Recurrent transfusion-related acute lung injury

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a rare condition that is commonly associated with the transfusion of donor plasma containing WBC antibodies. Biologically active lipids that accumulate during storage of RBCs and platelets may also cause TRALI. There has been only one previously reported case of recurrent TRALI. CASE REPORT: A patient received a transfusion 2 days after undergoing hysterectomy; she developed TRALI after receiving the transfusion. The patient recovered after being on ventilation for 6 days but received an additional transfusion and had a second episode of TRALI, which required further ventilation. RESULTS: Laboratory investigation of the first episode of TRALI suggested the presence of HLA-A2 (N = 1) and granulocyte-specific IgM antibodies (N = 2) in the sera from three of the donors. All three sera reacted in crossmatch studies with the patient's granulocytes and lymphocytes. Lymphocyte-specific IgG antibodies were detected in the patient's serum. There was no evidence to suggest the involvement of WBC antibodies in the second episode of TRALI. Antibody screening of the donors' samples and both forward and reverse crossmatch studies were negative. CONCLUSION: The first episode of TRALI seems to be due to the action of HLA-A2 and granulocyte-specific IgM antibodies. The second episode may have been due to the action of lipid neutrophil-priming agents in the donors' units in association with the patient's underlying pulmonary condition (i.e., recovering from lung injury). TRALI can recur if a patient requires further transfusion support shortly after an initial episode of TRALI.     

HLA class II antibodies in transfusion-related acute lung injury

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a serious, sometimes fatal, complication of transfusion. Granulocyte and HLA class I antibodies present in blood donors have been associated with TRALI. HLA class II antibodies have recently been described in a few cases of TRALI. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Donors involved in TRALI reactions reported to a blood center over an 18-month period were tested for HLA class I and II antibodies as well as granulocyte antibodies, if HLA antibodies were not identified. RESULTS: HLA class II antibodies were identified, in at least one donor, in 7 (64%) of 11 cases of TRALI. HLA class I antibodies were identified in combination with HLA class II antibodies in 5 of these 7 cases. HLA class I antibodies were exclusively identified in 2 cases. Granulocyte antibodies were identified in 1 case, and no antibodies were identified in another. CONCLUSION: In addition to HLA class I antibodies, HLA class II antibodies are associated with TRALI. Testing of donors for HLA class II antibodies as well as HLA class I and granulocyte antibodies is recommended as part of the investigation of suspected cases of TRALI.     

Impact of a transfusion-related acute lung injury reduction strategy on apheresis platelet collections

Background: Most blood centers in the US have implemented transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) mitigation strategies for apheresis platelet (AP) donations based on theoretical impact of donor loss. The aim of this study is to determine the actual impact of a TRALI mitigation strategy in a US blood center. Study Design and Methods: Daily collection events and resulting products were retrospectively obtained before and after implementation of a TRALI reduction strategy (HLA antibody testing female AP donors four or more pregnancies) for comparison. The retention rate of reassigned donors was determined by reviewing whole blood (WB) and/or apheresis red blood cell (AR) donations post reassignment. Data were obtained to compare donor frequency and split rate from reassigned (historical data) and new AP donors. Results: Mean daily collections (27.7 vs. 30.0) and total products (12,211 vs. 12,957) were significantly higher after implementation, but the number of products/collection event was lower (1.49 vs. 1.40). Mean collections/donor/year (4.0 vs. 1.8) and split rate (36% vs. 27%) were historically higher for reassigned (n = 45) versus new AP donors (n = 1,090). Seventy‐three of 112 donors (65%) testing positive for HLA antibodies returned for WB or AR donations, 31 of 45 (69%) active AP donors returned. Conclusions: Donor loss may not be adequate to estimate impact on AP inventory, as donation characteristics may differ between new donors and those reassigned. We show successful implementation of a TRALI mitigation strategy by increasing collection goals and AP donor recruitment efforts beyond donor loss. Retaining the majority of reassigned donors is feasible. J. Clin. Apheresis 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

输血相关性急性肺损伤2例并文献复习

目的 探讨输血相关性急性肺损伤(TRALI)的临床表现、治疗及预后.方法 报道2例致死性TRALI的临床资料和治疗经过.并复习相关文献.结果 2例患者在输血后出现明显的呼吸困难、低氧血症、低血压等非心源性肺水肿表现,病情发展迅速,均抢救无效死亡.结论 TRALI死亡率高,危害性大,临床应提高对其的防范意识.     

