ANTERIOR RESECTION USING THE CIRCULAR STAPLING INSTRUMENT: A SINGAPORE EXPERIENCE*

The circular stapler was used for colorectal anastomosis in 38 patients (rectal carcinoma 37 cases, sigmoid diverticulitis one case). In Singapore Chinese patients, the most commonly used cartridge size was the EEA 28 mm and ILS 29 mm. The incidence of clinical anastomotic leakage in patients with complete resection rings was 10% (three leaks in 32 patients), leakage occurring only amongst the 24 patients who had resection of a tumour 6–9 cm from the anal verge. Significant, though easily dilatable, stenosis occurred in three patients (8%), and was associated with rectal membrane formation in two patients. Local recurrence, occurring in seven patients in a 0.5–3 year follow-up period was associated with Dukes' C disease; two recurrences occurred in four patients in whom the distal bowel clearance was less than 1.5 cm. The circular stapler facilitates sphincter conservation in mid-rectal cancer and its use in low anterior resection is justifiable when performed with a distal bowel clearance of 2 cm and complete excision of pararectal tissue above the pelvic floor muscles.     

经肛门拖出吻合器吻合法在腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨经肛门拖出吻合器吻合在腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中应用的可行性及临床疗效。方法 2010年6月～2013年1月,采用腹腔镜辅助经肛门拖出吻合器吻合法治疗30例中低位直肠癌。22例≤T2期,8例T3期,均为N0,M0。电子结肠镜检查显示肿瘤下缘距肛缘的距离4.0～10.0cm,（7.6±1.5）cm;肿瘤直径2～6cm,（3.8±1.3）cm。先在腹腔镜下进行直肠全系膜切除,于耻骨联合上做下腹部正中辅助切口,直视下切断近端结肠,经肛门拖出切除直肠标本,应用双荷包、单吻合器技术,以国产管型消化道吻合器（31.5mm或28.5mm）行结一直肠端端吻合。结果 30例手术均顺利完成。手术时间170～280min,（216.3±25.9）min。术中出血量50～700ml,（273.3±160.1）ml。术后肛门排气时间1～4d,（2.5±0.8）d。术后住院时间8～30d,（12.2±4.2）d。肠管远端切缘距肿瘤的距离2.0～6.0cm,（3.9±0.9）cm。远近切缘均未见癌残留。术后发生吻合口漏1例（3.3％）,腹腔积液并感染1例（3.3％）,均经非手术治疗治愈,无腹腔内出血、肠梗阻、吻合口出血等并发症。随访6～24个月,（11.8±3.9）月,术后3个月大便次数1～5次／d;1例吻合口瘢痕收缩狭窄,排便困难,予以扩肛等处理后好转;1例术后16个月局部肿瘤复发,行腹一会阴联合直肠癌根治术（Miles手术）。结论 经肛门拖出吻合器吻合联合腹腔镜手术治疗中低位直肠癌安全可行,值得推广应用。     

Laparoscopic low anterior resection using a triple stapling technique

Laparoscopic low anterior resections using a triple stapling technique in five patients with rectal cancers (four Dukes A and one Dukes C) were performed. The location of the tumors was between 5 and 18 cm from the anal verge. For easy maneuverability, a 33-mm suprapubic port was used. In this technique, the Endo TA (the first stapler) is applied at the distal margin of the rectum to occlude the bowel. The bowel is irrigated with povidone-iodine solution and transected by an endolinear (the second) stapler. Anastomosis is completed by firing the circular (the third) stapler. The operative time was 177 +/- 28.0 minutes, estimated blood loss was 41.7 +/- 28.6 g, and flatus appeared 1.8 +/- 0.8 days after surgery. Follow-up studies have showed no local recurrence or distant metastasis. This procedure is safe and useful for performing laparoscopic low anterior resection.     

