Lindou氏病超声表现1例

患者女，50岁。因头痛、头晕2d伴上腹部疼痛就诊，常规腹部超声检查见胰腺增大，内部可见多个大小不等的无回声区，大者约1．5cm×2．0cm（图1）。左肾上段偏后方实质内见一约2．1cm×2．3cm的高回声区，边界清晰，内部回声均质（图2），可见血流信号。右肾上极可见一约1．7cm×2．0cm的无回声区，边界清晰，内回声均质，后方回声增强。超声考虑为Lindou氏综合症，进一步行头颅CT检查见小脑左半球约2．5cm×3．0cm低密度灶，诊断小脑实性占位。     

胃壁支气管源性囊肿1例

患者女。50岁．反复上腹痛3个月余。超声提示：胃小弯侧胃外胰腺上方可见大小3．0cm×2．8cm极低回声团，边界清楚，与胰体无分界。超声诊断：胰体上方占位。CT表现：左侧胃底部胃外见-囊性病灶（图1A）．大小约3．5cm×3．4cm×3．3cm．类椭圆形，境界清晰，边缘光滑锐利，膨胀性生长，胃底部胃壁受压内陷，病灶与胃壁不可明显分开，     

睾丸表皮样囊肿超声表现1例

患者男，18岁，右侧腰区间歇性绞痛3个月，发现左侧阴囊包块1周。体格检查：阴囊皮肤无红肿，左侧睾丸略增大，约4cm×3cm×3cm，中心部位质地硬。表面欠光滑，触痛（＋）；右侧阴囊正常。阴囊CT检查提示左侧睾丸肿瘤可能性大。血HCG值正常。超声检查示：右侧睾丸大小3．8cm×1．5cm，包膜光整，实质回声均匀；左侧睾丸大小4．9cm×1．8cm，较右侧大，包膜光整．实质回声不均匀，其内可见一大小约2．9cm×2．1cm×1．8cm的混合性团状回声，边界清，形态不规则，高回声周围可见低回声包饶，部分呈高回声与低回声交替分布的层状结构，包块后方回声增强（图1）。     

右肾异位肾并发育畸形误诊肾占位超声表现1例

患者男，28岁。因多汗、间断性血压增高来我院就诊。二维超声检查（图1）示：右肾区未探及肾脏回声，而于右侧髂窝区可探及大小为7．7cm×3．6cm的肾脏回声,边界清晰,实质呈低回声，集合系统排列尚规整。于右肾上极可见大小为5．7cm×5．5cm的低回卢团．形态不规整，旱分叶状，内部回卢欠均匀，并与有肾上极相连。     

肾脏囊性成熟性畸胎瘤1例

患者，男，42岁。2个月前出现阵发性右上腹疼痛不适，查体发现右上腹一拳头大小包块，质中，无压痛，不能推动。CT平扫：右肾上极见一大小约18cm×18cm×20cm的类圆形占位，以脂肪密度为主．内见软组织密度及团块钙化灶，包膜呈条状及弧形钙化（图1、2）。手术：肿块位于右肾上极．为囊实性。囊内为黄白色黏稠液体约600ml，有大量毛发，囊壁钙化。病理诊断：右肾上极囊性成熟性畸胎瘤（图3）。     

其他腹部疾病误诊为阑尾脓肿二例

1病例资料 【例1】男,45岁。因右腰部及右下腹突发疼痛急诊搀扶入院。查体：右肾区叩击痛,右下腹压痛、反跳痛,拒按。查血白细胞11×10^9／L;尿白细胞（＋）,红细胞（＋＋＋）。临床考虑右输尿管结石,阑尾炎待除外。超声检查示右肾增大,实质内可见多个大小不等的高回声肿块,边界清晰,较大者位于右肾上极,2．8cm×2．0cm大小,周边可见不完整的液性暗区环绕。右下腹阑尾区可见一巨大实性肿块,边界不清,内部回声不均,     

肝脏寄生虫病误诊肝癌1例

患者女．65岁．右上腹疼痛40余天。血常规：WBC8．5×10^9／L,中性粒细胞58．2％,嗜酸性粒细胞21．9％,淋巴细胞14．2％。超声检查：肝脏大小形态正常,肝实质回声尚可,于肝右前叶中部、第一肝门部及肝右前叶下段可见3．2cm×2．8cm、2．4cm×1．5cm、3．3cm×1．7cm偏低回声团块（图1）,边界不清,形态不规则,内回声不均,     

膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤误诊一例报告

【病例】男,65岁。因间断肉眼血尿1个月入院。查体：心率80／min,血压110／70mmHg。未发现明显异常。B超检查示膀胱左侧壁见-2cm×2cm×1．5cm大小的强回声肿块,边界清,内部光点均匀;CT扫描示膀胱左侧壁有-2．5cm×2．0cm×1．5cm大小的占位病变,边界清,密度较均匀。     

B超诊断双肾多发性错构瘤并发平滑肌纤维血管瘤1例

患者男性、48岁。因慢性腹泻2年再发半月入院。查体：未发现异常。多次尿常规检查正常。B起检查：肝胆牌、前列腺均未见异常回声，双肾形态尚正常，左肾10．2cm×4．1cm，右肾11．1cm×5．5cm。左肾中极与上极各见一1．2cm×1．1cm及2．1cm×2．0cm小强光团回声，边界清晰，内部回声尚匀、后方无声影，集合系统未见分离。右肾实质内可见多个大小不等强光团回声，边界清晰、内部回声尚均、后方无声影，其中上极一个大小为1．5cm×1.4cm，中下极一个为1．6cm×1．6cm。右肾中极近肾门处可见一3．1cm×3．7cm低回声区，形态不规则、边界尚清晰…     

胎儿巨大食管憩室超声表现1例

孕妇，33岁。孕37周，常规孕检，超声示：胎儿双顶径约9．2cm，脊柱连续性完好，心脏四腔心切面可见，腹腔未见异常回声。于胎儿颈部邻近脊柱的左侧可见大小约4．1cm×3．4cm×2．9cm无回声，形态欠规则，腔内可见液性暗区及少许细点状等回声，（肿物未向皮肤表面膨出），见图1。超声诊断：胎儿颈部囊肿。出生后手术证实为食管憩室。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.