二维斑点追踪技术评价急性心肌梗死患者介入治疗近期与中远期左心室功能改善

目的 应用二维斑点追踪技术(STI)评价经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)治疗后急性心肌梗死(AMl)患者左心室功能变化,探讨STI评价AMI患者随访时心功能变化特点.方法 采集73例经PCI治疗首发AMI患者术前、术后3个月及6个月左室图像,分析峰值纵向应变(LPSS)、峰值径向应变(RPSS)及峰值环向应变(CPSS),以术后6个月左室射血分数(LVEF)与术前相比(ΔLVEF6)改善幅度＞5％分为心功能改善组和非改善组;术后3个月LVEF与术前相比(ΔLVEF3)改善幅度＞5％将改善组分为近期和中远期改善组.结果 改善组术前、术后STI各项参数均高于非改善组(P＜0.001).近期改善组术前、术后LPSS及术后3个月RPSS均高于中远期改善组(3个月时LPSSP＜0.001,余参数P＜0.05).STI各项参数均与ΔLVEF3和ΔLVEF6存在相关性,其中术前LPSS与ΔLVEF3相关性较大(r=-0.781,P＜0.001),术后6个月CPSS与ΔLVEF6相关性较大(r=-0.834,P＜0.001).结论 STI技术能准确评价AMI患者近期及中远期室壁运动变化;心肌梗死后左室纵向运动功能的保留对心功能近期改善较为重要,环向运动功能的保留和恢复是中远期仍能持续改善的关键.     

二维斑点追踪成像技术评价不同类型急性心肌梗死患者整体及节段室壁运动特点

目的应用二维斑点追踪成像(STI)技术评价不同类型急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者室壁运动特点,探讨其评价心肌梗死的临床应用价值。方法选取95例初发确诊AMI患者(AMI组)及42例健康体检者(对照组),其中AMI组根据心电图特征分为非ST段抬高型(NSTEMI)亚组和ST段抬高型(STEMI)亚组(包括左室前壁、下壁及右室心肌梗死),比较各组常规超声参数及STI参数,并进行相关性分析。结果 AMI组左室收缩末期容积(LVESV)大于对照组,左室射血分数(LVEF)明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);AMI组STEMI亚组右室心肌梗死患者右室射血分数(RVEF)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),前壁心肌梗死与下壁心肌梗死患者LVEF比较未见明显差异;STEMI亚组LVEF低于NSTEMI亚组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);AMI组收缩期峰值纵向应变(LPSS)、峰值径向应变(RPSS)、峰值环向应变(CPSS)与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01);NSTEMI亚组心外膜LPSS及CPSS均高于STEMI亚组,心内膜LPSS及CPSS均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.01);STEMI亚组右室心肌梗死患者右室LPSS较对照组减低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。一元和多元线性回归均显示,整体LPSS与LVEF相关性最好。结论 STI技术可准确评价不同类型AMI室壁节段性运动异常的特点,准确检测AMI的受累范围及程度,具有广泛的临床应用前景。     

二维纵向应变评价急性心肌梗死患者入院至介入治疗时间与左心室功能改善的相关性研究

目的 应用二维斑点追踪显像技术( STI)评价急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者入院至进行经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)治疗的时间与左室(LV)功能改善的关系,探讨STI的临床应用价值.方法 采集61例经PCI治疗的首发AMI患者PCI术前、术后7d及术后30 d时的左室图像并准确记录入院至PCI治疗的时间,分析得出左室峰值纵向应变(LPSS),以术后30 d较术前左室射血分数(LVEF)改善(ΔLVEF)≥5％分为心功能改善组和非改善组.结果 与非改善组相比,改善组的入院至PCI治疗的时间明显缩短(P ＜0.001),术后7d梗死节段LPSS(P＜0.005)、术后30 d LVEF(P＜0.001)、整体LPSS(P＜0.001)和梗死节段LPSS( P＜0.001)明显增高;PCI术后7d梗死节段LPSS与入院至PCI治疗时间存在相关性(r =0.290,P＜0.05),术后30 d的LVEF(r=0.303,P＜0.05)和整体LPSS(r=0.300,P＜0.05)与入院至PCI治疗时间存在相关性,梗死节段LPSS与入院至PCI治疗时间相关性更高(r=0.590,P＜0.001).结论 与LVEF和整体LPSS相比,梗死节段LPSS能更好地预测左室功能的早期改善,是临床上评价入院至PCI治疗时间对AMI患者左室功能早期影响的有效指标.     