腹腔镜辅助TME直肠癌根治性切除前路吻合术:附42例报告

目的：探讨腹腔镜辅助全直肠系膜切除在直肠癌根治中的效果和方法。方法：对42例腹腔镜辅助全直肠系膜切除直肠癌根治前路吻合术的临床资料进行分析总结。结果：手术均经腔镜完成TME及保肛手术,术中直肠远端使用反复闭合器闭合,前路吻合采用吻合器完成。手术时间170~230 min,平均195 min。术中出血10~30 mL,平均15 mL。术后肠功能恢复平均时间32 h。1例术后并发排尿困难,1例术中并发皮下气肿。无切口感染,无吻合口漏。结论：腔镜辅助行TME直肠癌根治性切除前路吻合术是安全可行的。     

The circular stapling device as a risk factor for anastomotic leakage

AIM: To investigate the relation between the type of circular stapler and anastomotic leak in rectal cancer surgery. BACKGROUND: During the past decades results from rectal cancer surgery have improved considerably regarding risk of local recurrence and survival. Two main paradigm changes are considered to be the cause for this: the introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME) and the increasing use of radiotherapy. However, rectal cancer surgery is associated with an unacceptably high frequency of complications of which anastomotic leak is one of the most severe ones. The hypothesis was raised that the choice of stapler influenced the leakage rates. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all departments of surgery (n = 66) performing rectal cancer surgery in Sweden to determine the choice of circular stapler when performing anterior resection for rectal cancer. These data were linked to the Swedish Rectal Cancer Registry for the period 1995-99. RESULTS: A total of 3316 patients had an anterior resection. The choice of circular stapling device was determined in 70% of the cases. When stapler A was used, the leakage rate was 11% whereas it was 7% when stapler B was used (P = 0.0039). In the cases where it was impossible to determine which stapler had been used the leakage rate was 8%. CONCLUSION: Quality control is an important part of medicine and the present study suggests that it also must include surgical instruments. A prospective randomised study is needed to confirm the results.     

弧形切割吻合器在直肠癌前切除术中的临床应用研究

目的 探讨弧形切割吻合器在直肠癌前切除术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年11月至2006年8月间收治的57例直肠癌应用弧形切割吻合器进行前切除的临床资料.其中行双重器械吻合前切除术51例;Hartmann术6例.结果 双重器械吻合前切除51例中超低位吻合41例(80.4%),术后均无局部复发;吻合口瘘1例(2.0%),吻合口出血3例(5.9%),直肠阴道瘘2例(22例女性患者,发生率9.1%).行Hartmann术6例,直肠切割吻合处平均距肛缘2.8 cm.结论 弧形切割吻合器应用于低位直肠癌的保肛手术中具有吻合口瘘发生率低的优点.     

Pelvic recurrence after anterior resection and EEA stapling anastomosis for potentially curable carcinoma of the rectum

Rectal carcinoma can be treated by anterior resection with EEA anastomosis in order to preserve rectal continuity in those patients in whom anastomosis may be technically difficult. In our initial local experience however, the pelvic recurrence rate has been approximately three times as high as would be expected. The surgical results were good in those patients with Dukes' B lesions. The majority of failures occurred in those with Dukes' C lesions. When the preoperative assessment indicates the strong likelihood of a Dukes' C lesion, consideration of abdominoperineal resection must be given if cure is anticipated. Most surgeons will obtain a more complete pararectal tissue clearance with this procedure than with anterior resection. Those who wish to preserve rectal continuity with curative procedures for rectal carcinoma must become proficient at pararectal tissue clearance if a low rate of pelvic recurrence is to be achieved. The EEA stapler can enable safe anastomosis when these other factors have been accomplished. When cure is anticipated, it can only be provided for the majority of patients at initial surgical resection. The EEA stapler has a unique value in patients who have resectable rectal carcinoma, and yet have distal metastasis by the time initial surgery is performed. The preservation of rectal continuity in such patients is an excellent method of palliation.     

