阻塞性黄疸大鼠小肠中组织细胞间粘附分子-1的表达

目的　探讨组织细胞间粘附分子 1 (ICAM 1 )在阻塞性黄疸小肠粘膜损伤中的表达及其作用。方法　建立阻塞性黄疸模型 ,于胆管结扎 7、1 4d两个时相点分别检测小肠组织中I CAM 1表达、髓过氧化物酶 (MPO)变化 ,观察小肠组织结构的病理改变。结果　在 7、1 4d两个时相点 ,阻黄组 (BDL组 )MPO活性明显增强 (2 .851± 1 .2 2 0 ,4.92 7± 1 .371 ,P <0 .0 5) ,肠粘膜结构明显受损 ;ICAM 1表达主要在小肠粘膜上皮细胞 ,其表达强度随梗阻时间延长而增强 (P <0 .0 5) ,与MPO变化、病理结构改变一致。结论　在阻塞性黄疸大鼠中 ,ICAM 1表达增强与小肠粘膜损伤的发生有关。     

Effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor on bacterial translocation after experimental obstructive jaundice.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on bacterial translocation promoted by obstructive jaundice. DESIGN: Controlled animal study. SETTING: University hospital, Turkey. ANIMALS: 30 male Wistar albino rats. INTERVENTIONS: The first group (n = 10) was the sham operation (control) group, and the second and the third (n = 10 each) had common bile duct (CBD) ligation and division under sterile conditions. The third group were also treated with GM-CSF 200 ng subcutaneously daily between the fifth and ninth postoperative days. All animals were killed on the tenth day, and evaluated biochemically and histopathologically. Mesenteric lymph nodes were cultured under aerobic conditions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Biochemical analysis, histopathological evaluation, and aerobic cultures. RESULTS: There was no bacterial translocation in either the control or GM-CSF groups, whereas Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were found in 4 and 2 animals, respectively in the ligation group. Although no aerobic bacteria was found in controls and the GM-CSF groups, bacterial translocation was 6/10 in the ligation alone group (p <0.01). CONCLUSION: Activation of inflammatory response with GM-CSF is highly effective in prevention of bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice.     

Effect of different enteral nutrients on bacterial translocation in experimental obstructive jaundice

Obstructive jaundice leads to bacterial translocation (BT) by disruption of the gut barrier, intestinal microecology, and impaired host immune defence. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of different enteral nutrients on BT that is induced by obstructive jaundice in rats. Eighty male Wistar-Albino rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups. Group 1: 20 rats underwent laparotomy, common bile duct (CBD) was not actually ligated and transected, but sham ligation of CBD was performed. Groups 2-4: 60 rats underwent laparotomy, CBD ligation and transection. Group 1 and 2 rats were given rat chow, group 3 rats were fed a glutamine and arginine supplemented enteral diet, and group 4 rats were fed an arginine, m-RNA and omega-3 supplemented enteral diet, an immunonutrient. Rats in groups 3 and 4 had significantly less BT to mesenteric lymph nodes compared to rats in group 2 (p = 0.001). These findings suggest that oral administration of an arginine and glutamine supplemented diet and immunonutrition reduce BT in rats with obstructive jaundice.     

梗阻性黄疸对巨噬细胞活性和细菌移位的影响

目的：探讨梗阻性黄疸对巨噬细胞活性和细菌移位的影响。方法：小鼠胆总管结扎后第7d，测定血清总胆红素、白蛋白、谷草转氨酶、肌酐及碱性磷酸酶水平，取肝、肾病检，肠系膜淋巴结行细菌培养，并检测腹腔巨噬细胞体外产生NO水平。结果：胆总管结扎可显著升高血清总胆红素、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶水平（P＜0．01），降低白蛋白水平（P＜0．05），且引起胆管扩张和肝、肾组织炎性细胞浸润。实验组53．3％肠系膜淋巴结培养出大肠杆菌。实验组与对照组NO水平无显著差异（P＞0．05）；加入内毒素（1μg/ml)后，实验组NO水平显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：小鼠实验性梗阻性黄疸发生时，除引起肝功能异常和肝肾病理损害外，还可引起腹腔巨噬细胞活性下降和细菌移位。     

