Anterior evacuation of a spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma

Summary The case of a spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma treated by anterior corporectomy and arthrodesis is reported. An anterior approach is preferable when an epidural hematoma is anterior to the dural sac and when MRI shows an aspect of old clotted blood that can not be easily evacuated by a posterior laminectomy.     

自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿的早期识别与临床评估

目的 探讨自发性椎管内硬膜外血肿(spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma,SSEH)的早期识别、临床评估及预后的影响因素.方法 本组9例SSEH患者,其中男性7例,女性2例,年龄18～83岁,平均45岁.病因:高血压3例,血管瘤2例,椎板成骨细胞瘤2例,神经母细胞瘤1例,溶栓治疗后1例.9例患者中,6例首发症状为颈、肩背部或腰部疼痛;2例以双下肢不全性瘫痪为首发症状.1例溶栓后,出现双下肢上升性感觉、运动障碍.Frankel A级4例,B级2例,C级1例,D级2例.8例行手术治疗,1例溶栓后的患者丧失了最佳手术时机,采用保守治疗.结果 MRI提示血肿位于颈胸段1例,胸段8例;累及2～8个节段,平均3.7个节段.除1例患者术后50 d死亡外,其他患者均获随访,平均随访时间7.5个月.手术患者末次随访时Frankel B级2例,D级1例,E级4例;1例患者因并发严重的肺部感染,术后50 d死亡.1例保守治疗的患者,神经功能无改善.结论 SSEH的早期识别主要根据临床特征及MRI提示的损害部位、范围.高血压引起的SSEH预后较差,而肿瘤引起的SSEH在早期诊断、及早手术治疗后疗效尚可.     

腰椎术后硬膜外血肿的危险因素和临床转归

目的 :探讨腰椎手术后硬膜外血肿形成的危险因素,并随访血肿清除术后患者神经功能恢复情况。方法:2009年1月~2014年1月在北京医院骨科因腰椎管狭窄症或腰椎间盘突出症行腰椎后路减压椎弓根螺钉内固定术的患者共1225例,术后发生硬膜外血肿致马尾神经功能受损的患者共8例,收集和整理血肿患者的一般资料,并对其血肿清除手术后神经功能恢复情况进行随访。采取病例对照研究的方法,按照每1例腰椎术后硬膜外血肿患者随机选取3例诊断、手术方式及手术医师均相同的24例患者作为对照。对两组患者的年龄、性别、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、非甾体类镇痛药物应用、抗血小板聚集药物的应用、是否为翻修手术,及手术融合节段数、手术时间、术中失血量、输红细胞悬液量、是否输注了冰冻血浆进行多元回归分析,采用多元Logistic回归模型确定每个因素是否为硬膜外血肿形成可能的危险因素,计算其OR(Odd′s Ratio)值。结果 :多元Logistic回归模型回归分析结果显示,手术前危险因素是年龄65岁和翻修手术,手术中危险因素是手术时间120min、失血量600ml、手术中输注了冰冻血浆。血肿清除术后神经功能完全恢复者2例,部分恢复者4例,无恢复者2例。结论:患者年龄65岁、翻修手术、手术时间120min、术中出血量600ml、术中输注冰冻血浆是腰椎手术后硬膜外血肿形成的危险因素;血肿清除术后大部分患者神经功能得到不同程度恢复。     

颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿的相关因素分析及防治

目的:探讨颈椎前路术后发生硬膜外血肿的相关因素及其防治措施.方法:1998年1月～2006年12月共行颈椎前路手术1821例,10例术后出现了颈椎硬膜外血肿,并通过再次行血肿清除减压术得到证实.回顾分析该10例患者出现硬膜外血肿的相关因素,统计分析确诊时段、清除血肿的时段与末次随访神经功能恢复情况之间的关系.结果:10例患者出现硬膜外血肿的相关因素分别是:凝血功能障碍5例,伤口引流障碍2例,血管瘤1例,不明原因2例.经Spearman等级相关分析,确诊时ASIA等级与确诊时段呈负相关(Spearman等级相关系数=-0.85),末次随访神经功能恢复情况与手术时段呈负相关(Spearman等级相关系数=-0.93).结论:术前凝血功能障碍及伤口引流障碍是颈椎前路术后硬膜外血肿发生的高危因素,早期发现并尽快再次手术清除血肿利于患者神经功能的恢复.     