Stapled anastomoses in colorectal surgery

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the advantages, indications and results of stapled circular anastomoses in colorectal surgery. In the last four years (1995-1998), fifteen patients underwent stapled anastomoses after Dixon's anterior rectal resection for cancers of upper and midrectum (11 patients), total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis for malignant familial polyposis (1 patient), segmental colectomy of transverse and descending colon (1 patient with synchronous colic and rectal cancers, having concomitant rectal resection for cancer), previous Hartmann's resection for perforated upper rectal cancer (1 patient) or distal sigmoid diverticulitis (1 patient). The anastomoses have been performed in end-to-end fashion (11 patients), according to the Knight's technique (2 cases) or in side-to-end fashion (2 patients). As most frequent associated technique with stapled anastomoses, anterior rectal resection for cancer was performed with 2 cm of clearance beyond the macroscopic margin of tumor. Distal margin of resection was histologically verified and it proved to be free of tumor cells. There was no operative mortality. Anastomotic leakage occurred in three patients because of imperfection of stapled anastomosis (2 cases) or after local irradiation (1 case). Spontaneous closure was seen in one patients. The other two patients needed reoperation for suture or colostomy. Late clinical, endoscopic and X-ray controls did not discover local recurrences. Functional results were good in terms of stool frequency and continence. In conclusion, stapled fashioned anastomoses have the main indication in sphincter saving Dixon's and Hartmann's procedures. In these cases, stapled anastomoses are easier than manual technique, reduce operative time and improve suture reliability.     

弧形切割吻合器在低位直肠癌超低位前切除术中的应用

目的总结弧形切割吻合器在低位直肠癌超低位前切除术中的应用价值。方法2005年12月至2006年9月选择56例低位直肠癌患者在全直肠系膜切除和侧方淋巴结清扫的基础上,应用弧形切割吻合器对直肠(肛管)残端进行切割、闭合,用33mm管型吻合器进行超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术。结果56例低位直肠癌患者术中没有发生切割和闭合不全的病例,吻合口无渗漏。手术后住院时间为(11.2±3.2)d,无死亡者。发生吻合口瘘2例(3.6%),经过局部引流而自然愈合1例,因直肠阴道瘘进行横结肠造口转流1例,无吻合口狭窄。结论弧形切割吻合器在低位直肠癌超低位前切除术中具有切割完整、闭合确实、吻合口瘘发生率低的优点,有良好的应用推广价值。     

弧形切割缝合器在直肠癌低位前切除术中的应用

目的:探讨新型弧形切割缝合器(凯途TM)在直肠癌低位前切除术中的应用.方法:回顾性分析2005年11月至2006年6月收治的46例低位直肠癌应用新型弧形切割缝合器施行低位前切除的临床资料.双重器械吻合前切除术40例中,1例家族性腺瘤样息肉病行全大肠切除回肠J型贮袋肛管吻合术;39例直肠癌,其中Dukes A期 11例,Dukes B期15例,Dukes C期13例,分别行低位或超低位前切除术、或前切除术.Hartmann术6例为5例Dukes D期和1例高龄体虚Dukes B期低位直肠癌.结果:双重吻合前切除40例中,超低位吻合33例(33/40,82.5%);无吻合口瘘发生,无局部复发出现;吻合口出血3例(3/40,7.5%),直肠阴道瘘2例(2/18,11.1%).行Hartmann术6例,直肠切割闭合处平均距肛缘2.8 cm.结论:弧形切割缝合器在低位直肠癌的保肛手术中的应用与直线形切割缝合器相比有着较大的优势.     

Transanal treatment of strictured rectal anastomosis with a circular stapler device: simple and safe

BACKGROUND: Several methods of treatment for benign anastomotic strictures after low anterior resection have been described. We report and illustrate a simple, safe, and effective method for treating benign rectal anastomotic strictures by means of a transanal circular stapling device. METHODS: Three patients with a clinically significant rectal stricture underwent transanal resection of the fibrous stenosis by a circular stapler device (CEEA stapler 29 or 31 mm calibre; Tyco Co., USA). RESULTS: No complications occurred. Patients were discharged from the hospital on the first postoperative day. After a follow-up period of 8, 12 and 14 months respectively, no recurrence of the stricture was observed. The stool habits of all 3 patients were normal with 1-3 formed, asymptomatic fecal passages per day. CONCLUSION: Transanal reanastomosis by means of a circular stapler device is a simple and effective method. However, a larger number of patients need to be treated with this relatively new method to draw further conclusions.     

