CHF组42例,其中CHF 1组19例,35%<左室射血分数(LVEF)≤50%;CHF 2组23例,LVEF≤35%;正常对照组35例.常规超声心动图双平面Simpson法测量LVEF;应用2D-STI测量自心电图QRS波起点至左室在心尖长轴观上的收缩期纵向应变率达峰时间(Tsrsl)及胸骨旁短轴观上的径向和环向应变率达峰时间(Tsrsr,Tsrsc).计算左室各节段达峰时间标准差(Tsrsl-SD,Tsrsr-SD,Tsrsc-SD)及任意两节段达峰时间最大差值(Tsrsl-diff,Tsrsr-diff,Tsrsc-diff)为判断收缩期不同步指标.结果 与对照组相比,CHF 1、CHF 2组左室收缩不同步指标Tsrsl-SD、Tsrsr-SD、Tsrsc-SD及Tsrsl-diff、Tsrsr-diff、Tsrse-diff均显著延长,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);与CHF1组比较,CHF 2组上述不同步指标均延长,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).CHF组收缩不同步指标与LVEF值相关分析:2D-STI收缩不同步指标Tssrl-SD、Tsrsr-SD、Tsrsc-SD与LVEF呈显著负相关(r=-0.904～0.912,均P<0.05),Tsrsl-diff、Tsrsr-diff、Tsrsc-diff与LVEF亦呈显著负相关(r=-0.916～0.967,均P<0.05),其中LVEF与2D-STI在径向和环向的不同步指标相关性大于纵向.结论 2D-STI可检测CHF左室收缩不同步性,心力衰竭程度越重,2D-STI不同步程度越重.     

速度向量成像评价DDD起搏前后左心室收缩同步性的初步临床研究

目的 探讨速度向量成像(velocity vector imaging,VVI)技术评估DDD起搏前后左心室心肌收缩同步性的应用价值.方法 13例DDD起搏患者,于手术前后应用VVI在系列心尖长轴及胸骨旁短轴观上显示左室速度向量图.心尖长轴观测量各节段收缩期纵向速度达峰时间(Tvl)和纵向应变达峰时间(Tsl),胸骨旁短轴观测量收缩期径向速度达峰时间(Tvr)和环向应变达峰时间(Tsc),并计算节段达峰时间的标准差(Tvl-SD,Tsl-SD,Tvr-SD,Tsc-SD)及任意两节段间最大达峰时间差值(Tvl-d,Tsl-d,Tvrd,Tsc-d).结果 与术前相比,术后左室收缩不同步指标Tvr-SD,Tsc-SD,Tsl-d,Tvr-d,Tsc-d均显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 DDD起搏后左室心肌在纵向、径向和环向上均存在显著的收缩不同步.VVI技术可准确评价DDD起搏前后左室心肌收缩的同步性.     

二维斑点追踪成像评价右室心尖部起搏对左室收缩同步性和功能的影响

目的 采用二维斑点追踪成像(STE)检测右室心尖部起搏(RVAP)对左室(LV)收缩同步性和收缩功能的影响.方法 行DDDR模式起搏器植入的病窦综合征(SSS)患者64例,均为RVAP,在术前及术后(19±6)个月采用STE检测左室短轴乳头肌水平心肌节段收缩期达峰值径向应变的时间(TRS),并将前间壁/间壁和后壁/侧壁TRS的差值(TAS-POST)≥130 ms定义为左室收缩不同步.结果 根据术后STE结果,分为同步组(42例)和不同步组(22例),RVAP导致左室收缩不同步的发生率为34%.同步组左室射血分数(LVEF)无明显变化,不同步组LVEF则显著减低,且TAS-POST和LVEF呈负相关(r=-0.81).结论 长期RVAP可导致左室收缩不同步和收缩功能减低,STE是准确评价左室收缩同步性的新方法.     

定量组织速度成像对右心室不同部位起搏患者左心室收缩非同步性的研究

目的探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评估右心室不同部位起搏对室间隔与左心室侧壁收缩非同步性的影响.方法彩色多普勒超声心动图对24例右心室心尖起搏(RVAP)、14例右心室流出道起搏(RVOTP)患者和20名健康者进行检查,应用QTVI对心尖四腔观的室间隔和左室侧壁二尖瓣瓣环水平、基底段、中段和心尖段8个心肌节段的同步组织运动速度曲线进行分析.结果RVAP患者起搏后室间隔收缩期速度峰(Sm峰)无明显改变,左心室侧壁收缩期速度峰(Sm峰)基底段和瓣环部较起搏前减小(P＜0.05),靠心尖段及中段相对大于基底段和瓣环部;RVOTP患者起搏后室间隔收缩期速度峰(Sm峰)较起搏前稍增大,以基底段明显(P＜0.05),左室侧壁收缩期速度峰(Sm峰)较起搏前稍减小,但差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);另外,RVAP患者起搏后室间隔与左心室侧壁基底段收缩早期速度峰延迟明显延长(P＜0.001),RVOTP患者起搏后稍延长,但差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论QTVI显示RVAP和RVOTP患者室间隔与左心室侧壁收缩的非同步性,且RVAP者更为明显.QTVI是定量评估心脏室壁运动同步性的好方法.     