Intrathecal hematoma and arachnoiditis mimicking bacterial meningitis after an epidural blood patch

We present a case of arachnoiditis and an intrathecal hematoma after an epidural blood patch. A 24-year-old parturient underwent an epidural blood patch three days after an accidental dural puncture during epidural labor analgesia. Four days later, the patient developed severe lower back pain, bilateral leg pain, persistent headache and fever. Bacterial meningitis was initially suspected and antibiotics started. Lumbar magnetic resonance imaging was performed and showed an intrathecal hematoma, with no blood in the epidural space. This report briefly reviews the few cases in the literature of arachnoiditis caused by an intrathecal hematoma and discusses the mechanism which resulted in blood in the subarachnoid space.     

自发性脊髓硬膜外和硬膜下血肿

目的 探讨自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿（SSEH)及硬膜下血肿(SSSH)的病因、临床特点、诊治方法及预后相关因素。方法 自1995～2002年收治的4例SSEH及2例SSSH患者．均在静息或轻微活动后发病，发病前均无感染或服药史，其中1例63岁患者诉有高血压病史．1例65岁患者入院检查后发现患有Ⅱ型精尿病．余均否认患有其他疾病。所有患者均表现为突发性的颈、肩、胸、背部疼痛，数分钟到数小时内出现肢体运动、感觉障碍、大小便障碍及潴留，5例患者有抻经根放射痛症状．有3例行腰穿，压力无明显增高．均行手术治疗．手术距发病时间10～16d．平均12.5d，手术均在局麻下进行．4例SSEH患者行患部全椎板切除血肿清除术．2例SSSH患者行全椎板切除并硬静膜切开血肿清除，硬脊膜修补术。结果 均经MR检查、手术及病理证实。MRI显示椎管后方或后外方占位性病变，T1加权能特征性地反映血肿随时间发生的信号变化而最有价值．T22加权可很好地判断血肿的位置，患者预后与术前的神经功能状态及发病至手术的时间密切相关，本组患者随访6～18个月，平均10个月．6例患者除大、小便功能有不同程度的改善外．5例患者肢体的运动、感觉功能无明显恢复，1例SSSH患者感觉消失平面下降，右上肢肌力较前增强，结论 自发性脊髓硬膜外及硬膜下血肿是一种少见病，MRI是其首选的检查方法，应当注意的是早期诊断并及时手术是治疗SSEH和SSSH．防止永久性神经功能障碍的关健。     

腹膜前引流对腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术患者术后血肿及血清肿的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术（TAPP）放置腹膜前引流对术后血肿及血清肿的影响。 方法选取2016年6月至2018年5月,江苏省苏州市中西医结合医院收治的单侧腹股沟疝患者90例,随机分为试验组和对照组,2组患者均行TAPP手术。试验组放置腹膜前引流管,对照组不放置引流管。收集2组患者的一般资料、手术相关资料及随访资料进行统计学分析,对比2组患者术后血肿及血清肿发生率差异。 结果全部患者均完成手术及随访。2组患者的一般资料、疝位置、疝分型、手术时间、住院花费、术后住院时间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组患者的术后发热发生率、急性疼痛发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。试验组术后血肿发生率明显低于对照组（P<0.05）,试验组患者术后1和3个月血清肿发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组患者1年随访均观察到1例复发的病例,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;随访期内2组患者均未出现感染的病例。 结论TAPP中,放置腹膜前引流管能够有效降低患者术后血肿和血清肿的发生率,同时并不增加感染和复发风险。     

Puerperal ventral epidural hematoma after epidural labor analgesia

Serious complications in obstetric anesthesia are a rare occurrence. High neuraxial block, respiratory arrest in labor and delivery, and an unrecognized spinal catheter are among the most frequently reported serious complications. A serious complication occurs in approximately 1:3 000 obstetric patients. Neuraxial hematoma after obstetric epidural analgesia or anesthesia is extremely rare.We present a case of a puerperal spinal epidural hematoma following epidural labor analgesia. The patient presented with foot drop, which resolved after conservative treatment. We reviewed the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and treatment options for this rare complication.     

Spinal epidural hematoma following epidural catheter removal during antiplatelet therapy with cilostazol

A 90-year-old man underwent emergency thrombectomy for acute occlusion of the right femoral and popliteal arteries. After an epidural catheter (used for intraoperative/postoperative management) was removed, a spinal epidural hematoma involving the Th12 to L3 areas developed. Emergency removal of the hematoma and decompression of the spinal cord were performed. Possibly, the hematoma had developed due to therapy with an antiplatelet agent, cilostazol, which had been started on the first postoperative day, and due to the removal of the catheter, on the third postoperative day, in addition to the patient's advanced age. This case may be the first report of spinal epidural hematoma associated with both cilostazol and epidural anesthesia. From the time course in this patient, important knowledge of drug actions and follow-up may be gained for determining the timing of catheter removal in a patient receiving antiplatelet therapy with cilostazol.     

