学生营养状况调查与分析

目的 :了解深圳市宝安区中小学生营养状况动态变化。方法 :对该区 1996～ 2 0 0 2年 7年间中小学生营养状况进行动态分析。结果 :中小学生 7年间营养不良率平均为 10 .7% ,但呈逐年上升趋势 ;而肥胖率平均为 5 .1%。男生平均营养不良率低于女生差异有极显著性 (χ2 =12 40 .49,P<0 .0 0 5 )。男女平均肥胖率高于女生差异有极显著性 (χ2 =3 43 .3 3 ,P<0 .0 0 5 )。学生营养不良率高峰出现在中学阶段 ,而肥胖率高峰出现在小学高年级。结论 :深圳市宝安区中小学生营养不良和肥胖问题同时存在 ,应采取有效措施     

韶关铁路中小学生营养状况分析

目的　了解韶关铁路中小学生营养状况动态变化。　方法　对 1997～ 2 0 0 1年 5年间韶关铁路中小学生营养状况进行动态分析。　结果　中小学生营养不良率年平均为 2 9.10 % ,主要以轻度营养不良为主 (占86 .30 % ) ,总体呈上升趋势 ;肥胖率年平均为 5 .17% ,呈逐年上升趋势 ;不同性别的学生营养不良率为女生高于男生 ,而肥胖率则男生高于女生 ;不同学习阶段营养不良率为小学生 <初中生 <高中生 ;学生营养不良率高峰出现在小学五年级、初中三年级及高中三年级 ,肥胖高峰出现在初中 ;城市与沿线学生营养不良率无明显差异 ,肥胖率则城市高于沿线学生。　结论　韶关铁路中小学生营养状况不容忽视     

深圳市福田区1993～2000年中小学生营养状况

目的：了解深圳市福田区中小学生营养状况动态变化。方法：对该区1993－2000年8年间中小学生营养状况进行动态分析。结果：中小学生8年间营养不良率平均为3．16％，以轻度营养不良为主（92．31％），且呈逐年下降趋势；而肥胖率平均为10．91％，呈逐年上升趋势。男生中、重度及轻度营养不良率均显低于女生（χ^2分别为58．49、269．47，P值均小于0．005）；超重及肥胖男生均显高于女生（χ^2分别为87．67、472．18，P值均小于0．005）。学生营养不良率高峰出现在小学高年龄及初中低年龄，而肥胖率高峰出现在高中阶段。     

歙县2000～2002年中小学生营养状况评价

目的　了解歙县中小学生营养状况。方法　采用身高标准体重法对 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年歙县中小学生的营养状况进行评价。结果　中小学生营养不良率为 2 5 .0 6 % ,肥胖率为 3.0 6 % ;营养不良率呈下降趋势 ,肥胖率呈上升趋势 ;男生与女生营养状况差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　歙县中小学生营养状况问题不容忽视。     

漳浦县1994-2003年中小学生营养状况分析

[目的]了解漳浦县中小学生营养状况动态变化。[方法]对该县1994-2003年10年间中小学生营养状况进行动态分析。[结果]我县中小学生10年间营养不良率平均为34.0%(其中轻度为29.0%,中重度为4.9%),以轻度营养不良为主(85.5%)。1994—1998年呈逐年上升趋势,1999—2003年呈逐年下降趋势,肥胖率平均为6.2%,呈逐年上升趋势。男生轻度及中重度营养不良率均低于女生(2分别为259.44、288.82,P值均<0.005);男女生超重类似(2=3.30,P>0.05),肥胖男生高于女生(2=55.02,P<0.005)。学生营养不良率高峰出现在小学高年级及初中阶段,而肥胖率高峰出现在小学4、5和6年级。[结论]我县中小学生营养状况问题不容忽视。预防的重点应放在小学4、5和6年级及初中阶段。     

