彩色多普勒超声在诊断肝移植术后并发症中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症的诊断价值。方法回顾分析彩色多普勒超声对95例肝移植患者术后并发症的诊断结果。结果95例中发现肝动脉血栓形成3例（3.15%）,肝动脉狭窄2例（2.10%）,门静脉血栓形成1例（1.05%）,门静脉狭窄1例（1.05%）,下腔静脉狭窄2例（2.10%）,胆道并发症10例（10.52%）,排异反应7例（7.36%）,浆膜腔积液93例（97.89%）,肝周血肿7例（7.36%）,肿瘤复发5例（29.41%）。结论彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症诊断中具有重要的实用价值。     

婴幼儿活体肝移植后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症

目的 探讨婴幼儿活体肝移植术后的血流动力学变化及血管并发症的发生情况.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声观测34例婴幼儿活体肝移植术后2个月内门静脉、肝动脉、肝左静脉最大流速及肝动脉阻力指数变化情况,并观察术后血管并发症的发生情况及其预后.结果 34例受者中,术后超声显示血管通畅者29例(85.3%,29/34),发生血管并发症5例(14.7%,5/34).29例血管通畅的患儿,术后第1天时门静脉最大流速(vmax)为(53.97±21.44)cm/s,肝动脉收缩期最大流速(PSV)为(52.88±17.87)cm/s,阻力指数(RI)为0.73±0.09,肝左静脉最大流速为(40.53±25.07)cm/s.与术后第1天比较,术后1周时门静脉vmax、肝动脉PSV、肝左静脉vmax及肝动脉RI的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后2周时门静脉vmax为(44.26±17.43)cm/s,明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.05);术后2个月时门静脉vmax为(40.31±26.29)cm/s,肝动脉PSV为(41.50±8.67)cm/s,均明显低于术后第1天(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).5例血管并发症均发生在术后7 d内,其中肝动脉血栓形成3例(2例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),门静脉血栓形成2例(1例行取栓术,1例行溶栓治疗),5例中3例死亡.结论 婴幼儿活体肝移植术后门静脉vmax和肝动脉PSV呈下降趋势;血管并发症发生时间早,发生率较高,活体肝移植术后7 d内至少应每天进行1次超声检查.     

肝移植血流动力学参数的变化及其临床意义

目的利用彩色多普勒超声检测移植肝血流动力学的参数,探讨参数变化的临床意义。方法利用彩色多普勒超声检测65例肝移植患者不同时期的肝动脉、肝静脉及门静脉的峰值血流速度(PS)、时间平均血流速度(TAV)、阻力指数(RI)及肝动脉血流灌注指数(DPI)。结果术后15d内,移植肝正常者门静脉TAV及肝动脉RI均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);肝动脉PS及DPI均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。肝动脉血栓形成时,肝动脉PS明显降低,门静脉TAV明显增高,呈锯齿波。发生排斥反应时,门静脉TAV降低,肝动脉PS降低、RI增高,肝静脉三相波消失,呈锯齿波。结论利用彩色多普勒超声监测移植肝的血流动力学参数变化,可为移植肝的血管并发症及排斥反应的诊断提供辅助依据,且安全、无创。     