阻断淋巴通道对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肠道细菌易位的影响

目的　从阻断淋巴通道角度探讨实验性梗阻性黄疸肠道细菌易位作用的机理。方法结扎Wistar大鼠胆管,制作梗阻性黄疸模型,6 0只大鼠分为假手术组(A组)、梗阻性黄疸组(B组)和梗阻性黄疸 乳糜管结扎组(C组) ,每组各2 0只,于术后15d剖腹分别抽取下腔静脉血、门静脉血,检测其内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子 α(TNF α)、白细胞介素6 (IL 6 )的含量,并对肠系膜淋巴结、肺组织行细菌培养,对末端小肠及肺组织行病理学检查。结果　大鼠梗阻性黄疸模型建立后15d ,外周静脉和门静脉血浆中内毒素含量均明显升高(P <0 0 1) ,同时外周静脉血浆TNF α、IL 6含量、肠系膜淋巴结及肺组织细菌培养阳性率亦明显升高(P <0 0 1) ,并伴有肺泡腔出血水肿及大量炎性细胞浸润;乳糜管结扎显著降低外周血内毒素、TNF α、IL 6含量(P <0 0 1) ,明显减轻肺细菌易位率及肺病理损伤程度(P<0 0 1)。结论　阻断淋巴通道可减轻梗阻性黄疸时肠道细菌易位所致的高内毒素血症及炎症因子的过表达,改善肺损伤程度     

实验性梗阻性黄疸肠道细菌易位及精氨酸治疗的研究

目的观察梗阻性黄疸（梗黄）大鼠肠道细菌易位状况及经胃肠道给予精氨酸对肠道细菌易位的影响。方法结扎Wistar大鼠胆管，制成梗黄模型，60只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、梗黄组和梗黄＋精氨酸治疗组，每组各20只，于术后21d观察并比较各组血浆内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）的含量及肝功能状况，并对肠系膜淋巴结、胰腺及肺组织行细菌培养，末端小肠做病理检查。结果梗黄组大鼠血浆内毒素、TNF-α、IL-6含量、总胆红素及谷丙转氨酶均明显升高，肠系膜淋巴结、胰及肺组织细菌培养阳性率明显升高，小肠黏膜损伤严重，而精氨酸治疗组以上血清学指标较梗黄组均显著下降，肠系膜淋巴结、胰及肺组织细菌培养阳性率明显降低，小肠黏膜病理损害程度明显减轻。结论梗黄后出现的高内毒素血症与肠道细菌易位关系密切。精氨酸治疗可减轻梗黄时肠道细菌易位，从而降低血浆内毒素水平及细胞因子的过表达。     

Neurotensin reduces microbial translocation and improves intestinal mucosa integrity after abdominal radiation.

The effect of neurotensin (NTN) on preventing microbial translocation and preserving intestinal mucosal integrity after abdominal radiation was studied in rats. Animals were divided into the following groups: I (control), II (radiation control) and III (radiation and NTN). Radiation (1,100 cGy) was administered on the 1st day to groups II and III. NTN (300 micrograms/kg) was given intraperitoneally to group III animals, once daily for 3 days. On the 4th day, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were obtained and cultured. Villi per centimeter (V/cm), villus height (Vh) and mitoses per crypt (M/c) were evaluated from ileal mucosa. Radiation increased positive MLN cultures, while treatment with NTN reduced them significantly. V/cm and Vh also returned to normal levels after NTN treatment, while M/c were increased in all irradiated animals. It was shown that NTN reduces bacterial translocation after abdominal radiation. Examination of ileal mucosa indicates that this can be attributed to the improvement of the mucosal integrity, due to the trophic effect of the hormone on the gut.     

The effect of platelet activating factor antagonist BN 52021 on bacterial translocation and ICAM-I expression in experimental obstructive jaundice.

Expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in an obstructive jaundice model and the potential protective role of platelet activating factor antagonist over small intestine and liver together with its effects on bacterial translocation are examined in this study. Forty-eight male Wistar albino rats were assigned into four equal groups of 12. In groups I and II, animals were sham operated. In groups III and IV, common bile duct ligation and division were performed. In group I and group III, 0.5 ml/day normal saline was applied intraperitoneally daily from day 2 to 6 of the study; in group II and group IV, 1 mg/kg/day BN 52021 was applied intraperitoneally daily from day 2 to 6 of the study. All animals were sacrificed on postoperative day 7. ICAM-1 expression (CD54 positivity) was analyzed in the liver and ileum tissue by immunohistochemical method. Samples from blood, liver mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen were cultured under aerobic conditions. It is revealed that ICAM-1 expression was statistically higher in group III, with highest bacterial translocation and liver and spleen injury when compared to other groups. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), bilirubin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and interleukin 1beta(IL-1beta) values were at the highest level in group III, and there was a statistical decrease in group IV compared to group III. The administration of BN52021 in experimental obstructive jaundice is a useful way to reduce liver and intestinal mucosal villi damage by inhibiting bacterial translocation and systemic inflammatory response.     

Effects of prostaglandin E1 and E2 analogues on mucosal injury-induced, and on bacterial translocation promoted by, experimental intestinal obstruction.

The aim of this experimental study was to investigate effects of prostaglandin E1 and E2 analogues on mucosal structure and bacterial translocation during small bowel obstruction. The study was carried out on 40 Wistar rats equally divided into four groups; group 1 = control, group 2 = intestinal obstruction by ligation of distal ileum, and groups 3 and 4 = obstruction and administration of PGE2 and PGE1, respectively. Intestinal bacterial content and translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and to the blood were determined by microbiological analysis. Mucosal structural changes were assessed by histopathological examination and expressed as a structural damage score and as the thickness of the mucosal layer. Bacterial overgrowth was determined in all obstruction groups. Mucosal thickness was 39.7 microm in group 1 and 26.8 microm in group 2 (p <.001). The thickness was significantly preserved by administration of PGE1 and PGE2 (p <.001). Mean structural damage score was 0.4 in group 1 and 6.7 in group 2 (p <.001). The damage scores were significantly lower in groups treated with PGE1 and PGE2 than obstruction alone group (p <.001). Better scores were obtained in rats treated with PGE1 than rats treated with PGE2 (p =.0026). Translocation to the lymph nodes did not occur in group 1, but was 70% in group 2 (p =.0015); significantly lower rates of translocation to lymph nodes were observed in rats treated with PGE1 (p =.035), but not with PGE2. We conclude that mucosal structure is partly maintained by administration of PGE1 and PGE2 during intestinal obstruction; PGE1 is more effective than PGE2 for ameliorating mucosal injury. PGE1 prevents bacterial translocation by preserving structural integrity of the mucosa. PGE2 partially prevents mucosal damage but not bacterial translocation.     

Role of bile in intestinal barrier function and its inhibitory effect on bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice in rats

BACKGROUND: Our previous study using genetically labeled Escherichia coli strain JNW14 revealed that obstructive jaundice promotes bacterial translocation in rats and that the absence of bile in the intestinal tract is considered to be a factor inducing bacterial translocation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of bile and bile acids in intestinal barrier function against bacterial translocation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight-week-old male specific-pathogen-free Wistar rats were subjected to ligation of their common bile ducts (CBDL). The CBDL rats were treated with bacitracin, neomycin sulfate, and streptomycin sulfate, and the intestinal tract was colonized with E. coli strain JNW14, which was genetically labeled with resistant markers against the above three antibiotics, to monitor the bacterial translocation. The rats were then administered saline, cholic acid (20 mg/100 g BW), taurocholic acid (TCA: 5-50 mg/100 BW), or bile (1.5-6 mL/day) via a duodenal catheter. The degree of bacterial translocation of E. coli strain JNW14 to the mesenteric lymph nodes was compared. Histopathological examination of the terminal ileum and intestinal permeability test using phenolsulfonphthalein was also performed. RESULTS: Both cholic acid and TCA showed no inhibitory effect on bacterial translocation at any of the doses tested in CBDL rats, although TCA significantly decreased the numbers of E. coli strain JNW14 in the cecum. However, bile administration reduced the numbers of E. coli strain JNW14 in the cecum and mesenteric lymph nodes in CBDL rats although the inhibitory effect was weak. The integrity and permeability of the intestinal mucosa were kept at normal levels by bile administration in CBDL rats whereas the morphological changes, such as villous atrophy, villous edema, and lacteal canal dilatation, were observed in other CBDL rats. CONCLUSION: Bile plays an important role in maintaining the intestinal barrier function to prevent the invasion of enteric bacteria to the underlying tissues, suggesting that the intestinal administration of bile to patients with obstructive jaundice is a useful way to reduce infectious complications by inhibiting bacterial translocation from the intestine to other organs.     