茂名市市区2003-2008年中小学生营养状况分析

目的了解茂名市市区中小学生近6年来的营养状况及其变化趋势,为改善学生的营养状况,制定营养不良和肥胖的防治措施提供参考。方法对茂名市市区2003-2008年中小学生营养状况检查结果进行统计学分析。结果中小学生营养不良率为17.93%,肥胖率为5.87%;营养不良率女生明显高于男生（χ^2=280.66,P〈0.01）,中学生高于小学生;肥胖率男生明显高于女生（χ^2=686.93,P〈0.01）,中学生低于小学生;中小学生营养不良检出率呈逐年下降的趋势（χ^2=8039.62,P〈0.01）,肥胖检出率呈逐年上升的趋势（χ^2=690.52,P〈0.01）。结论茂名市市区中小学生营养不良和肥胖现象并存,要根据不同的学习阶段、不同性别制定不同的防治措施。     

哈密铁路分局中小学生2002～2003年营养状况

目的　了解哈密铁路分局所辖中小学生营养状况 ,为该地中小学生营养性疾病的防治提供依据。方法　测量哈密铁路分局1 2 0 2 9名 7～ 1 8岁学生的身高、体重 ,采用《学生生长发育监测信息管理与评价系统》进行营养状况评价。结果　中小学生营养不良率为2 1 .56%,低于全国城市学生平均水平 (2 8.96 %) (u =1 7.2 9,P <0 .0 1 ) ;肥胖率为 1 5 .1 2 %,超重率为 1 0 .99%,高于全国城市学生 (肥胖率为6 .39%,超重率为 9.92 %) (u值分别为 35 .94,3 .76 ,P值均 <0 .0 1 )。营养不良率女生 >男生 ,中学生 >小学生 ;肥胖率男生 >女生 ,初中生>小学生和高中生 ;超重率小学生 >高中生。营养不良、肥胖、超重的高峰年龄分别为 1 8,1 1和 9岁。结论　哈密铁路分局学生肥胖率及超重率处于较高水平 ,应采取综合性干预措施 ,改善学生营养状况。     

潮阳市1996～2003年中小学生营养状况分析

目的　了解潮阳市中小学生营养状况 ,为科学地指导学生保健工作提供依据。方法　1 996～ 2 0 0 3年对潮阳市 31所中小学生进行身高体重测量 ,用身高标准体重法评价营养状况。结果　共调查 6 4 7898名中小学生 ,其平均营养不良率在 1 7 1 1 %～ 2 4 71 %之间 ,平均检出率为 2 0 4 4 % ,肥胖率波动在 1 36 %～ 2 75 %之间 ,平均检出率为 1 82 %。营养不良率女生高于男生 ,而肥胖率男生高于女生 ;营养不良率城市学生低于乡镇学生 ,肥胖率城市学生高于乡镇学生 ,不同学段学生的营养不良率及肥胖率不一 (P <0 0 1 )。结论　预防控制学生营养不良重点是乡镇学生、初中生及女学生 ,肥胖的预防控制重点是城镇小学生     

2540名中小学生营养状况调查分析

目的了解阜阳市中小学生营养现状。方法以中国7～22岁学生身高标准体重值作为评价标准对辖区内的2 540名中小学生营养状况进行分析,评价指标为营养不良率,超重率和肥胖率。结果学生营养不良率为32.44%,肥胖率为4.80%,超重率4.21%;中学生营养不良率高于小学生,超重率和肥胖率小学生高于中学生,差异有统计学意义(χ2超重=12.87,P0.01;χ2肥胖=10.19,P0.01);女生营养不良率高于男生,超重率和肥胖率男生高于女生;城市学生营养不良率、超重率和肥胖率均高于农村学生,差异均有统计学意义。结论中小学生营养过剩和营养不良并存,学校、家庭和社会应加强对学生进行合理膳食指导。     

宁明县中小学生营养状况

目的了解宁明县中小学生的营养状况。方法对2001年宁明县城所属6所中小学学生健康体检资料进行分析 ,采用身高标准体重法分析评价学生的营养状况。结果学生的营养不良率为31.25% ,肥胖率为3.61% ,中小学生营养不良以轻度营养不良为主 (85.78% ) ;学生营养不良率女生高于男生 (χ2=22.66 ,P<0.01) ,肥胖率男生高于女生 (χ2=7.17 ,P<0.01)。结论学生营养不良率与全国水平基本相同 ,而超重、肥胖在全国处于较高水平。提示营养不良与肥胖应为学生常见病防治重点     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.