螺旋CT在骨盆后环骨折的诊断作用

目的:探讨螺旋CT在骨盆后环骨折诊断中的意义。方法:31例骨盆后环患者均行骨盆X线片和螺旋CT三维重建。结果:31例经X线片做出诊断25例,漏诊2例(占6.5%),可疑4例(占12.9%),经螺旋CT检查后修正诊断,螺旋CT三维重建片均清楚显示病变的部位和骨折的立体细节。结论:螺旋CT检查有助于确定骨盆后环骨折的分型,有利于选择合理的内固定方法。     

螺旋CT三维重建在骨盆后环损伤的应用

目的探讨螺旋CT三维重建对骨盆后环骨折的诊断及治疗上的临床意义。方法2002年3月～2003年8月,对骨盆骨折且有完整X线平片和CT三维重建资料的19例患者进行回顾性分析,并对两种检查方法的结果进行比较。结果19例患者中,9例X线片漏诊或可疑,经三维CT检查后修正诊断。对于骶髂关节部分及前后分离、骶髂关节内碎骨、骶髂关节髂骨唇或骶骨唇骨折、骶骨骨折及复杂粉碎性的骨盆后环骨折,三维CT较X线片有明显的优势,能多层次清晰显示骨盆后环的骨折形态。结论三维CT检查对骨盆后环骨折的诊断、分类及指导治疗具有重要的意义和作用。     

多层螺旋CT薄层扫描重建对寰枢椎骨折脱位的诊断和临床应用

目的:采用多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及三维重建(3D)和多平面重建(MPR)技术诊断寰枢椎骨折脱位并进行术后效果评价.方法:回顾性分析69例寰枢椎骨折脱位患者的手术前后X线片与多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及3D和MPR重建图像,其中男54例,女15例,年龄17～73岁,平均46.5岁.结果:运用CT薄层扫描及重建技术诊断全部准确,其中齿状突骨折49例(Anderson Ⅱ型35例,Ⅲ型14例);C1,2联合骨折(Jeffson骨折联合Hangman骨折合并C1,2不稳)9例;寰椎爆裂骨折合并枕颈不稳6例;枢椎椎体骨折5例.而X线片诊断准确38例(38/69),漏诊23例,6例未能作出诊断,2例误诊.术后69例CT图像均清楚显示金属内固定的准确位置,其中2例螺钉螺纹轻微穿破寰枢椎侧块(椎弓根)外侧骨皮质,3例螺钉螺纹轻微穿破寰椎后弓上侧骨皮质.结论:多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及重建能够直观清晰地显示寰枢椎骨折脱位的部位、类型及术后金属内固定位置,为临床确定骨折分型、选择合适的治疗方案和术后疗效评价提供了可靠而直观的依据,可作为寰枢椎骨折脱位的诊断和术后评价的影像学首选检查方法,应该常规使用.     

多层螺旋CT多平面重建技术在诊断骶尾椎骨折中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT多平面重建(MPR)技术在骶尾椎骨折中的应用价值。方法收集30例骶尾部有外伤史的就诊患者,首先用DR摄骶尾椎正侧位片,发现DR显示可疑骨折或临床症状较重但DR未发现骨折时,采用多层螺旋CT横断面扫描,并在工作站进行多平面重建。结果 30例横断面CT发现明确骨折线15例,进一步采用MPR技术发现骨折13例,排除2例。结论多层螺旋CT的MPR技术,充分弥补了DR及CT横断面扫描的不足,大大提高了骶尾椎骨折的诊断准确率,并为临床治疗方案的选择提供了合理的依据。     