超声二维斑点追踪显像技术评价慢性心力衰竭患者左心室运动同步性的初步临床研究

目的 探讨超声二维斑点追踪成像(two dimensional speckle-tracking imaging.2D-STI)技术评价慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure.CHF)患者左心室运动同步性的应用价值.方法 CHF患者37例,其中QRS≤120 ms者22例(CHF1组),QRS＞120 ms者15例(CHF2组);正常对照组30例.心尖长轴及胸骨旁短轴观上描记受试者左室壁运动的应变率曲线.于心尖长轴、胸骨旁短轴观分别测量心电图QRS波起始点至各节段纵向、径向及环向收缩期应越变率达峰时间(Tsrsl、Tsrsr、Tsrsc)以及舒张早期应变率达峰时间(Tsrel,Tsrer、Tsrec),计算左室整体在纵向、径向、环向的达峰时间标准差(Tsrsl-SI)、Tsrel-SD、Tsrsr-SD、Tsrer-SD、Tsrsc-SD、Tsrec-SD)及任意两节段最大达峰时间差值(Tsrsl-diff、Tsrel-diff、Tsrsr-diff、Tsrer-diff、Tsrsc-diff、Tsrec-diff).结果与对照组相比较,CHF1及CHF2组左心室收缩不同步指标Tsrsl-SD、Tsrsr-SD、Tsrsc-SD及Tsrsl-diff、Tsrsr-diff、Tsrsc-diff.舒张不同步指标Tsrel-SD、Tsrer-SD,Tsrec-SD及Tsrel-diff、Tsrer-diff、Tsrec-diff均显著延长,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CHF1与CHF2组间在径向、环向舒张不同步指标(Tsrer-SD、Tsrer-diff,Tsrec-SD、Tsrec-diff)差异具有统计学意义.结论 CHF患者的芹窜心肌在纵向、径向及环向上收缩及舒张存在显著不同步性,其与QRS间期无关.2D-STI为评价慢性心力衰竭患者左室心肌收缩及舒张运动同步性提供了一种新方法.     

二维斑点追踪应变成像对冠心病患者左心室同步性的定量研究

目的 探讨二维斑点追踪应变成像技术评价冠心病患者左室同步性的临床价值.方法 42例急性心肌梗死患者、39例冠心病心肌缺血患者和32例对照者接受二维超声检查,用二维应变软件分析心尖长轴观、心尖两腔观和四腔观以及左室短轴观基底水平、乳头肌水平、心尖水平的图像,测量自心电图QRS波起点至左室在心尖长轴观上的收缩期纵向应变达峰时间(Tssl)及胸骨旁短轴观上的收缩期径向和环向应变达峰时间( Tssr,Tssc).计算左室各节段达峰时间标准差(Tssl-SD,Tssr-SD,Tssc-SD)及节段达峰时间最大差值(Tssl-Dif,Tssr-Dif,Tssc-Dif),以左室短轴观乳头肌水平前室间隔和后壁的径向应变的达峰时间之差(TAS-POST)≥130 ms作为左室收缩不同步标准,同时测量18个心肌节段纵向应变峰值与收缩末应变的差值之和作为纵向应变延迟指数(LSDI),LSDI≥25％作为左室不同步标准.结果 急性心肌梗死组同步性参数较对照组增加(P ＜0.001或P＜0.05);心肌缺血组同步性参数较对照组增高(P＜0.05); LSDI与TAS-POST呈正向线性相关(r=0.676,P＜0.05);急性心肌梗死组中,LSDI检测左室不同步敏感性高于TAs-POST(P＜0.05).结论 二维斑点追踪应变成像技术能准确评价左室不同步性,LSDI与TAS-POST可定量评价冠心病患者左室不同步性.     

超声三维斑点追踪评价不同心脏起搏方式对健康犬左心室功能的影响

目的 探讨超声三维斑点追踪成像技术评价不同心室位点心脏起搏对健康犬左室壁机械同步性和左室功能的影响.方法 分别采集10只健康开胸比格犬基础状态和右室心尖、左室心尖、左室侧壁起搏状态一个完整心动周期的左心室全容积实时图像;同步记录左室压力时间变化曲线并获取左室射血压力和收缩期压力最大上升速率.用超声三维斑点追踪分析软件分别提取不同状态左室壁径向三维应变图、左室壁径向三维峰值应变和左室收缩末期容积、舒张末期容积、射血分数、每搏输出量、心输出量.定性观察并比较不同状态左室壁各节段心肌的径向三维应变同步性.对定量参数进行配对t检验、卡方检验和直线相关分析.结果 ①左室心尖或侧壁起搏状态左室壁各节段心肌的径向三维应变不同步程度较右室心尖起搏状态明显.②左室心尖或侧壁起搏状态左室壁径向三维峰值应变显著减低的心肌节段数多于右室心尖起搏状态(9/16 对 2/16,P<0.05).③左室心尖或侧壁起搏状态左室壁整体径向三维峰值应变和左室每搏输出量、射血分数、心输出量均低于右室心尖起搏状态(P<0.05).④不同状态左室壁整体径向三维峰值应变分别与左室每搏输出量、射血分数、心输出量呈线性正相关(r=0.781～0.984,P<0.05).结论 左室心尖或侧壁起搏对健康犬左室壁机械同步性和左室功能的损害超过右心室心尖起搏.     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.