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) following autologous stem cell transplant for relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia: a case report and review of the literature

A fatal case of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) in a child post-autologous stem cell transplant for relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia is described. The implicated product was a single unit platelet concentrate containing anti-HLA A2 and granulocyte-specific anti-NA1 antibodies. The recipient typed as HLA A2/A2, NA1/NA1. This is the first reported case of TRALI following a transplant procedure for a haematological condition. It is also unusual in that the patient failed to make a full recovery and that two relevant leucocyte antibodies of clear specificity were identified in the donor plasma. The literature relating to the pathophysiology, clinical sequelae and management of TRALI is reviewed.     

Transfusion-related acute lung injury in the paediatric patient: Two case reports and a review of the literature

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is increasingly recognized as a major complication of transfusion therapy; it was the leading cause of transfusion-related fatalities in the United States in 2003. Most cases of TRALI that have been reported are in adult patients. We present two cases of TRALI that occurred in children and review the existing literature of paediatric TRALI. The paediatric TRALI case reports highlight two laboratory findings that can help in the diagnosis of TRALI: transient leucopenia and an elevated pulmonary oedema fluid/plasma protein ratio. These two simple diagnostic tests can help rule out other diagnoses and add confidence to the clinical diagnosis of TRALI. Finally, our first case also highlights the potential danger of directed maternal blood donations, which may increase the risk of paediatric TRALI.     

Transfusion-related acute lung injury after the infusion of IVIG

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a well-characterized, serious complication of blood component therapy in hospitalized patients. The signs and symptoms are often attributed to other clinical aspects of a patient's condition, and therefore TRALI may go unrecognized. IVIG is a pooled plasma derivative commonly used in the outpatient setting. Respiratory complications of IVIG infusion have typically been attributed to volume overload or allergic and vasomotor reactions. TRALI has never been documented to occur after IVIG infusion. CASE REPORT: A 23-year-old man with multifocal motor neuropathy developed noncardiogenic pulmonary edema 6 hours after receiving 90 g of IVIG by a rapid-infusion protocol. He fully recovered in 5 days with nasal oxygen and bed rest. Granulocyte-associated IgG was detected in his blood 14 and 27 weeks after the event. The lots of IVIG that he received were found to contain a low-titer, panreactive, granulocyte antibody, mostly IgG. CONCLUSION: This is the first documented case of TRALI after IVIG infusion. An autoimmune syndrome, including autoantibody-coated granulocytes, may have been a priming stimulus for granulocyte interaction with pulmonary capillary endothelium. Rapid infusion of a large quantity of granulocyte antibody may have precipitated TRALI. A pooled plasma product or derivative may result in TRALI.     