梗阻性黄疸时脾切除对肠黏膜屏障影响的实验研究

目的 探讨脾脏在梗阻性黄疸(阻黄)中对肠黏膜屏障的作用及其机制.方法 50只Wistar大鼠随机分组,阻黄组开腹结扎胆总管;阻黄+脾切除组,同时切除脾脏.术后7d观察血浆内毒素水平的变化,用乳果糖/甘露醇(L/M)比值检测肠黏膜通透性;采用免疫组织化学、Western印迹检测末端回肠紧密连接蛋白闭锁小带-1(ZO-1)、闭锁蛋白的表达,并利用图像分析系统对Western印迹图像进行定量分析.结果 阻黄+脾切除后L/M的比值和血浆内毒素水平较阻黄组明显下降(均P=0.001).与阻黄组相比,阻黄+脾切除组的平均肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度有所上升(P=0.019、0.001).免疫组化显示术后7 d阻黄组ZO-1蛋白强阳性表达数(6/18)下降明显(P=0.021),阻黄+脾切除组(8/17)染色较阻黄组变化不大;闭锁蛋白的染色阻黄+脾切除组强阳性表达(7/17)高于阻黄组(4/18)(P=0.026).通过对Western印迹图像进行定量分析也得出同样的结论.结论 阻黄后肠黏膜通透性增加,肠黏膜屏障受损.同时切除脾脏,肠紧密连接蛋白成分的数量和分布改变,肠黏膜屏障的损害减轻.     

梗阻性黄疸时脾切除对肠黏膜屏障影响的实验研究

目的 探讨脾脏在梗阻性黄疸(阻黄)中对肠黏膜屏障的作用及其机制.方法 50只Wistar大鼠随机分组,阻黄组开腹结扎胆总管;阻黄+脾切除组,同时切除脾脏.术后7d观察血浆内毒素水平的变化,用乳果糖/甘露醇(L/M)比值检测肠黏膜通透性;采用免疫组织化学、Western印迹检测末端回肠紧密连接蛋白闭锁小带-1(ZO-1)、闭锁蛋白的表达,并利用图像分析系统对Western印迹图像进行定量分析.结果 阻黄+脾切除后L/M的比值和血浆内毒素水平较阻黄组明显下降(均P=0.001).与阻黄组相比,阻黄+脾切除组的平均肠绒毛高度和隐窝深度有所上升(P=0.019、0.001).免疫组化显示术后7 d阻黄组ZO-1蛋白强阳性表达数(6/18)下降明显(P=0.021),阻黄+脾切除组(8/17)染色较阻黄组变化不大;闭锁蛋白的染色阻黄+脾切除组强阳性表达(7/17)高于阻黄组(4/18)(P=0.026).通过对Western印迹图像进行定量分析也得出同样的结论.结论 阻黄后肠黏膜通透性增加,肠黏膜屏障受损.同时切除脾脏,肠紧密连接蛋白成分的数量和分布改变,肠黏膜屏障的损害减轻.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effects of splenectomy on the intestine mucosa barrier in rats with obstructive jaundice. Methods 50 Wistar rats were divided randomly into the obstructive jaundice group (OJ), in which the animals underwent operation to ligate common bile duct, and the obstructive jaundice + splenectomy group (OJ+ S). Seven days post-operation, plasma endotoxin levels were detected. Intestinal mucosa permeability was measured by the ratios of lactulose and mannitol (L/M). Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to examine the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) in the distal ileum mucosa. Western blots images were analyzed quantitatively. Results Average ratios of L/M and plasma endotoxin were decreased obviously in the OJ+S group compared to those in the OJ group (all P=0. 001). Compared with the OJ group, the average intestinal villus height and mucosa thickness were upgraded somewhat in the OJ + S group (P = 0.019, 0. 001 ). By immunohistochemistry staining seven days post-operation, same comment as above the amounts of strong positive expression of ZO-1 were significantly decreased in the OJ group (6/18, P-0. 021). There wewas no difference between the OJ+S group(8/17) and the OJ group.The amount of strong positive expression of occludin was higher in the OJ + S group than that of the OJ group(10/17 vs 4/18, P= 0. 026). The same outcomes were obtained by quantitative Western blot images. Conclusion The intestinal epithelial permeability was increased in rats with obstructive jaundice,and intestinal barrier was damaged. After excising spleen, the amount and distribution of tight junction proteins were changed and the impairment of intestinal barrier was abated.     