肝移植术中血管超声检查在血管并发症预防和诊断中的价值

目的 探讨肝移植术中血管超声检杳在预防和诊断血管并发症中的价值.方法 肝移植术中对116例患者进行血管超声检查,检测血管吻合后肝动脉峰值流速和门静脉流量.以肝动脉峰值流速2>30 cm/s为正常肝动脉标准,以门静脉流量2>800ml/min为正常门静脉标准.结果 在116例患者中,有14例肝动脉峰值流速<30 cm/s,其中9例通过应用利多卡因腹腔于根部浸润、罂粟碱及盐酸消旋山莨菪碱肝动脉内注射,解除血管痉挛后,肝动脉峰值流速达到正常标准,但术后仍有3例患者发生肝动脉并发症;另5例经过上述处理,肝动脉峰值流速仍<30 cm/s,故采用供者髂内动脉对受者腹主动脉与供者肝动脉进行搭桥吻合,吻合后测肝动脉峰值流速2>30 cm/s,术后未发生肝动脉并发症.116例患者中,有5例门静脉流量<800 ml/min,其中4例经证实存在门腔分流,行门腔分流静脉结扎后,门静脉流量达到正常标准,但术后仍有1例发生门静脉血栓;另1例存在门静脉Ⅲ级血栓,血栓切除后进行门静脉端端吻合,门静脉流量仍达不到标准,故利用供者髂静脉通过胰腺前胃十二指肠后与受者肠系膜上静脉远端进行搭桥吻合,术中测量门静脉流量达到正常标准,术后未发生门静脉并发症.结论 肝移植术中血管超声检查对血管并发症具有较高的预防和诊断价值.对术中超声检查提示异常的患者,术后应该严密监测,以尽早发现可能出现的血管并发症并进行相应治疗.     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的应用价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声 (CDI)监测肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的应用价值。方法　术后连续CDI检查监测 180次原位肝移植。监测指标包括肝门部及肝内肝动脉左、右分支的峰值速度 (HAV) ,加速度 (HAAC) ,加速时间 (SAT) ,阻力指数 (RI) ,观察有无血流信号中断、侧支循环形成、肝内有无梗死灶和肝内、外胆管改变等。结果　 8例病人经选择性动脉造影证实为动脉并发症 (血栓形成 5例 ,肝动脉狭窄 3例 )。CDI表现有 :RI降低 <0 5 (8/ 8) ,SAT延长 >0 0 8s(6 / 8) ,HAAC降低<30 0cm/s2 (6 / 8) ,HAV降低 <4 0cm/s(7/ 8) ,肝内胆管扩张、回声改变等 (4 / 8) ,肝内梗死灶 (2 / 8) ,肝内外动脉血流信号消失 (2 / 8) ,肝门部侧支循环形成 (1/ 8)。CDI对动脉并发症诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为 87 5 % (7/ 8)和 95 3% (16 4 / 172 )。结论　CDI可有效监测肝移植术后肝动脉并发症并对其治疗有一定的指导作用。RI、SAT、HAAC、HAV是CDI诊断肝动脉并发症的敏感指标 ,联合应用可以提高CDI的诊断特异度。     

亲体原位部分肝移植术后血流动力学的变化

目的 探讨亲体原位部分肝移植术后血流动力学的变化。方法 应用彩色多普勒血流显像仪检查10例正常人和7例亲体原位部分肝移植术前、后的肝血流动力学改变。结果 6例肝移植术后经过正常，门静脉、肝动脉、肝静脉的血流于术后1－5个月逐渐恢复正常。1例肝移植术后出现并发症。肝动脉血流速度低于28cm/s，血流呈扑动状，同时阻力指数增至0.78，提示肝动脉血栓形成。结论 彩色多普勒血流影像在肝移植术前、后可有效监测肝血流动力学变化，可早期发现一些致命的并发症，为临床早期处理提供准确依据，对保证肝移植成功有着重要的临床意义。     