Laparoscopic disk resection for bowel endometriosis using a circular stapler and a new endoscopic method to control postoperative bleeding from the stapler line

BACKGROUND: Complete laparoscopic excision of endometriosis offers good longterm symptomatic relief, especially for those with severe or debilitating symptoms. Intestinal endometriosis affect between 3% and 36% of women with endometriosis and 50% of women with disease severe enough that intestinal surgery, with or without intestinal segmental resection, may be required. STUDY DESIGN: Between January 2003 and September 2006, we performed 35 laparoscopic complete excisions of endometriosis with full thickness disk resections of bowel endometriosis using the CEEA stapler (US Surgical) inserted transanally. RESULTS: The endometriotic nodule of the bowel was completely removed in all patients. No major or minor surgical complications occurred during the primary surgical procedure. One patient underwent a diverting temporary ileostomy because of air loss after insufflation of the rectosigmoid colon, which was closed successfully 1 month after surgery. In three of seven cases of rectal bleeding from the stapler line, for the first time, we successfully used conservative endoscopic management. CONCLUSIONS: In properly selected patients, full thickness disk excision using a circular stapler is a feasible procedure that avoids the potential morbidities of a low anastomosis. We suggest conservative management by endoscopic hemostasis before referring patients for a new operation in cases of rectal bleeding from the anastomotic site.     

锐达智能弧形切割吻合器在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

【摘要】 目的 探讨锐达智能弧形切割吻合器在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用效果与体会。方法〓2014年3月至2015年6月选择50例低位直肠癌患者在腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除基础上,应用锐达智能弧形切割吻合器对直肠残端进行切割闭合,用迈思强CCS 29 mm管状吻合器进行低位或超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术。观察治疗后根治性、手术并发症、术后排便功能与局部复发情况。 结果〓全组50例均在腹腔镜下完成手术,吻合成功率100%,手术时间173±18 min,其中放置钉仓时间18±4 min,肿瘤大小6.3±1.5 cm,肿瘤距齿状线5.5±0.7 cm,住院费用47796±2138元。其中13例超低位直肠癌行预防性回肠造瘘,所有病例术后均无吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、吻合口出血,亦无排尿障碍、切口感染等并发症,无手术死亡病例。随访6~21个月,随访期内均未发现复发病例。术后50%病例有不同程度的排便功能障碍,3~6个月后逐渐恢复正常。结论〓应用锐达智能弧形切割吻合器对腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术是安全有效的,放置锐达需要一定的技巧。     

中低位直肠癌逆向转移的研究

目的探讨中低位直肠癌实施直肠全系膜切除术（TME）时，肿瘤平面以下系膜与肠管切除的范围。方法将60例经标准TME切除的中低位直肠癌肿瘤标本，以5mm间距由肿瘤下缘横断面连续取材至下切缘．大组织切片常规苏木精-伊红染色观察转移灶，并进行统计分析。结果有15例（25．0％）患者出现肠系膜逆向转移，转移距离0．5～4．0（2．47±1．06）cm；肠系膜逆向转移与Dukes分期（P〈0．01）、肠旁淋巴结转移（P〈0．01）和组织分化程度（P〈0．05）相关。11例（18．3％）患者为肠壁内逆向浸润，转移距离0．5～4．0（1．64±1．16）cm。肠壁内逆向浸润与组织分化程度相关（P〈0．05）。结论中低位直肠癌实施保肛手术时，宜切除4．0cm远端系膜和2．5cm肠管；肿瘤病理分期晚、有肠旁淋巴结转移和分化程度不良时，最好切除5cm远端系膜和肠管。     

腹部无辅助切口腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的应用体会

目的：探讨腹部无辅助切口腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的可行性。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年6月间在河南大学淮河医院接受改良法腹部无辅助切口腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的26例患者的临床资料。按全直肠系膜切除理念清扫淋巴结和游离结直肠后,在距肿瘤远侧2 cm处以直线切割闭合器切断闭合肠管,组织钳夹将游离的远端直肠经肛门外翻拖出后敞开,标本经保护套从肛门拖出,体外切除标本后在腹腔镜引导下完成吻合。结果26例患者手术均获成功。手术时间（126±35） min,术中出血（33±61） ml,清扫淋巴结（17.0±5．6）枚,术后排气时间（2．7±1．3） d,术后住院时间（7．9±2．6） d,术后发生吻合口出血1例。结论腹部无辅助切口腹腔镜直肠癌根治术安全可行。     