中和IL-17A对输血相关急性肺损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的观察IL-17A在输血相关急性肺损伤小鼠中的表达,探讨中和IL-17A对输血相关急性肺损伤小鼠的影响。方法采用"二次打击"(LPS+MHC-Ⅰm Ab)模型,8~10周BALB/C雄性小鼠32只,应用随机数据表完全随机分成4组:正常(normal)组、LPS+MHC-Ⅰm Ab组、LPS+isotype组、LPS+PBS组,每组8只。腹腔注射LPS 0.1 mg/kg,24 h后尾静脉分别给予MHC-Ⅰm Ab(1 mg/kg)或等体积的isotype和PBS,2 h后检测肺泡灌洗液和外周血中IL-17的表达。另选取32只BALB/C雄性小鼠,观察anti-IL-17A抗体预处理对肺损伤的影响,随机分为4组:normal组、LPS+MHC-Ⅰm Ab+anti-IL-17A组、LPS+MHC-Ⅰm Ab+isotype组、LPS+MHC-Ⅰm Ab+PBS组,提前1 h尾静脉注射anti-IL-17A(50μg/只)、isotype(50μg/只)或等体积的PBS,二次打击造模后2 h取材,测定肺泡灌洗液中蛋白浓度和肺干湿重比,检测肺泡灌洗液和外周血中细胞因子水平,计数肺脏中性粒细胞,评估各组小鼠肺损伤和炎症反应程度。数据采用Prism5.0(Graph Pad Software,USA)软件包进行统计学处理。结果与其他三种相比,二次打击模型(LPS+MHC-Ⅰm Ab)组小鼠肺泡灌洗液和外周血中IL-17A表达显著升高,且肺组织中性粒细胞数明显增多。anti-IL-17A预处理后,肺组织中性粒细胞浸润减少,肺干湿重比减小,肺泡灌洗液蛋白含量降低,外周血促炎因子水平显著下调。结论 IL-17A在输血相关急性肺损伤中显著升高,anti-IL-17A预处理后显著改善输血相关急性肺损伤小鼠炎症反应和肺组织损伤。     

Transfusion-related acute lung injury during plasma exchange: Suspecting the unsuspected

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) has been implicated with use of almost all types of blood products that contain variable amounts of plasma. Even though the reported incidence of TRALI is rare, its overall occurrence is thought to be more common, as less severe cases remain unreported. More TRALI cases are unrecognized and misdiagnosed due to lack of suspicion and absence of appropriate investigation. There are exceedingly rare reports of TRALI during plasma exchange despite the fact that liters of plasma may be used for replacement during a single procedure. We describe a mild case of TRALI during plasma exchange for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in a 56-year-old woman, status post autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. She developed severe rigors, peripheral cyanosis, hypoxia, and a transient diffuse pulmonary infiltrate. Of the 10 U of plasma used, one was from a multiparous female donor with HLA antibodies reactive with patient's granulocytes in immunofluorescence and agglutination assays. This case emphasizes the fact that the physicians and apheresis staff should consider TRALI in the differential diagnosis for patients developing respiratory distress during or soon after the procedure. Diagnosing TRALI has implications not only for the plasma exchange recipient, but also for the management of donors found to have leukocyte antibodies.     

Acute Respiratory Failure during Routine Blood Transfusion: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Background

Transfusion medicine is a common practice in the emergency department (ED) and other outpatient settings, and may be complicated by a low rate of potentially fatal transfusion-related reactions.

Objectives

This article presents a case of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) diagnosed and treated in the ED and reviews the differential diagnosis of acute transfusion reactions.

Case Report

A 74-year-old woman presented to the ED from the hospital's transfusion center with fever and respiratory distress immediately after the start of her second unit of red blood cell transfusion. Chest radiograph demonstrated a pattern consistent with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). After 48 h of respiratory support and antibiotic therapy, the patient's condition improved.

Conclusion

TRALI is a clinical diagnosis with presentation similar to that of ARDS. Prompt differentiation from other transfusion reactions and initiation of appropriate treatment is crucial in minimizing the morbidity and mortality associated with this syndrome.     

输血相关急性肺损伤大鼠模型建立及肺组织病理研究

目的 建立输注人类血浆大鼠输血相关急性肺损伤(TRALI)模型并分析其肺组织病理特点.方法 将分离存储21 d后人AB型全血中的血浆,经静脉输注给经脂多糖预处理后的雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠,建立TRALI 模型;分析大鼠肺组织病理及湿干比变化.结果 输注了从存储后人全血中分离血浆的大鼠成功建立起TRALI模型,大鼠肺组织出现肺泡间隔增厚、肺泡内纤维蛋白浸润、肺泡内出血、支气管壁增厚等病理变化,肺组织湿干比增高等改变.结论 所建立的输注(人)存储后全血中分离的血浆的TRALI大鼠模型具有可行性、实用性与稳定性等特点,为诊断和治疗TRALI提供了实验基础.     