原位肝移植术后血管并发症的早期诊断八例报告

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后血管并发症的监测和早期诊断,方法 回顾分析了本院53例原位肝移植术后血管并发症的监测和诊断方法,包括术后连续动态彩色多普勒超声检查、选择性血管造影及相关的临床特征观察,结果 本组15%（8/53）的患者出现了血管并发症;肝动脉血栓形成3例,肝动脉狭窄2例,腹腔动脉狭窄1例,下腔静脉狭窄2例（其中1例经尸体检查证实）,其余7例经选择性血管造影证实,彩色多普勒超声诊断血管并发症的灵敏度和特异度分别为100%（8/8）和98%（45/46）。结论 肝移植术后血管并发症的临床表现缺乏特异性,连续动态的彩色多普勒超声检查是监测和诊断血管并发症敏感且特异的方法,术后监测时间不应少于2个月,在临床表现与彩色多普勒超声出现血管并发症的可疑征象时,应及时行血管造影检查进一步明确诊断。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中监测价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中的监测作用。方法回顾性分析71例原位肝移植病人的超声检查资料,其中发生肝动脉狭窄并进行介入治疗的5例,并与同期血管造影对照。结果发生肝动脉狭窄病人彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)可见肝动脉纤细迂曲,多呈间断性星点闪烁状;近狭窄处肝动脉血流峰速(S1)升高(163．62±14．66)cm／s,远端动脉血流峰速(S2)降低(19．10±3．91)cm／s;阻力指数(RI)降低(0．38±0．07);收缩期血流加速时间(SAT)延长(98．00±9．41)ms;行经皮血管成形术,当狭窄部分、全部解除时,肝动脉各段血流峰速均相应不同程度向正常恢复,S1为(73．68±8．81)cm／s;S2为(37．18±4．80)cm／s,而阻力指数仍长时间维持降低(0．42±0．06),SAT长时间维持延长(98．20±6．80)ms。结论彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后发生肝动脉狭窄及其围介入治疗中具有较高监测价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植围手术期的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在肝移植围手术期的应用价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声监测41例肝移植患者术前术后肝形态和血流改变。结果术前发现门静脉海绵样变性100%(2/2),肝门部淋巴结肿大85.7%(6/7),肝内门静脉癌栓形成80%(4/5),门体系统间交通支1例。术后并发症肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)诊断率66.7%(2/3),肝动脉狭窄(HA S)诊断率100%(1/1),下腔静脉血栓100%(2/2),胸腔积液41例,腹腔积液39例,心包腔积液9例。结论彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后并发症诊断有重要的作用。     

彩色多普勒超声监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声(CDI)监测肝移植术后门静脉并发症的应用价值。方法 对107例次原位肝移植患者于术前、术后应用CDI进行连续监测，监测指标包括门静脉主干内径、血流速度、血流量、血流频谱、侧支循环及腹水量等。结果 4例受者术后出现门静脉并发症：门静脉狭窄2例，门静脉狭窄并血栓形成1例，门静脉右支闭塞1例。2例门静脉主干血流量明显减少者接受经皮腔内血管成形术治疗后，门静脉高压缓解；而CDI提示门静脉血流量末见下降的2例患者，仅接受保守治疗，存活时间均超过1年。结论 彩色多普勒超声动态检查对肝移植术后门静脉并发症较为敏感，作为无创性检查手段可用于肝移植术后门静脉并发症的监测。     

彩色多普勒超声评价支架植入术治疗移植肝血管狭窄

目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像技术（CDFI）在移植肝血管狭窄支架植入术疗效评估中的价值。方法13例肝动脉狭窄,1例门静脉狭窄,2例肝静脉狭窄。于支架植入术前、后行CDFI检查并每隔3～4个月随访复查,取多普勒参数肝内动脉血流阻力指数和加速度、门静脉吻合口管径及其两端血流速度比值、肝静脉狭窄处管径及肝静脉和下腔静脉肝下段血流频谱进行统计学分析。结果肝动脉狭窄者支架植入术后RI升高,SAT缩短,治疗前后差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05）。门静脉和肝静脉狭窄者支架植入术后狭窄段管径增宽,植入的支架呈并行相间的线样强回声,门静脉吻合口两端血流速度梯度下降,肝静脉和下腔静脉肝下段血流频谱由术前的平坦波恢复为两相或三相波。结论CDFI检查是评价移植肝血管狭窄支架植入术疗效的可靠方法。     

Arterial complications after living-related liver transplantation: single-center experience from West China