多层螺旋CT曲面重建在骶骨骨折诊断中的价值

目的研究多层螺旋CT曲面重建技术在骶骨骨折诊断中的价值。方法收集骶骨骨折病人31例,所有病人均行CR或DR正侧位和螺旋CT检查。将CT扫描后所得图像数据传入工作站内进行多种重建分析,包括容积再现（VR）、多平面重建（MPR）和曲面重建（CPR）。比较分析平片及CT扫描原始图像、重建图像对骨折的显示情况。结果 31例病人骶骨平片漏诊7例,诊断不全11例。螺旋CT检查31例病人中,VR图像结合MPR图像,30例清晰显示骨折,1例漏诊,但骶骨全貌不能显示,22例骨折整体情况显示欠佳;而CPR图像31例病人均显示骨折,且清晰显示骨折处数量、骨折线走形、骶孔累及情况及骶髂关节全貌。其中DenisⅠ型骨折18例,DenisⅡ型骨折8例,DenisⅢ型骨折5例。结论多层螺旋CT曲面重建技术在骶骨骨折诊断中具有重要的价值,对判断骨折的类型有很大帮助。     

螺旋CT在胫骨平台后侧骨折诊断中的作用

目的:探讨螺旋CT对胫骨平台后侧骨折诊断中的作用.方法:对56例胫骨平台后侧骨折患者行X线片和螺旋CT三维重建,分析CT在胫骨平台后侧骨折诊断和分型中的作用.结果:本组56例,CT分型:Ⅰ型10例(17.8%);Ⅱ型,后外髁劈裂骨折5例(8.9%);Ⅲ型,后外髁塌陷骨折16例(28.6%);Ⅳ型,后外髁劈裂塌陷骨折2例(3.6%);Ⅴ型,后内髁劈裂及后外髁塌陷骨折23例(41.1%).经X线片做出诊断47例,漏诊2例(3.6%),可疑4例(7.1%),3例X线提示裂纹骨折,CT扫描和三维重建显示粉碎骨折(5.4%).结论:螺旋CT检查在胫骨平台后侧骨折诊断、骨折分型、显示骨折移位程度和骨折碎骨片方面,均优于X线检查.     

多层螺旋CT及其后处理技术在骨关节隐匿性骨折中的应用价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT及其后处理技术对骨关节隐匿性骨折的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析46例X线片漏诊,而经多层螺旋CT薄层扫描并MPR及3D图像确诊患者的资料.结果 46例隐匿性骨关节骨折经X线检查未发现明确骨折,后经多层螺旋CT及其后处理技术能清晰显示细微骨折的骨折线方向、骨碎块大小、移位程度及关节受累情况.结论 多层螺旋CT及其后处理技术能对骨关节隐匿性骨折做出准确诊断,并对临床治疗方案的选择及预后的评估有重要价值.     

月骨周围脱位的影像学分析及临床应用

目的:分析月骨周围脱位的影像学表现,提高对月骨周围脱位的认识和诊断水平.方法:回顾性分析56例月骨周围脱位患者X线片与多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及三维重建(3D)和多平面重建(MPR)图像.其中男55例,女1例;年龄18～47岁,平均32.4岁.结果:56例月骨周围脱位,均为背侧型,其中经舟状骨月骨周围脱位11例,不伴腕骨骨折的单纯月骨周围脱位10例,经舟状骨、三角骨、月骨周围脱位26例(其中1例伴豌豆骨撕脱骨折),经三角骨、月骨周围脱位6例,经头状骨、月骨周围脱位3例.伴尺桡骨远端骨折24例,伴掌腕关节脱位4例.X线片诊断准确29例,误漏诊27例.运用CT薄层扫描及重建技术诊断全部准确.结论:熟悉腕关节的正常影像学解剖,掌握各型月骨周围脱位的影像学特点,是作出准确诊断和及时治疗的基础.多层螺旋CT薄层扫描及重建能够直观清晰地显示骨折脱位的类型,为临床确定骨折分型、选择合适的治疗方案提供了可靠而直观的依据,是避免误漏诊的关键.     