胆道梗阻及再通术后感染及与肠道细菌易位的关系

目的探讨胆道梗阻及再通后感染与肠道细菌易位的关系。方法分别对５１例胆道梗阻患者及３７例胆囊结石患者采用偶氮显色法测定门静脉血浆内毒素含量,同时行胆汁细菌培养及肠道菌群测定。结果胆道梗阻组肠道菌量及门静脉血浆内毒素含量较胆囊结石组明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）;此外,胆汁细菌培养５１例胆道梗阻患者中有４０例有菌生长（７８．４％）,与胆囊结石组（３２．４％）相比差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论梗阻后胆道外引流及术后肠功能抑制均可诱发肠道细菌易位。胆道梗阻再通术后选用敏感抗生素行胆道冲洗,适当的胆道限流及促进胃肠蠕动,有助于维持胆道微生态环境的稳定,阻止肠源性内毒素入血,对防止肠道细菌易位,廓清术后胆道感染,改善预后具有非常重要的意义。     

Impaired bacterial clearance and trapping in obstructive jaundice.

Sepsis is a major cause of mortality in patients with common bile duct obstruction. To define possible contributing factors to this phenomenon, this study evaluates the effect of biliary obstruction on the intravascular clearance and organ trapping of viable Escherichia coli using a rat model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in three groups: Group I controls had sham operation, Group II had division and ligation of common bile duct (CDL), and Group III underwent splenectomy. At 21 days following operation 10(9) radiolabeled E. coli were injected intravenously. At varying intervals after infusion, blood samples were obtained for clearance study. At 10 minutes, bacterial distribution in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs was determined (expressed as the mean percentage of injected viable E. coli). Intravascular clearance was similar in all groups. There was a significant decrease in the trapping of bacteria by the liver of CDL rats 14.5% +/- 4.95 (vs. control = 70.0% +/- 13.3) (p less than 0.005). A significant increase of bacterial trapping by the lung was observed in the CDL animals: 63.1% +/- 7.06 (vs. controls 1.4% +/- 0.82) (p less than 0.005). There was no significant change in bacterial localization in splenectomized rats. These data suggest that biliary obstruction decreases hepatic phagocytosis and increases pulmonary localization of viable E. coli. As the Kupffer cells of the liver are usually effective in removal of blood borne bacteria, this phagocytic dysfunction may contribute to the increased susceptibility to infection noted in instances of biliary obstruction.     

Role of parenteral nutrition in preventing malnutrition and decreasing bacterial translocation to liver in obstructive jaundice