O.25%左旋布比卡因在硬外麻下乳腺手术中的比较研究

目的观察0.25%左旋布比卡因在硬外麻下乳腺手术中的应用效果,并与相同浓度的罗哌卡因和布比卡因比较.方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,拟在硬外麻下行乳腺区段切除术病人90例,随机分成三组,每组30例,观察组为左旋布比卡因(LB组),对照Ⅰ组为罗哌卡因(R组),对照Ⅱ组为布比卡因(B组).所有患者硬外均接受0.25%局麻药浓度.观察各组麻醉起效时间T0、完全起效时间T1、麻醉持续时间T2、总用药量、双上肢Bromage评分、双上肢运动完全恢复时间T3.结果 T0、T2、T3及Bromage评分LB组与B组无显著差异,但与R组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),T1及总用药量LB组与B组、R组均无显著差异.结论 0.25%左旋布比卡因可为硬外麻下乳腺手术提供良好的麻醉效果,且其麻醉作用与布比卡因相似,而较相同浓度罗哌卡因强.     

自发性硬脊膜外血肿的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨自发性硬脊膜外血肿的出血原因、临床表现、MRI特征、治疗及预后相关因素。方法 结合相关文献,回顾性分析6例自发性硬脊膜外血肿（SSEH）的发病机制、临床特征、术前神经功能状态及发病到手术的时间间隔与预后因素。结果 SSEH好发于年轻患者,多急性起病。MRI显示椎管后方或后外方半月形占位影。患者预后与术前神经功能状态及发病到手术的时间间隔密切相关,与年龄、血肿部位、血肿大小无关。患者术前的神经功能状态越好预后越佳,发病到手术的时间间隔越短预后越好。结论 MRI检查是诊断本病最佳方法。及时的脊髓减压手术是改善预后的关键。     

胸椎手术后急性硬脊膜外血肿

 目的 探讨胸椎手术后急性硬脊膜外血肿的形成原因、血肿压迫时间对脊髓神经功能的影响及预防措施。方法 回顾性分析2002年5月至2012年5月经手术证实的胸椎后路手术后发生急性硬脊膜外血肿致神经功能障碍的14例患者资料,男6例,女8例;年龄41～69岁,平均61.2岁;胸椎管狭窄症10例,胸椎管内脊膜瘤3例,胸椎转移瘤1例;胸椎后路手术后3～14 h,平均6.6 h,患者脊髓神经功能出现恶化,ASIA分级A级5例,B级9例。对比血肿清除前、后以及随访时患者神经功能评分及神经功能恢复率。分析神经功能恢复率与血肿压迫时间及血肿清除前神经功能的关系。结果 14例患者血肿清除后AISA分级为：B级1例,C级2例,D级4例,E级7例。其中B、C级3例患者血肿压迫时间均 ＞10 h。血肿清除前、后神经功能比较差异有统计学意义,血肿清除后神经功能恢复率为63.7%±23.3%,与血肿压迫时间呈负相关,与血肿清除前神经功能呈正相关。血肿清除前神经功能与随访神经功能比较差异有统计学意义,随访神经功能恢复率为86.97%±17.58%,与血肿压迫时间呈负相关,与血肿清除术前神经功能呈正相关。结论 胸椎术后急性硬脊膜外血肿可致脊髓神经功能严重损害。脊髓神经功能恢复与血肿压迫时间有直接关系。早期诊断并清除血肿压迫是挽救脊髓功能的关键。     

Management of a suspected spinal–epidural hematoma

In summary, SEH is a rare but devastating complication of neuroaxial blockade that can lead to permanent significant neurological deficits and even death. The most frequent symptoms are sudden onset of back pain and sensory-motor deficits below the level of the spinal cord compression by the hematoma. The diagnosis should be confirmed with an emergency MRI. The management of choice is emergency surgical decompression. It has been recently suggested in the literature that in minimally symptomatic cases with an early, sustained tendency to spontaneous recovery, conservative management may be considered. The strongest prognostic factors for a good neurologic outcome are less severe sensory-motor deficits preoperatively, and early surgical intervention, particularly within 12 hours of symptom onset. This emphasizes the importance of immediate investigation and neurosurgical consultation when a case of SEH is suspected.     