螺旋CT三维重组与多平面重组在诊断腕舟状骨骨折中的价值

目的 探讨螺旋CT（SCT）三维重组（3D）与多平面重组（MPR）在腕舟状骨骨折中的临床应用价值。方法17例腕舟状骨骨折患者经腕关节常规X线检查后,采用16层SCT进行腕关节的多层面扫描,在工作站上作3D及MPR影像后处理,就X线平片与16层SCT影像进行比较及综合分析。结果X线平片漏诊1例结节部骨折和2例不完全性腰部骨折,2例完全性腰部骨折误诊为不完全性腰部骨折,此5例平片漏误诊的骨折均为16层SCT予以确诊。讨论16层SCT能够显示X线平片难以诊断的腕舟状骨隐匿性骨折;3D和MPR成像技术十分有利于观察腕舟状骨骨折的形态变化及移位情况,是16层SCT横轴位扫描的重要补充,同时也有利于手术方案的拟定。     

螺旋CT扫描表面遮盖显示和多平面重建术在肩部复杂骨折中的应用

目的应用螺旋CT扫描表面遮盖显示(SSD)和多平面重建术(MPR)诊断肩部复杂骨折。方法1996年5月～2001年12月共收治肩部复杂骨折24例,其中肱骨近端移位骨折16例,肩胛盂移位骨折8例。所有患者术前均拍摄X线片,15例同时行螺旋CT扫描及SSD和MPR,采用Neer分型法及改良Ideberg分型法对骨折进行分型。比较螺旋CT扫描SSD和MPR技术与传统X线片在肩部复杂骨折分型诊断中的正确率,并评价螺旋CT扫描SSD和MPR技术在肩部复杂骨折治疗方案选择中的指导作用。结果经手术证实,16例肱骨近端骨折中,Neer三部分骨折10例,四部分骨折6例;8例肩胛盂移位骨折中,Ⅲ型2例,Ⅳ型3例,Ⅴ型3例。螺旋CT扫描SSD和MPR技术诊断骨折分型正确率为93.3%(14/15),而X线片诊断分型正确率为41.7%(10/24),两者比较差异有显著性(Fisher精确概率法,P=0.02)。螺旋CT扫描SSD和MPR资料对治疗具有指导作用。结论螺旋CT扫描SSD和MPR能够在三维空间清晰地显示肩部复杂骨折的全部细节,有助于确定骨折分型,选择适当的治疗方案、手术入路和内固定方法,能帮助理解骨折的复杂性。     

隐匿性骨盆后环损伤的影像学表现及临床意义

目的：探讨临床容易忽视的隐匿性骨盆后环损伤的影像学表现及其临床意义。方法：调阅2003年1月至2008年1月我院影像学资料完整的178例骨盆创伤病历，发现21例骨盆CR正位片显示后环正常或疑似损伤，调阅其骨盆螺旋CT发现其中17例均有骨盆后环损伤，其中男11例，女6例；年龄19-71岁，平均34．7岁。螺旋CT检查方法：平描层厚3mm，同时做冠状面、矢状面及骶骨曲面重建。对CR片及CT图像进行横向对照，结合患者临床情况进行分析研究。结果：17例中CR正位片显示骨盆前环耻、坐骨支骨折或耻骨联合损伤。CT多维重建显示后环骶骨骨折DenisⅠ型5例、Ⅱ型5例、Ⅲ型2例，骶髂关节分离移位1例，骶骨合并髂骨后部骨折4例。按受伤机制分析，17例漏诊患者中15例属于侧方挤压暴力导致的内旋损伤，2例属于前后挤压暴力导致的外旋损伤，按Young—Burgess分型：LCⅠ型11例、Ⅱ型4例和APCⅠ型2例；按Tlie和AO分型均为B型旋转不稳定。资料CR正位片骨盆后环骨折确诊率为89％。螺旋CT横断面、冠状面、矢状面和骶骨曲面4个面的重建同时应用，对微细骨折检出率为100％。结论：螺旋CT4个面的重建同时应用是确诊骨盆后环骨折的“金标准”，为更精确的诊断提供科学依据，降低并发症，减少漏诊率。     