腹腔镜器械切割缝合器在直肠癌低位保肛术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜器械切割缝合器(ATP45)在直肠癌低位保肛术中应用的方法和效果.为提高低位直肠癌保肛率探索新的吻合方法.方法 回顾性分析17例低位直肠癌患者应用ATB45,在全直肠系膜切除(TME)的基础上完成保肛手术.结果 低位前切除术5例,超低位前切除术12例.ATB45切割、吻合直肠肠壁满意,断端出血少.患者恢复顺利,无吻合口瘘、吻合口出血等情况发生.结论 腹腔镜器械切割缝合器行低位直肠癌保肛手术,使双吻合器技术更加方便,矿大了低位直肠癌保肛手术的适应证范围,安全可亍.     

A stapler modification of the altemeier procedure for rectal prolapse. Experimental and clinical evaluation

The Altemeier procedure remains one of the better alternatives in elderly patients with rectal prolapse too fragile to undergo an abdominal operation. The circular stapler was studied first in a dog model then in humans to ascertain whether it added anything to the previously well-described technique. A fixed rectal prolapse was created in dogs by means of a laparotomy. This was later repaired by a transanal technique using a stapler modification of the Altemeier procedure. The same perineal approach was then applied to two elderly female patients with complete rectal prolapse. It was found to improve the quality and ease of a difficult anastomosis. The stapler device allowed a higher colonic resection and may have improved the postoperative continence occurring in 50 per cent of the patients with this problem. The stapler anastomosis narrowed rapidly causing better retention of stool in the first several months after surgery. The two patients repaired in this manner have had no recurrences and are continent of solid stool 3 years after surgery.     

经肛门外切除低位直肠癌保肛手术68例分析

目的 评价低位直肠癌肛门外切除、保留原位肛门、防止癌组织残留的手术疗效.方法 随访该术式后2年以上的患者68例,回顾分析相应的68份病历资料(2006年3月至2009年9月).结果 68例低位直肠癌患者随访至术后2年无手术死亡,无术后吻合口狭窄、漏、出血等;有肛管部位钛钉异物感、钛钉脱落致微量渗血现象,无局部复发;全组患者大便自控功能满意,无排尿功能障碍,性功能良好.结论 经肛门外直视下操作,能够达到理想的切除范围,单管吻合器钉合严密牢固,无双吻的"危险三角区"、原位肛门术后自控大便功能满意,相对于手工或双吻手术安全,是低位直肠癌患者保肛的一种新选择.     

Anterior rectal wall excision for endometriosis using the circular stapler

Background: Endometriosis involving the rectum is rare but is associated with significant symptoms that are best relieved by resection of the involved segment of rectum. Resection necessitates either a segmental or anterior rectal wall excision with sutured closure. Application of a circular stapling device allows an alternative technique to resect endometriosis in this area. Method: Following laparascopic ablation of endometriosis elsewhere in the pelvis , the rectum must be mobilized around disease present on the anterior rectal wall. This will involve lateral and anterior extraperitoneal rectal dissection; the latter dissection mobilizing the vagina from the rectum by a sufficient length necessary to allow imbrication of the diseased area. Insertion of a circular stapler per anus allows the diseased area to be imbricated into the stapler, resulting in simultaneous excision and closure of the anterior rectal wall. Results: Thirty patients with anterior rectal wall endometriosis, estimated at <2 cm in diameter and not involving > one‐third of the total circumference of the rectum, have undergone successful management using this technique. Morbidity occurred in four patients, with one patient requiring further surgery. Conclusions: Laparascopic disc excision of deposits of endometriosis involving the anterior rectal wall can be safely performed utilizing the circular stapler without the need for open surgery, and with low morbidity.