Surgery in patients with obstructive jaundice is associated with significant infectious complications probably due to impaired immune function and malnutrition. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may alleviate malnutrition but may also promote bacterial translocation (BT) from the gut. To elucidate if TPN can prevent malnutrition without promotion of BT in obstructive jaundice, 40 dogs underwent laparotomy for tissue sampling and placement of a central venous line and were allocated into one of four groups: I (PO-control) received dog chow and water ad libitum; II (PO-CBDL) underwent ligation of common bile duct (CBDL) and was fed dog chow; III (TPN-control) received TPN; and IV (TPN-CBDL) underwent CBDL and received TPN. Body weight, blood samples for liver function tests and bacterial culture, and tissues from liver and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) for quantitative bacterial culture and for histology were obtained prior to and 2 weeks after the experiment. The incidence of BT to MLN was 40% in the PO-CBDL and TPN-CBDL animals, which was significantly different from the other two groups (0%);p<0.05). The incidence of BT to liver was 70% (7/10) in the PO-CBDL animals, which was significantly higher than that in groups I, III, and IV (0%, 20%, 20%, respectively) (p<0.05). The PO-CBDL animals showed a significant decrease in body weight and prealbumin compatible with malnutrition, whereas the TPN-CBDL animals showed a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and a consistent cholestasis on histology. The data suggest that TPN can prevent jaundice-associated malnutrition and decrease BT to liver but should be administered cautiously because it may precipitate cholestasis.

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Resumen La cirugía en pacientes con ictericia obstructiva se asocia, en forma significativa, con complicaciones infecciosas, probablemente debido a alteración de la función inmune y a malnutrición. La nutrición parenteral total (NPT) puede mejorar la malnutricón, pero también puede promover la translocación bacteriana (TB) a partir del intestino. Con el objeto de dilucidar si la TPN es capaz de prevenir la malnutrición sin que promueva la TB en pacientes con ictericia obstructiva, realizamos laparotomía en 40 perros para obtener muestras de tejido y colocar una línea venosa central; los animales fueron asignados a uno de cuatro grupos: I (PO-control), el cual recibió comida canina y agua sin limitación; II (PO-LCC), en el cual se practicó ligadura del canal colédoco y recibió comida canina; III (PON-PT control), el cual recibió NPT; y IV (NPT-LCC), en el cual se practicó ligadura del canal colédoco y recibió NPT. Se determinó el peso corporal, se tomaron muestras sanguíneas para pruebas de función hepática y para cultivos bacteriológicos y muestras tisulares del hígado y de los ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos (GLM), para cultivos bacteriológicos cuantitativos y para histología antes y dos semanas después del experimento. La incidencia de TB a los GLM fue de 40% en los animales de los grupos PO-LCC y NPT-LCC, tasa significativamente diferente de la de los otros dos grupos (0%, p<0.05). La incidencia de TB al hígado fue de 70% (7/10) en los animales del grupo PO-LCC, significativamente más alta que la de los de los grupos I, III y IV (0%, 20%, 20%, respectivamente) (p<0.05). Los animales PO-LCC mostraron una disminución significativa en el peso corporal y en los niveles de prealbúmina, compatibles con malnutrition, en tanto que los animales NPTLCC exhibieron un significativo aumento en la fosfatasa alcalina y colestasis consistente en el examen histológico. Tales datos sugieren que la NPT puede prevenir la malnutrición asociada con malnutrición y disminuir la TB hacia el hígado, pero que debe ser cautelosamente administrado debido a que precipita colestasis.

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Résumé La chirurgie chez le patient ayant un ictère par obstruction est associée à une morbidité infectieuse élevée, probablement en raison d'une détérioration des fonctions immunitaires et de la malnutrition. L'alimentation parentérale totale (APT) peut améliorer l'état nutritionnel mais elle peut également être responsable de translocation bactérienne (TB) à partir du tube digestif. Pour savoir si l'APT pouvait améliorer l'état nutritionnel sans promouvoir la TB, 40 chiens ont été laparotomisés pour placer une voie veineuse centrale, faire certains prélèvements tissulaires et ensuite, ont eu: 1) rien d'autre qu'une alimentation adaptée ad lib (goupe témoin: PO), 2) une ligature de la voie biliaire principale (groupe CBDL) et une alimentation adaptée, 3) une APT seule (groupe TPN-contrôle), et 4) une ligature de la voie biliaire principale suivie d'une APT (goupe TPN-CBDL). Pour chaque animal, on a déterminé le poids, la fonction hépatique et on a réalisé des hémocultures, une biopsie hépatique et un prélèvement d'un ganglion mésentérique (MLN) pour examen bactériologique et histologique, au moment de l'intervention et deux semaines après. L'incidence de TB au niveau d'un MLN a été de 40% dans les groupe PO-CBDL et TPN-CBDL, significatement différente de celles des deux autres groupes où l'incidence était nulle (p<0.05). L'incidence de TB au niveau du foie a été de 70% (7/10) chez les animaux PO-CBDL, significativement différente (p<0.05) de celle des groupes PO (0%), TPN-contrôle (20%) et TPN-CBDL (20%). Les animaux PO-CBDL ont perdu plus de poids et leur taux de préalbumine était plus bas, alors les animaux TPN-contrôle avaient une augmentation significative des phosphatases alcalines et une cholestase constante en histologie. Ces données suggèrent que l'APT peut prévenir la malnutrition due à l'ictère et diminuer la TB au foie, mais elle doit être administrée avec précaution en raison de son influence sur la choléstase.