Fehleinschätzung bei vorderer Beckenringfraktur im höheren Lebensalter

Clinical outcome following pelvic ring fractures of AO/OTA type-A in the elderly is often unsatisfying because the posterior pelvic ring fracture is underdiagnosed and patients with type B fractures were conservatively treated like patients with type A fractures. This so-called "A-B" problem was systematically analyzed in our patients with pelvic ring fractures. 183 patients were treated with pelvic ring fractures. Primarily, the injuries were classified as follows: 81 type A, 38 type B, and 64 type C. The diagnosis was changed from type A to type B injury in seven patients. Parameters of investigation included fracture type, duration of symptoms, treatment, and outcome score according to the German Multicenter Study Group Pelvis. Persistent pain in the sacral area over an average of 2 (1-6) weeks was found in all patients. The CT scan revealed in all patients a transalar sacral impression fracture in the sense of an internal rotationally unstable injury of type AO/OTA B 2.1. The treatment consisted in a supra-acetabular external fixator for an average of 3 weeks. After 4 weeks the mean pelvis outcome score was 9 (7-10) points. In cases of persistent pain for more than 2 weeks after transpubic pelvic ring fractures in the elderly further investigation by CT scan should be recommended to exclude a concomitant sacral fracture, which then could be safely treated by a supra-acetabular external fixator.     

A pelvic fracture model for the assessment of treatment options in a laboratory environment

BACKGROUND: Optimal prehospital and clinical management of patients with severe pelvic trauma is controversial. Prospective evaluations of different treatment strategies have not been performed and treatment is currently not evidence-based. The purpose of the present study was to develop a porcine model of reproducible severe pelvic trauma for subsequent laboratory trials. METHODS: The study was performed on 13 juvenile porcine cadavers. Pelvic fractures were created by applying a pure anterior-posterior compression load to the pelvic ring using a servohydraulic material testing machine. Fracture patterns were classified according to the Young-Burgess classification and the Tile classification using postfracture CT scans including 3D-reconstructions. RESULTS: Disruptions of the posterior pelvic ring segment were unilateral in 12 cases and bilateral in one case transforaminal vertical sacrum fractures. Injuries of the anterior ring segment were obturator ring fractures bilateral, ipsilateral or contralateral to the injury of the posterior ring segment. According to the Tile classification this resulted in 12 type C1 and 1 type C3 fractures. In the Young classification all injuries were classified as type APC III. In six cases transverse process fractures were found ipsilateral to the posterior ring disruption. Initial force drops indicating bony or ligamentous injuries occurred at mean forces of 4030 +/- 269N (range, 3617-4374N). CONCLUSION: The present model was able to create reproducible unstable pelvic fractures and can be used for controlled laboratory trials to study the management of patients with pelvic fractures.     

螺旋CT三维重建影像在胫骨平台骨折诊疗中的价值

目的探讨螺旋CT三维重建影像在胫骨平台骨折诊断和治疗中的临床使用价值。方法2001年8月～2005年4月收集38例胫骨平台骨折分别行X线片和螺旋CT三维重建影像检查,对照术中所见,分析比较螺旋CT三维重建影像在临床诊断和治疗中的作用。结果X线片检查2例无法明确诊断,骨折分型错误6例;螺旋CT三维重建诊断、分型均正确。X线片与螺旋CT三维重建影像在确立诊断方面未见明显差异,但在分型和指导治疗方面,螺旋CT三维重建影像明显优于前者。结论螺旋CT三维重建影像能直观、立体地显示胫骨平台骨折的形态,有助于骨折的分型及治疗。     