自动功能成像评估急性心肌梗死患者左心室功能及梗死范围

目的 应用二维斑点追踪自动功能成像(AFI)技术评价急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的左心室功能,及其与AMI常规心肌标志物肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)以及心电图ST段抬高的相关性,探讨AFI的临床应用价值。方法 获取46例首发AMI患者（心肌梗死组）和30例年龄性别相关受检者（对照组）的二维超声图像,同时记录12导联心电图和AMI患者入院24 h的cTnT值,应用AFI技术实时获取左室收缩峰值纵向应变(LPSS)及其牛眼图。结果 与对照组相比,心肌梗死组的左室射血分数(LVEF)、LPSS明显减低(P ＜0.001),ST段明显抬高(P＜0.001);整体LPSS与梗死节段LPSS均与LVEF呈负相关,整体LPSS与LVEF的相关性较高（r=-0.660）;整体LPSS与梗死节段LPSS均与cTnT呈正相关(P＜0.001),LVEF与cTnT呈负相关(P=0.002),梗死节段LPSS与cTnT的相关性较高(r=0.598);整体LPSS与梗死节段LPSS均与ST段抬高呈正相关(P＜0.05)。结论整体LPSS能准确评价AMI患者的左室收缩功能,梗死节段LPSS能准确评价AMI患者的梗死受累范围和程度。AFI作为简易快捷的程序性诊断工具可为临床评价AMI提供有价值的信息。     

脑钠肽对早发急性心肌梗死患者近期预后的影响

目的探讨血浆脑钠肽(BNP)浓度对早发急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者近期预后的预测价值。方法检测90例AMI患者(男<55岁,女<65岁)入院时的血浆BNP和肌钙蛋白T(TnT)浓度,记录患者住院和平均随访6个月期间的心血管事件(心血管意外死亡、心力衰竭、再发心绞痛或再发心肌梗死),分析BNP与TnT的相关性及BNP对近期预后的预测价值。结果早发AMI患者平均BNP浓度高于对照组[(238.74±131.59)pgmlvs.(38.70±23.81)pgml,P<0.01]。早发AMI组BNP与TnT成正相关(r=0.805,P<0.01)。早发AMI患者心血管意外死亡再发心绞痛再发心肌梗死事件组BNP与无此事件组相比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05);发生心力衰竭或复合心血管事件组BNP高于未发生组[(337.75±66.05)pgmlvs.(229.08±132.61)pgml,P<0.05;(304.05±134.94)pgmlvs.(214.37±120.86)pgml,P<0.01]。多变量回归分析,BNP是预测早发AMI患者近期心血管事件的有效指标(RR:1.831,95%CI1.086～3.514,P=0.016)。结论血浆BNP可以反映早发AMI患者心肌坏死的程度和预测近期预后。     

右室应变对急性心肌梗死后恶性室性心律失常的预测价值分析

目的探讨右室应变功能在预测急性心肌梗死(AMI)后恶性室性心律失常中的应用价值。方法对439例AMI患者行超声心动图检查,测量其常规超声参数及右室游离壁整体纵向峰值应变(RV-GLS)。于AMI后每个月行24 h动态心电图检查,以监测出现室性心律失常为随访终点,共随访12个月。根据AMI后是否发生恶性室性心律失常或因心律失常而入院或死亡,将患者分为发生事件组121例和未发生事件组318例。采用多因素回归模型分析RV-GLS对AMI后发生室性心律失常的预测价值。结果发生事件组年龄和Killip分级均大于未发生事件组,而三尖瓣环收缩期位移、RV-GLS及左室射血分数均低于未发生事件组(均P0.05)。多因素回归分析显示RV-GLS是AMI后恶性室性心律失常发生风险的独立预测指标(OR=1.13,95%CI:1.01～1.86,P=0.005)。结论 RV-GLS是AMI后发生恶性室性心律失常风险的独立预测指标,准确评估AMI患者右室功能有助于临床采取有效措施降低心脑血管疾病的发生率和病死率,具有较好的应用价值。     

二维斑点追踪成像预测急性心肌梗死介入治疗后左室重构的研究

目的 探讨超声二维斑点追踪成像(STE)预测急性心肌梗死(AMI)冠脉支架植入术(PCI)后左室重构的价值.方法 53例因AMI行急诊PCI术的患者在术后72 h行STE检查,检测左室心肌峰值径向应变(RS)、圆周应变(CS)、纵向应变(LS)和峰值应变延长时间(TPS).并在术后6个月检测左室舒张末容积(LVEDV)的变化,以LVEDV增大≥15%作为左室重构的标准.结果 随访时出现左室重构的11例患者(21%)在术后72 h的RS,CS和LS均显著低于没有左室重构的患者,TPS则延长(P<0.001).减低的LS是最有力的独立预测左室重构的危险因子,LS≤-11.4%预测的敏感性和特异性分别是89.4%和81.2%.结论 STE能够准确预测AMI经PCI治疗后左室重构.     