Vascular complications after liver transplantation remain a major source of morbidity and mortality for recipients. In particular, patients receiving living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) experience a higher rate of vascular complications owing to the complex vascular reconstruction. Between July 2001 and December 2005, LRLTs were performed in our center on 33 patients with end-stage liver diseases. The 23 men and 10 women had a mean age of 32.6 +/- 11.3 years (range = 5 to 58 years). Of the 33 patients, the percentage of vascular complications was 9.09% (3 cases), including hepatic arterial thrombosis (HAT), hepatic arterial stenosis (HAS), or hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm (HAP) in one patient, respectively. No portal vein or hepatic vein complication occurred in our patients. Thrombectomy was performed in the patient with thrombosis. The patient with stenosis was treated with balloon angioplasty and endoluminal stent placement. The pseudoaneurysm was also successfully embolized to restore the blood flow toward the donor liver. Mean follow-up for all patients after LRLT was 18.0 +/- 5.4 months. The overall postoperative 30-day mortality rate was 6.06% (2/33). The 1-year survival rate was 86.36% in 22 patients with benign diseases and 72.73% in 11 patients with malignant diseases. However, no death was associated with vascular complications. Careful preoperative evaluation and intraoperative microsurgical technique for hepatic artery reconstructions are the keys to prevent vascular complications following LRLT. Immediate surgical intervention is required for acute vascular complications, whereas late complications may be treated by balloon angioplasty and endoluminal stent placement. Embolization may be a safe and effective approach in the treatment of a pseudoaneurysm of the hepatic artery.     

Hepatic venous stenosis in partial liver graft transplantation detected by color Doppler ultrasound before and after radiological interventional management

Hepatic outflow insufficiency remains one of the major complications causing postoperative graft failure especially among partial liver graft transplantations (PLT) including living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), reduced size liver transplantation (RLT), and split liver transplantation (SLT). These procedures are different from the whole liver graft transplantations (OLT), which include multiple vascular anastomoses. Color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) was used to evaluate the hepatic venous outflow from grafts before and after radiological interventional management and to document treatment effects. From June 1994 to March 2003, our 136 cases of PLTs included 131 LDLTs, two RLTs, and three SLTs. Seven cases (six children and one adult) showed postoperative hepatic vein outflow obstruction and persistent massive ascites, as detected by color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) and confirmed by interventional angiography. The CDUS showed a monophasic flat waveform with a relatively low hepatic vein average peak velocity (Va) in all cases (mean 11 cm/s). Successful interventional procedures included balloon dilatation in three cases and metallic stent replacement in four cases. CDUS was used with guidance during the procedure to confirm restoration of normal hepatic vein flow with a multiphasic waveform and an objective increase of average flow velocity (high to average 66 cm/s). Ascites disappeared dramatically after the procedure. In conclusion CDUS is the prime modality to diagnose and document a treatment response.     

Management of vascular complications after pediatric liver transplantation

Sixty-five children underwent liver transplantation (LTx) from March 1995 to December 2002. Cirrhosis due to biliary atresia was the main indication, and hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) the most common vascular complication (n = 5). Other vascular problems were portal vein thrombosis and stenosis. Another patient developed hepatomegaly and ascites due to a late stenosis of the left hepatic vein anastomosis. The two cases of venous stenosis were successfully treated by percutaneous angioplasty. One graft with HAT was saved, but four children died awaiting retransplant.     

Vascular complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

Over a 57-month period, we performed 430 orthotopic liver transplants in 372 patients. A total of 38 vascular complications were identified including hepatic artery thrombosis (n = 24), portal vein thrombosis (n = 6), combined hepatic artery thrombosis/portal vein thrombosis (n = 3), and hepatic artery rupture (n = 5). A number of potential risk factors for the development of vascular thrombosis were evaluated with only children, weight less than 10 kg, and cold ischemia time found to be significant. The clinical presentation included fulminant hepatic failure, allograft dysfunction, biliary sepsis, and screening ultrasound. Duplex ultrasonography was diagnostic in nearly all cases. Therapeutic modalities included revascularization, revascularization followed by retransplantation, retransplantation alone, and observation. Five cases of hepatic artery rupture occurred in four patients. Infectious arteritis was present in four patients. The 6-month actuarial survival in patients with vascular complications was 70%. Early diagnosis is critical for graft salvage, with surgical intervention the mainstay of therapy.