移位的耻骨下支骨折与骨盆后环损伤关系的临床观察

目的 :探讨移位耻骨下支骨折和骨盆后环损伤之间关系。方法 :回顾性研究2012年8月至2015年8月就诊且有完整资料的51例耻骨支骨折患者,男27例,女24例;年龄9~90岁,平均(49.1±19.0)岁;受伤到就诊时间从0.3~48 h,平均10.1 h;Tile骨盆骨折分型:A型28例,B型17例,C型6例;详细评估患者X线片和CT影像学资料,明确是否合并骨盆后环损伤;同时将耻骨支骨折分为耻骨下支移位组、耻骨下支无移位组、耻骨上支移位组和耻骨上支无移位组,确定各组合并骨盆后环损伤比率并进行比较。结果:26例患者存在耻骨下支移位骨折,均发现骨盆后环损伤;20例患者存在耻骨下支无移位骨折,6例(30%)合并骨盆后环损伤;28患者存在耻骨上支移位骨折,22例(78.5%)合并骨盆后环损伤;12例患者存在耻骨上支无移位骨折,5例(41.6%)合并骨盆后环损伤;合并骨盆后环损伤比率方面,移位耻骨下支骨折组与无移位耻骨下支骨折组比较,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.028 80.05);与耻骨上支无移位骨折组和移位骨折组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.055 80.05;P=0.168 30.05),但合并骨盆后环损伤比率均明显高于两组(100%vs 41.6%,78.5%)。结论:移位的耻骨下支骨折合并出现骨盆后环损伤率最高,往往提示骨盆后环损伤可能,移位的耻骨下支骨折是骨盆后环损伤的间接证据。     

Aktueller Stand der Versorgung vorderer Beckenringfrakturen

The incidence of pelvic injury is increasing. In addition to high-speed trauma among younger patients, low-speed injuries among mainly older people (osteoporotic age-related fractures) play an important role. Pelvic ring stability is the most important consideration in the indication for conservative or surgical therapy. Unstable pelvic ring injuries are combined with severe concomitant injuries in >80% of cases and their primary treatment is usual in the context of multiple trauma management. In the case of anterior pelvic ring injuries (undisplaced/minimally displaced anterior pelvic ring fractures, pelvic rim breaks, type A avulsion fractures), fractures are usually stable and can be treated conservatively. Unstable pelvic ring fractures are generally treated surgically, enabling early functional aftercare in addition to anatomical reconstruction. Established osteosynthesis procedures for the anterior pelvic ring include external fixation, plate osteosynthesis and pubic rami screw. It is too early to say whether, and to what extent, new fixed-angle plate systems can improve the clinical results of surgically treated anterior pelvic ring injuries.     

Application of spiral CT image 3D reconstruction in severe talar neck fracture

Objective： To explore the application of the spiral computerized tomography （CT） image three-dimensional （ 3D ） reconstruction technique associated with the conventional radiography in the diagnosis and treatment of severe talar neck fracture. Methods： Using the multi-slice spiral CT image 3D reconstruction technique, we analysed Ⅱ cases of talar neck fracture. The fractures were reduced and fixed through a minimal incision and internal fixation with titanium cannulated lag screws. Results. In the Ⅱ cases, the results of CT image 3D reconstruction were in concordance with plain radiograph in 6 case of Hawkins type Ⅱ. And the remaining 5 cases of Hawkins types Ⅲ and Ⅳ could not be classified exactly only by radiographs, one of whom was misdiagnosed. After using the CT image 3D reconstruction, the 5 cases were classified exactly before osteosynthesis. The classifications of these Ⅱ cases were confirmed finally by surgical findings. The duration of operation were 45-Ⅰ40 min, averaging 8Ⅰ min （including the duration of C-arm fluoroscopy）. X-ray exposure time was 6-58 seconds, averaging 22 seconds. The blood loss was less than Ⅰ00 ml. The fracture union was achieved in 3 months. No nonunion, talus avascular necrosis or joint surface collapse occurred. Postoperative follow-up was from Ⅰ to 25 months. According to Hawkins score, excellent result was found in 6 type Ⅱ cases and Ⅰ type Ⅲ case; good result in I type Ⅲ case with both medial and lateral malleolar fracture, Ⅰ type Ⅲ with medial malleolus fractures and Ⅰ open type Ⅲ; fair result in Ⅰ open type Ⅳ with lateral malleolus fracture. Conclusions ： By using the multl-slice spiral CT image 3D reconstruction associated with radiography to diagnose and treat severe talar neck fractures, the accuracy of diagnosis can be improved obviously. Based on this technique, more consummate operational plan can be designed and performed so as to achieve a better therapeutic effect.     

