上颌快速扩弓对颌面组织结构和功能的影响

上颌缩窄是颅面部最常见的骨发育问题之一,可导致严重的错验畸形,并常伴有鼻通气不足、口呼吸和听力下降等功能问题。上颌快速扩弓（RME）作为临床正畸医生常用的上颌扩弓的一种方法,能有效打开处于生长发育期患者的腭中缝,使上颌骨板侧向移动,解除上颌缩窄。研究发现：随着腭中缝的打开,RME使患者颌面部软、硬组织结构发生重塑,进而可以改善鼻通气不足、口呼吸和听力下降等问题,对颌面部组织的功能产生积极影响。本文就RME对颌面组织结构和功能的影响作一综述。     

改良上颌快速扩大器对牙弓的影响

目的对比传统和改良上颌快速扩大器(RME)扩弓的临床效果。方法随机选择替牙期或恒牙初期上颌牙弓狭窄或后牙反患者28例,将患者随机分成对照组与试验组,分别采用传统和改良RME矫治装置进行扩弓。达到扩弓要求后,测量相关项目。结果2组患者牙弓扩大和腭中缝扩开程度差异无统计学意义,但改良RME制作和戴入较容易,戴用舒适,容易清洁,不妨碍讲话,依从性较高。结论改良RME扩弓效果同传统RME相同,但制作和戴入较容易,戴用较舒适。     

成人上颌横向发育不足非手术扩弓的研究进展

腭扩展技术是治疗上颌横向发育不足的有效手段,而上颌快速扩弓是常用的腭扩展技术之一.早在1860年Angel[1]就提出可以通过打开腭中缝来扩大上颌骨.早期的正畸医生一直对此表示怀疑,直到1961年Haas[2]提出对于处在生长发育高峰期前或高峰期的青少年来说,通过上颌快速螺旋扩弓器可以打开腭中缝从而扩大上颌骨.由于腭中缝到青春发育高峰期后才完全钙化融合,一旦患者错过生长发育高峰期,通常女性一般超过12 ～13岁和男性超过14～15岁,上颌快速扩弓的效果就不明显了[3].     

成人上颌横向发育不足的矫治进展

青春期后随着年龄增长，上颌骨缝趋于融合，骨阻力变大，腭中缝很难打开。因此，常规上颌快速扩弓很难矫治成人上颌横向发育不足。近年来效果明确、创伤性更小、稳定性更好的成人矫形上颌快速扩弓、外科辅助快速腭扩展、横向腭牵张术被越来越多地应用于成人上颌横向发育不足的患者。作者就成人上颌横向发育不足的矫治技术及研究进展作综述。     

超声骨刀劈开腭中缝辅助MSE对上颌宽度不足扩弓效果的研究

目的:评价超声骨刀劈开腭中缝辅助上颌骨骨性扩弓器(MSE)对上颌宽度不足成人患者的扩弓效果.方法:纳入21例反(牙合)偏颌下颌后缩等同时伴有上颌宽度发育不足的成年患者,男6例,女15例,先行超声骨刀腭中缝劈开术,然后安装MSE进行上颌骨扩弓,分别于扩弓前、扩弓后拍摄CBCT,利用Planmeca Romexis软件进行...     

上颌骨牵引成骨术矫治上颌牙弓狭窄

目的 观察上颌骨牵引成骨术矫治上颌牙弓狭窄的疗效。方法 对１０例成年患者行上颌Ｌｅ Ｆｏｒｔ Ｉ型截骨术（不移动骨块）,并手术截开腭中缝骨联结。以上颌快速扩弓装置（６４１４６带环）,每日打开螺旋４次,共１．０ｍｍ。其中２例行单侧扩大牙弓,矫正上颌单侧牙弓宽度不足。利用计算机图形数据分析系统对扩弓前后的后前位头颅定位片进行测量（上颌骨、上颌牙弓基骨、上颌后牙间的宽度）并通过上颌前部咬合片观察腭中缝的     

上颌扩弓后即刻牙槽骨变化的CBCT分析

目的：上颌快速扩弓（rapidmaxiIlaryexpansion,RME）通过打开腭中缝来矫正上颌宽度不足以及增大牙弓周长。本研究的目的是使用CBCT来评价牙槽骨结构在用Hyrax扩弓器快速扩弓后的即刻变化。方法：28位（女性19位．男性9位）需要进行上颌扩弓治疗的患者（平均年龄141岁．范围13～20岁）．在T1（扩弓前）和T2（扩弓后即刻）拍摄cBCT作为临床记录。测量第一前磨牙和第一磨牙处的上牙弓宽度、后牙段倾斜度、颊侧骨厚度。使用配对t检验检测统计学差异（P〈O05）。结果：上牙弓扩宽量在第一前磨牙处为4．7788±28474mm．第一磨牙处为46943±3．2198mm。上颌左右第一前磨牙和左上第一磨牙的腭根均发生了明显倾斜。片子上能显示颊侧骨板的所有牙根在扩弓后其颊侧骨质厚度均减小。结论：RME后．前磨牙间和磨牙间宽度均明显增加。牙根倾斜角度增大说明牙齿的移动是一种倾斜移动而非平行移动。颊侧骨板厚度在扩弓后即刻测量时减小。因此．我们应严格监测炎症水平以避免牙周破坏。有必要建立一个标准参考平面和有可比性的测量方法以使不同研究的结果大体一致。     