血肿在硬膜外瘢痕粘连形成中作用的探讨

为减少术后硬膜外神经根瘢痕粘连，研究血肿在瘢痕形成中的作用。方法兔２５只行Ｌ３、Ｌ５、Ｌ７间隔三处的椎板切除，术后硬膜外置管生理盐水冲洗７２小时，另二处分别为单纯引流和空白对照。术后３天、２、４、８、１２周取材，观察硬膜外瘢痕形成过程。     

Chronic spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma simulating a lumbar stenosis

Summary A case of a patient with a clinical picture of lumbar spine stenosis actually caused by a chronic, spontaneous, spinal epidural hematoma is reported. There was no history of major or minor trauma to the lumbar spine. The correct preoperative diagnosis was made by magnetic resonance imaging. The possible etiology and clinical and radiological findings and treatment of this rare entity are discussed.     

硬膜外腔注射皮质类固醇不能防治硬膜外腔粘连

目的　观察动物长期硬膜外腔置管并注射皮质类固醇对硬膜外腔的影响。方法　绵羊2 0只 ,随机分成两组 ,每组 10只 ,A组为实验组 ,经留置硬膜外导管每周 1次注入地塞米松 4 m g及1%利多卡因 8ml,并在每次给药后观察麻醉起效时间、扩散范围和运动阻滞情况 ;B组为对照组 ,每周 1次注入 1%利多卡因 8ml。每组分别于第 3、5、7、9、11周的每 1天各取 2只动物进行硬膜外腔造影 ,随后处死取硬膜及硬膜外组织做组织学检查。结果　随着硬膜外腔置管时间延长 ,麻醉阻滞范围变窄 ,麻醉阻滞时间也明显缩短 ,两组之间没有明显区别 ;硬膜外腔造影显示 :造影剂在硬膜外腔扩散良好 ,无明显受阻 ;组织学检查显示 :置管时间长 ( 4周以上 )的动物 ,硬膜外组织炎细胞浸润、纤维组织增生、硬膜增厚 ,而且随置管时间延长 ,这种变化更加显著 ,但两组之间没有明显区别。结论　硬膜外腔注射皮质类固醇对硬膜外腔的粘连没有明显防治作用     

自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿的MRI表现及鉴别诊断。方法11例自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿，男7例，女4例，年龄27～74岁，均无明确外伤史。常规行SET1WI、T2WI矢状位及T2WI轴位，部分病例行脂肪抑制扫描，6例注射Gd-DTPA后行增强扫描。结果11例自发性脊髓硬膜外血肿中，9例位于椎管内背侧脊髓后方，2例位于椎管内背外侧。病变范围覆盖4～5个锥体节段，颈段8例，胸段3例。血肿呈长条状及长梭形，5例血肿呈T1WI、T2WI高信号，4例血肿呈T1WI、T2WI等、低、高混杂信号，2例呈T1WI及T2WI等信号。增强扫描2例血肿壁强化，4例未见强化。结论MRI是脊髓硬膜外血肿最佳检查方法，能清楚显示血肿部位，范围，区分急慢性血肿，判定脊髓受压受损情况     

Surgical management of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare disease entity; its causative factors and the factors determining the outcome are still controversial. We reviewed our clinical experiences and analyzed the various factors related to the outcome for SSEH. We investigated 14 patients (11 men and 3 women) who underwent hematoma removal for SSEH from April 1998 to August 2004. We reviewed age, gender, hypertension, anticoagulant use and the preoperative neurological status using the Japanese Orthopaedics Association score by examining medical records, operative records, pathology reports, and radiographies, retrospectively. We were checking for factors such as the degree of cord compression owing to hematoma and the extent and location of the hematoma. Most patients included in the study were in their twenties or fifties. Four hematoma were located in the cervical region (29%), three were cervicothoracic (21%), four were thoracic (29%) and three were in the lumbar (21%) region and also 12 were located at the dorsal aspect of the spinal cord. In all cases, the neurological outcome improved after the surgical operation. There was a statistically significant difference between the incomplete and complete neurological injury for the preoperative status (P<0.05). The neurological outcome was good in those cases that had their hematoma removed within 24 h (P<0.05). The patients with incomplete neurological injury who had a surgical operation performed within 12 h had an excellent surgical outcome (P<0.01). Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma was favorably treated by the means of a surgical operation. The favorable factors for SSEH operations were incomplete neurological injury at the time of the preoperative status and the short operative time interval.