Changes in epidemiology and treatment of pelvic ring fractures in Germany: an analysis on data of German Pelvic Multicenter Study Groups I and III (DGU/AO)

The diagnosis and treatment of pelvic ring injuries is demanding. Therefore, standardized classifications characterizing the stability and severity of pelvic ring fractures are essential to define clear algorithms for the treatment of these injuries. The first part of this article provides an overview of the etiology and classification of pelvic ring injuries. We recommend the AO classification to assess the stability of pelvic ring fractures. This classification includes 3 types of pelvic ring fractures: stable fractures (type A), fractures with only rotational instability (type B), and fractures with complete (rotational and translational) instability. To describe the severity of the injury, pelvic ring fractures can be classified as plain pelvic fractures, which include fractures with osteoligamentous instability, but without significant concomitant injuries to the soft tissue, versus complex pelvic fractures, which are combined with severe peripelvic soft tissue lesions.While plain pelvic fractures allow thorough clinical and radiological diagnostics, complex pelvic traumata represent a life threatening situation for the patient, which needs immediate emergency measures. In the second part of the this review we present current data of the German Pelvic Multicenter Study III (DGU/AO) on the epidemiology and treatment of pelvic ring injuries deriving from a study population of more than 3000 patients. In addition, we compare the present data with those of the German Pelvic Multicenter Study I and highlight changes in the epidemiology and treatment of pelvic ring fractures during the past decades. Taken together, we could observe an increasing number of elderly patients sustaining pelvic ring fractures.Regarding the treatment of pelvic ring fractures we found a rising use of external fixators and SI screws, while the number of laparotomies has markedly decreased.     

Beckenfrakturen in der unfallchirurgischen Klinik Kiel

48 injuries to the pelvis were treated from January 1991 through December 1991. We found 45 fractures of the pelvic ring with associated acetabular fractures in 15 cases and three isolated acetabular lesions. 19 injuries were caused by car accidents, 18 fractures resulted from a fall, especially in older patients. Isolated fractures of the pelvis occurred in 18 cases. The average total severity of the injuries was 19.7 points according to the Hannover Polytrauma Score (PTS). Every fracture was classified using the Tile-classification. There were 15 (33%) Tile A lesions, 18 (40%) Tile B fractures and twelve (27%) type C pelvic ring injuries. In 18 cases surgery was the method of treatment. Seven out of 18 injuries to the acetabulum were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. In ten patients the unstable pelvic ring was fixed by means of an external fixator. To do so, a pair of 6 mm diameter pins were placed on both sides in the supraacetabular region of the iliac bone directed towards the sacroiliac joints. We used a triangular form of external fixation. An open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was necessary in five cases, one injury required a combination of external and internal procedures. There were 14 cases in which we found sacral fractures as an additional dorsal lesions. Nine of 14 sacral fractures were recognized only by CT examination. In elevent cases the conventional radiographs showed simple anterior pelvic ring fractures while the CT examination revealed an additional lesion of the sacroiliac joint in nine of these cases. A CT examination of every pelvic fracture is therefore indispensable. Complications occurred in eight of 18 patients treated surgically, a further operation was necessary in three of these cases.     

胫骨平台骨折螺旋CT重建对手术治疗的 指导意义

目的：根据螺旋CT重建图像进行胫骨平台骨折分型,探讨骨折分型对手术治疗方法的指导意义。方法：胫骨平台骨折患者126例,男95例,女31例;年龄23—58岁,平均33．5岁。所有患者行螺旋CT扫描重建图像,提出分型方法。其中中央压缩型13例,劈裂型8例,劈裂压缩型79例,粉碎型（性）26例。并根据骨折分型选择手术入路及骨折固定方法。结果：126例患者经0．5～4年,平均1．2年的随访。根据Hohl膝关节功能评价方法对手术前后进行评分统计。手术前后疼痛、主动活动能力及活动范围差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）;稳定性及患者自我评价差异也具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：根据螺旋CT重建图像进行胫骨平台骨折分型能正确的指导手术入路、复位和内固定的选择,并能明显提高治疗效果。