雷尼酸锶对大鼠上颌快速扩弓影响的实验研究

目的 探讨雷尼酸锶对大鼠上颌快速扩弓的影响。方法 36只6周龄雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为3组,空白对照（A）组﹑扩弓（B）组﹑扩弓并给药雷尼酸锶（C）组,每组12只。A组不扩弓,也不给药雷尼酸锶;B﹑C组用双眼圈簧扩弓器扩弓,力值1 N;C组扩弓开始即每天定时给药雷尼酸锶（600 mg•kg-1）。实验第4﹑7﹑10天分批处死大鼠,测量上颌宽度,并对大鼠腭中缝进行组织学观察和成骨细胞计数。结果 扩弓结束后,A组大鼠上颌宽度无明显变化（P>0.05）,B﹑C组上颌宽度较扩弓前均增加（P<0.05）,而B﹑C两组间的上颌宽度无明显差异（P>0.05）。组织学观察,A组腭中缝见少量红染的纤维组织,可见间充质样细胞、软骨细胞及成骨细胞。B﹑C组腭中缝处见较多红染的纤维组织,成纤维细胞﹑软骨细胞增多,腭中缝近骨边缘处多见成骨细胞;C组成骨细胞计数多于B组。结论 上颌快速扩弓可开大发育期大鼠腭中缝,增加上牙弓及上颌宽度;雷尼酸锶可以促进大鼠上颌快速扩弓时腭中缝处成骨细胞分化,加速新骨形成及骨质沉积钙化,减少复发。     

种植钉辅助上颌快速扩弓治疗年轻成人上颌牙弓狭窄的CBCT分析

目的 探讨种植钉辅助上颌快速扩弓治疗年轻成人上颌狭窄的效果.方法 样本包括15.5～28.0岁上颌骨性狭窄病例10例(男3例,女7例),平均年龄(20.1±5.4)岁.使用种植钉辅助上颌快速扩弓技术,分别于治疗前、扩弓后和保持3个月后拍摄CBCT,并对资料进行统计分析.结果 扩弓后腭中缝前部和后部分别增加3.49 mm和2.94 mm,后部腭中缝增量占扩弓器扩大量的47.9％,后部腭中缝增量占第一磨牙间宽度增量的52.3％.鼻腔宽度、上颌基骨和牙槽宽度扩弓后增加(P＜0.05),且保持三个月后增加量无明显改变.牙槽骨高度变化无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 种植钉辅助上颌快速扩弓能有效开展年轻成人腭中缝,矫正骨性牙弓狭窄,并减少牙支抗扩弓引起的副作用.     

快速扩弓对上颌第三磨牙萌出的影响

快速扩弓是一种正畸临床上广泛应用的矫形治疗方法。尽管快速扩弓旨在通过打开腭中缝以矫治上颌骨牙弓狭窄,但由于上颌骨与头面部诸多骨块相连接,因此快速扩弓对牙和骨骼的生长均有一定的影响。本研究旨在比较,在正畸治疗中使用和未使用快速扩弓对上颌第三磨牙萌出的影响。     

Comparison of the effects of RME and fan-type RME on nasal airway by using acoustic rhinometry

Objective:To evaluate and compare the nasal airway changes following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and fan-type RME using acoustic rhinometry (AR).Materials and Methods:The study sample consisted of three groups. The RME group comprised 15 subjects with maxillary transverse discrepancies and posterior crossbites. The fan-type RME group comprised 15 subjects, who had an anteriorly constricted maxilla with a normal intermolar width. The third group included 15 patients who had an ideal occlusion and received no orthodontic treatment and served as the control group. AR was used to measure nasal volume and the minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) before expansion (T1), after expansion (T2), and 6 months after expansion (T3). Each AR recording was performed with and without the use of a decongestant. Two-way analysis of variance was used to determine differences among the groups and three-way analysis of variance was used for the differences between groups. If evidence of statistically significant differences was found, a Bonferroni test was used.Results:The results showed that nasal volume and MCA were significantly increased with RME and fan-type RME immediately after expansion (P < .05). At the end of retention, nasal volume and MCA values of RME showed significant differences with both expansion fan-type RME and control groups (P < .05).Conclusions:RME and fan-type RME had similar effects on the nasal airway immediately after expansion. The increase in nasal volume and MCA was more stable in the RME group than in the fan-type RME group at the end of the retention period.     