心肌梗死溶栓疗法危险评分对急性心肌梗死患者预后的评估价值研究

目的:探讨心肌梗死溶栓疗法(TIMI)危险评分在预测急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者远期预后中的临床价值。方法:选取我院心血管内科收治的500例AMI患者进行研究,根据患者入院时的TIMI危险评分分为A组(TIMI危险评分≤3分)、B组(TIMI危险评分4~6分)、C组(TIMI危险评分≥7分),对患者进行电话随访、患者门诊随诊等方式,统计分析3组患者5年内再发心血管不良事件及心源性死亡发生率。结果:C组患者的心肌梗死再发率、顽固性心绞痛发生率、恶性心律失常发生率、心力衰竭发生率、心源性死亡发生率、靶血管血运重建率均显著高于A、B组患者(P0.05);当TIMI危险评分为9.4分时,灵敏度为0.831,特异度为0.864,诊断指数为1.695,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.892。结论:TIMI危险评分在预测AMI患者再发心血管不良事件及患者远期心源性死亡方面具有一定的临床价值。     

急性心肌梗死患者血清生长分化因子15、肌钙蛋白及脑钠肽的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨血清生长分化因子15(GDF-15)和肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、脑钠肽(BNP)在急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者中的关系及对其近期预后的预测价值。方法:选择因胸痛(发病时间<12h)入院诊断为AMI患者122例为研究对象,冠状动脉造影正常者40例为对照组。采用ELISA法测定GDF-15及BNP浓度,采用免疫荧光定量技术测定cTnI浓度。记录患者住院和平均随访12个月期间的心血管事件(心血管死亡、心力衰竭、再发心绞痛或再发心肌梗死)的发生情况。结果:AMI组GDF-15与BNP和cTnI浓度呈正相关;发生心血管事件组GDF-15水平高于未发生心血管事件组;多变量logistic逐步回归表明GDF-15是预测近期心血管事件的危险因素(OR=0.79,95%CI:0.67～0.84,P<0.05)。结论:GDF-15与BNP和cTnI浓度呈正相关,GDF-15水平是预测近期心血管事件的有效指标之一。     

延迟经皮冠状动脉介入术前心肌灌注预测急性心肌梗死患者心肌收缩功能恢复的价值

目的探讨延迟经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术前心肌灌注预测急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心肌收缩功能恢复的价值。方法选取2014年1月至2015年6月佛山市第一人民医院收治的64例接受延迟PCI治疗的AMI患者。术前1 d应用二维应变成像测量患者左心室各节段心肌收缩期纵向峰值应变(LPSS)及整体收缩期纵向峰值应变(GLS)。应用心肌超声造影(MCE)对患者左心室各节段心肌进行灌注评分(MPS),计算整体心肌灌注评分指数(PSI),并根据MPS将收缩功能受损心肌分为灌注良好组、灌注减少组、灌注缺失组。术后6个月二维应变成像测量患者左心室心肌LPSS及GLS。采用配对t检验比较术前1 d、术后6个月患者左心室心肌GLS、LPSS差异;采用单因素方差分析比较灌注良好组、灌注减少组、灌注缺失组心肌LPSS,进一步组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验;采用Spearman秩相关分析法分析PSI与GLS、MPS与LPSS的相关性。结果术后6个月患者左心室心肌GLS高于术前1 d,且差异均有统计学意义[(-15.39±7.80)%vs(-12.44±8.38)%,t=14.398,P0.001]。延迟PCI术前1 d灌注缺失组、灌注减少组、灌注良好组心肌LPSS分别为(-2.64±5.60)%、(-6.19±6.87)%、(-12.07±5.86)%,术后6个月分别为(-2.97±4.93)%、(-11.38±7.26)%、(-15.82±5.97)%,术后6个月灌注良好组、灌注减少组心肌LPSS较术前1 d增加,且差异均有统计学意义(t=13.013、10.821,P均0.001),灌注缺失组心肌LPSS与术前1 d比较差异无统计学意义。术前1 d、术后6个月灌注缺失组、灌注减少组、灌注良好组心肌间LPSS差异均有统计学意义(术前1 d:灌注缺失组vs灌注减少组、灌注良好组,t=4.201、11.771,P均0.001;灌注减少组vs灌注良好组,t=12.561,P0.001。术后6个月:灌注缺失组vs灌注减少组、灌注良好组,t=9.714、15.646,P均0.001;灌注减少组vs灌注良好组,t=9.254,P0.001),且均为灌注良好组灌注减少组灌注缺失组。PSI与术前1 d、术后6个月GLS均有相关性(r=0.69、0.72,P均0.001),MPS与术前1 d、术后6个月LPSS均有相关性(r=0.49、0.45,P均0.001)。结论心肌灌注与心肌收缩功能密切相关,应用MCE评估延迟PCI术前患者心肌灌注对术后患者心肌收缩功能恢复具有预测价值。     

External noninvasive cardiac pacing in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

External noninvasive cardiac pacing was applied outside the hospital to 19 patients who had experienced cardiopulmonary arrest and 1 patient with life-threatening bradycardia. Seven patients developed electrocardiographic evidence of pacemaker capture, although only 2 had palpable pulses. The patient with bradycardia was successfully paced. This study demonstrates the feasibility of cardiac pacing in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest but confirms the poor prognosis of asystolic cardiac arrest even with the application of pacing.     