     

Hyperoxic condition prevents bacterial translocation and elevation of plasma microorganism components during hemorrhagic shock.

To evaluate the influence of hyperoxic conditions on bacterial translocation (BT) and microorganism components during hemorrhagic shock, rats were divided into a group breathing 100% oxygen and a group breathing room air. The groups were then subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Systemic blood and mesenteric lymph nodes were cultured for BT, and systemic plasma concentrations of microorganism components were measured by the silkworm larvae plasma (SLP) test and the endotoxin test. Hyperoxic conditions prevented both BT and plasma SLP-reactive substance (peptidoglycan and beta-glucan) elevation during hemorrhagic shock. Our findings suggest that hyperoxic treatment might improve host conditions during hemorrhagic shock.     

Absence of intestinal bile promotes bacterial translocation.

Previously, the authors documented that extrahepatic biliary obstruction promotes the systemic translocation of bacteria from the intestine to visceral tissues. The current experiments were performed to determine whether it was the absence of intestinal bile or the presence of biliary obstruction that promoted bacterial translocation. Four groups of rats were studied: 1) nonoperated controls (n = 20), sham common bile duct-ligated (n = 22), common bile duct-ligated (n = 25), and common bile duct-diverted (choledochovesical bypass) (n = 23). The sham-ligated group underwent laparotomy and manipulation of the portal region; whereas the ligated group had their common bile ducts ligated, while the choledochovesical group had a silastic tube placed from the common bile duct to the bladder. Seven days later, at death, the incidence of bacterial translocation was higher in the groups of rats subjected to common bile duct ligation (41%) or diversion (32%) than in the control (3%) or sham-ligated (5%) groups (P less than 0.05). Histologic sections of ileums of ligated and diverted animals both showed subepithelial edema. These findings suggest that it is primarily the absence of bile in the intestine that promotes mucosal injury and bacterial translocation and not biliary obstruction.     

大鼠门静脉高压症及梗阻性黄疸时细菌移位与黄嘌呤脱氢酶和黄嘌呤氧化酶的关系

目的探讨大鼠门静脉高压症（porta; ju[ertemsopm,PH）及梗阻性黄疸（obstructive jaundioe,OJ）时,细菌移位（bacterial translocation,BT）与黄嘌呤氧化酶（xanthine oxidase,XO）、黄嘌呤脱氢酶（xanthine dehydrogenase,XD）之间的关系。方法将雄性SD大鼠60只随机分为对照组（A组）,胆总管结扎组（B组）和门静脉缩窄组（C组）,每组20只。术后第3周取肠系膜淋巴结、脾、肝组织及门静脉、腔静脉血细菌培养,测定门静脉压力（free portal pressure,FPP）,及肠XO,XD活性水平。结果B组及C组细菌移位率明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,对照组为12％,B组和C组分别为28％和54％;B组和C组空肠XO水平活性明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）,B组和C组门静脉压力也较对照组升高。细菌移位率与XO活性成正相关（r=0．603）。XD活性水平无显著差异。结论门静脉高压症及梗阻性黄疸时可发生细菌移位,可能与肠黏膜屏障被破坏通透性增强有关,肠壁XO水平活性增强引起肠黏膜屏障通透性增高有助于细菌移位发生。