Orthodontist-otorhinolaryngologist: an interdisciplinary approach to solve otitis media.

AIM: This was to investigate in oral breathing children with an associated atypical pattern of swallowing and otitis media, the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal airway resistance and conductive hearing loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study examined 24 children (16 males and 8 females) in early mixed dentition period, with an age range of 6-8 years (mean age 7 years), diagnosed with otitis media from the otorhinolaryngology Department of "Tor Vergata" Hospital. The young patients were seen in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry University of Rome "Tor Vergata". All the subjects had an open mouth breathing pattern with a secondary atypical swallowing mode and a conductive hearing loss resulting from otitis media. The therapeutic approach was to apply a RPE fixed appliance (Butterfly expander). RESULTS: Follow up showed that after rapid maxillary expansion there was nasal resistance reduction, increased nasal airflow and improvement in conductive hearing loss. CONCLUSION Rapid maxillary expansion has been used for both dental and rhinological purposes in the belief that clinically significant reductions in nasal resistance to airflow and an improvement in conductive hearing loss occur predictably.     

Correlations between rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and the auditory apparatus

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on conductive hearing loss and maxillary constriction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 25 subjects (15 girls and 10 boys, aged between 6 years 8 months to 8 years 2 months) with conductive hearing loss and maxillary constriction were studied. Audiogram, tympanogram, and video-otoscopy were used to investigate the anatomical and physiological modifications of the bony and muscular structure of the maxilla and the auditory apparatus. The records were taken before maxillary expansion (T0), after expansion (7-14 days; T1), and after the retention period (8 months after expansion; T2). RESULTS: After expansion, the audiometric records indicated an improvement in hearing levels for higher frequencies but not for lower ones. After the retention period, there was a functional improvement in all patients for all frequencies. The recovery of the tympanic membrane's elasticity occurred only after retention, as shown by the standard model tympanogram, which was still flat after expansion. CONCLUSIONS: The auditory function in patients with conductive hearing loss may be corrected through correction of the palatal anatomy, which influences the muscular function of the tubal ostia and allows a normal activity of the tympanic membrane and the auditory apparatus. Positive effects on conductive hearing loss are possible additional benefits of RME treatment, but this does not indicate that patients with conductive hearing loss without an accompanying maxillary constriction should consider this as a treatment approach.     

上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引治疗骨性Ⅲ类错牙合畸形对上气道影响的锥形束 CT 分析

目的：研究上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引治疗骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形对上气道影响的三维变化。方法：选择53例伴上颌骨横向发育不足的骨性Ⅲ类错(牙合)畸形患者。所有患者先采用 Hyrax 矫治器进行上颌快速扩弓,然后前方牵引矫治。平均扩弓16 d,前方牵引平均5个月。分别于扩弓前（T0）、扩弓结束时（T1）及前方牵引结束时（T2）拍摄锥形束 CT 并进行三维重建和测量。结果：扩弓结束时鼻咽段最小截面积、最小截面积处冠状径和鼻咽段容积显著增大（P ＜0．05）;前方牵引矫治后鼻咽段4项指标与扩弓治疗前相比明显增大（P ＜0．05）。结论：上颌骨快速扩弓联合前方牵引可显著增加鼻咽段上气道容积。     

Effects of different rapid maxillary expansion appliances on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional imaging

Objective:To determine three-dimensional (3D) effects of three different rapid maxillary expansion (RME) appliances on facial soft tissues.Materials and Methods:Forty-two children (18 boys, 24 girls) who required RME treatment were included in this study. Patients were randomly divided into three equal groups: banded RME, acrylic splint RME, and modified acrylic splint RME. For each patient, 3D images were obtained before treatment (T1) and at the end of the 3-month retention (T2) with the 3dMD system.Results:When three RME appliances were compared in terms of the effects on the facial soft tissues, there were no significant differences among them. The mouth and nasal width showed a significant increase in all groups. Although the effect of the acrylic splint RME appliances on total face height was less than that of the banded RME, there was no significant difference between the appliances. The effect of the modified acrylic splint appliance on the upper lip was significant according to the volumetric measurements (P < .01).Conclusions:There were no significant differences among three RME appliances on the facial soft tissues. The modified acrylic splint RME produced a more protrusive effect on the upper lip.     