Utility of cardiac troponin measurement after cardiac surgery

Postoperative cardiac failure due to myocardial necrosis remains a major complication in cardiac surgical procedures and its diagnosis is still difficult. In fact, cardiac enzymes, electrocardiogram and echographic signs are often misleading. The prognostic valve of troponin I after coronary artery bypass or conventional value surgery has been evaluated in 500 adult patients. Postoperative troponin I concentrations after cardiac surgery represent an independent variable associated with mortality (in-hospital death) and morbidity (low cardiac output and acute renal failure).     

Spontaneous gasping generates cardiac output during cardiac arrest

OBJECTIVES: To measure stroke volumes coincident with spontaneous gasping during untreated ventricular fibrillation and to evaluate the effects of gasping. DESIGN: Prospective study in laboratory animals. SETTING: University-affiliated research institute. SUBJECTS: Male Yorkshire-X domestic pigs. INTERVENTIONS: Pigs were anesthetized (ketamine, 20 mg/kg intramuscularly and sodium pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg intravenously), intubated, and mechanically ventilated. Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced and untreated for 7 mins. The right femoral artery and vein were cannulated. A 5.5/7.5-MHz biplanar transesophageal echocardiography transducer was advanced into the esophagus. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Stroke volumes were measured as the product of the transaortic blood flow velocity and transesophageal echocardiographic measurements of valve area. In addition, left ventricular volumes were echocardiographically estimated at peak inspiration and at peak expiration of each gasp by transesophageal methods. The stroke volume produced by gasping averaged 23 +/- 6 mL, which represented approximately 60% of a precardiac arrest stroke volume (38 +/- 8 mL, p <.001). Increases in end-tidal carbon dioxide tension coincident with each gasp were consistent with comparable increases in pulmonary blood flow and therefore stroke volumes. Both were associated with increases in aortic pressure from 20 +/- 3 to 33 +/- 8 mm Hg (p <.001) and coronary perfusion pressure from 4 +/- 3 to 13 +/- 7 mm Hg (p <.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our studies confirm that preterminal gasping during ventricular fibrillation increases both ventilation and forward blood flow.     

心脏介入术中并发急性心脏压塞的抢救与护理

目的研究心脏介入术(CIO)中并发急性心脏压塞(ACT)的抢救与护理。方法将64例患者实施CIO时并发ACT,以数字法随机分成观察组及对照组各32例,2组均实施ACT抢救措施,对照组在此基础上另实施常规护理,而观察组则实施综合护理。对比2组ACT发现率及抢救成功率,2组护理满意情况以及HDL评分情况。结果观察组ACT发现率及抢救成功率均显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组的护理满意情况显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组护理后的焦虑、抑郁评分及总分均显著低于护理前及对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对CIO并发ACT患者,积极予以抢救措施及综合护理,可明显提升抢救成功率及护理满意率,降低HDL评分,减少医患纠纷。     

Non-invasive cardiac mapping for non-response in cardiac resynchronization therapy

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an effective intervention in selected patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and abnormal left ventricular activation time. The non-response rate of approximately 30% has remained nearly unchanged since this therapy was introduced 25 years ago. While intracardiac mapping is widely used for diagnosis and guidance of therapy in patients with tachyarrhythmia, its application in characterization of the electrical substrate to elucidate the mechanisms involved in CRT response remain anecdotal. In the present review, we describe the traditional determinants of CRT response before presenting novel non-invasive techniques used for CRT optimization. We discuss efforts to identify the target electrical substrate to guide the deployment of pacing electrodes during the operative procedure. Non-invasive body surface mapping technologies such as ECG imaging or ECG belt enables prediction of acute and chronic CRT response. While electrical dyssynchrony parameters provide high predictive accuracy for CRT response when obtained during intrinsic conduction, their predictive value is less when acquired during CRT or LV-pacing.

Key messages

• Classic predictors of CRT response are female gender, NYHA class ≤ III, left ventricular ejection fraction ≥25%, QRS duration ≥150 ms and estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min.
• ECG-imaging is a comprehensive non-invasive mapping system which allows to express the amount of electrical asynchrony of a CRT candidate.
• Non-invasive body surface mapping technologies enables excellent prediction of acute and chronic CRT response before implantation.
• When performed during CRT or LV-pacing, the added value of these mapping systems remains unclear.