Dentofacial changes from fan-type rapid maxillary expansion vs traditional rapid maxillary expansion in early mixed dentition: A prospective clinical trial

Objective:To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the effects of fan-type rapid (FRME) and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) used with an acrylic bonded expansion appliance on dentofacial structures in early occlusal stages.Materials and Methods:This was a prospective clinical trial. The FRME group had an anterior constricted maxillary width with a normal intermolar width, and the RME group had bilateral constricted maxillary width. The FRME group consisted of 20 patients (mean age, 8.96 ± 1.19 years), and the RME group consisted of 22 patients (mean age, 8.69 ± 0.66 years). Lateral and frontal cephalometric radiographs and dental casts were taken before and after expansion and 3 months after completing treatment for each patient. The data were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The paired-samples t-test was used to evaluate treatment and retention effects, and the independent samples t-test was used to consider the differences between the two groups.Results:The maxilla moved downward and forward in both groups. The nasal cavity and maxillary width were expanded more in the RME group, and there were only a few relapses in this group during the retention period. There was significant labial tipping of the upper incisors in the FRME expansion group. The expansion of intercanine width was similar in both groups, but the expansion of intermolar width was significantly greater in the RME group.Conclusion:The null hypothesis was rejected. There was a difference between the effects of FRME and RME used with an acrylic bonded expansion appliance on dentofacial structures in the early occlusal stages.     

Does the timing and method of rapid maxillary expansion have an effect on the changes in nasal dimensions?

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and surgical assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) on nasopharyngeal area. The study group consisted of 30 subjects in the permanent dentition who had both maxillary constriction and a posterior cross-bite. The patients were divided into two groups, RME and SARME. The subjects in the RME group consisted of 15 patients (eight girls, seven boys) whose average age was 12.1 +/- 1.1 years. The SARME group also consisted of 15 patients (eight boys, seven girls) whose mean age was 18.4 +/- 1.4 years. An acrylic bonded RME appliance was used in both groups. Surgery was performed using lateral cortical osteotomies in the SARME group. The nasopharyngeal and respiratory area was determined using a digital planimeter on lateral cephalometric radiographs taken before and after RME. Nasal cavity width was evaluated on postero-anterior radiographs. Nasal dimension was measured using planimeter measurements of the respiratory and nasopharyngeal areas before and after treatment. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS. Comparisons within the groups were carried out with paired t-tests and comparisons between the groups were with a Student's t-test. In both groups, the respiratory area and the ratio of the respiratory area to nasopharyngeal (RA/NA) area increased following RME. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups. Nasal cavity width and maxillary width also increased, but the difference between the groups was not significant. Following RME, various differences in both the maxilla and surrounding bones occurred and nasal width increased with a decrease in nasal airway resistance. At the end of treatment there were increases in the width of the nasal floor near the midpalatal suture and nasal cavity. As the maxillary structures separated, the outer walls of the nasal cavity moved laterally resulting in an increase in internasal volume. Nasal resistance decreased and respiratory area increased in patients treated with RME.     

Changes in head posture after rapid maxillary expansion in mouth-breathing girls: a controlled study

The influence of respiratory function on craniofacial development and head posture has been demonstrated previously. This study evaluated the effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nasopharyngeal airway adequacy, head posture, and facial morphology in children with nasal obstruction. Fifty-five girls (8-15 years of age) who needed maxillary expansion, showed reduced nasopharyngeal airway adequacy (pm-Ad 2), and were subjectively assessed as mouth breathers were allocated randomly into 2 groups. The 23 subjects in the first group were treated with RME, and the 22 subjects in the other group were followed about 8 months before beginning therapy and became untreated controls. Dental casts and lateral skull radiographs exposed in natural head position were obtained at the first visit and 6 months later for all subjects. In the girls under active treatment there was a statistically significant increase of pm-Ad 2 (P < .0001), a significant increase of the cervical lordosis angle (P < .0001), a flexion of the head (P < .0001), and a decrease in the craniocervical angulation (P < .0001) (paired t-tests). No significant changes were seen in the control group. The correlation coefficients indicated a mild correlation between pm-Ad 2 distance and craniocervical angulation (SN/OPT angle) (r = 0.61 at P < .001). RME is capable of increasing nasopharyngeal airway adequacy in girls, and this leads to a decrease in craniocervical angulations. The clinical importance of these results is yet to be clarified.     

Effect of rapid maxillary expansion on monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis

Objective:To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nocturnal enuresis (NE) related to the nasal airway, nasal breathing, and plasma osmolality (as an indicator for antidiuretic hormone).Materials and Methods:Nineteen patients with monosymptomatic primary NE, aged 6–15 years, were treated with RME for 10–15 days. To exclude a placebo effect of the RME appliance, seven patients were first treated with a passive appliance. Computed tomography of nasal cavity, rhinomanometric, and plasma osmolality measurements were made 2–3 days before and 2–3 months after the RME period. RME effects on NE were followed for three more years.Results:Two to three months after the expansion there were significant improvements in the breathing function and a decrease in the plasma osmolality. NE decreased significantly in all patients after the RME period, and all patients showed full dryness after 3 years.Conclusions:This study demonstrates that RME causes complete dryness in all patients, with significant effects on pathophysiological mechanisms related to NE.