Transfusion-related acute lung injury: a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura treatment-associated case report and concise review

Blood products are frequently required immediately prior to, during, or just after an apheresis procedure. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is now the leading cause of transfusion-related mortality, surpassing ABO-incompatible hemolytic reactions. The reported incidence of TRALI varies but is estimated at 1 in 5,000 transfusions. The true incidence could be higher because of under-reporting and under-diagnosis. Plasma is the most frequently implicated blood product. While the pathogenesis of TRALI appears multifactorial, one contributing factor seems to be donor antibodies to cognate recipient neutrophil antigens. Biologically active neutrophil-priming substances may also play a role. New diagnostic criteria have recently been proposed to aid in the diagnosis of TRALI. We report a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) treatment-associated case of TRALI and review the history, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of this syndrome. Current risk reduction strategies are also discussed.     

肺表面活性物质在急性油酸性肺损伤时的变化

目的：探讨肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）系统在急性油酸（ＯＡ）性肺损伤时变化的作用机制。方法：３６只新西兰白兔经麻醉、气管切开插管后给予机械通气。动物随机分成２组（每组１８只）,即油酸致急性肺损伤组（ＯＡ组）和生理盐水对照组（ＮＳ组）。观察１、２和４小时（各时间点动物均为６只）,监测静态胸肺总顺应性（ＴＲＣ）、肺功能残气量（ＦＲＣ）、动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ２）和血清肺表面活性物质蛋白Ａ（ＳＰ－Ａ）浓度,测定     

单侧肺滴入酸后急性肺损伤的研究

目的：观察酸滴入侧的急性肺损伤（ＡＬＩ）的形成及对测肺有无损伤形成。方法：１８只新西兰兔随机分为生理盐水（ＮＳ）滴入对照组和盐酸入损伤组。以向右肺内滴入ＮＳ或ＨＣｌ后的血气、气道压力、动静态顺应性、肺湿／干比（Ｗ／Ｄ）和支气管肺泡灌洗液（ＢＡＬＦ）中总蛋白（ＴＰ）、总磷脂（ＴＰＬ）、饱和磷脂占总磷脂比（ＤＳＰＣ／ＴＰＬ）及肺组织形态学来判断有无ＡＬＩ及其严重程度。结果：损伤组在酸滴入后ＰａＯ２较基     

半相合造血干细胞移植中发生的输血相关急性肺损伤:1例病例报告附文献复习

目的探讨HLA半相合造血干细胞移植过程中发生输血相关急性肺损伤(TRALI)的风险性及其处理、预防措施。方法对1名行HLA半相合造血干细胞移植治疗的患者在移植过程中出现的TRALI的临床发病特点、实验室检查、影像检查、治疗措施进行分析,并对相关文献做复习。结果发现该患者在移植过程中因输注机采新鲜血小板而导致TRALI,经积极抢救无效,最终病情恶化死亡。结论半相合造血干细胞移植过程中若反复输血(包括血液成分),存在发生TRALI的较大风险,积极有效的预防和及时的处理措施显得尤为必要。     

Role of anti-human leucocyte antigen class II alloantibody and monocytes in development of transfusion-related acute lung injury

Recently, evidence implicating the roles of the anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II antibody in the development of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), which is one of the most serious possible side effects of transfusion, has been accumulating. The aim of this study is to clarify the roles of the anti-HLA DR alloantibody in TRALI development. Cultured human lung microvascular endothelial (LME) cells were incubated with either HLA-DR15-positive or HLA-DR15-negative monocytes together with serum from a single multiparous donor previously implicated in a clinical case of TRALI and known to contain anti-HLA DR15 antibody. Production of soluble leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) was measured in the supernatant and found to be markedly increased in the presence of HLA-DR15-positive monocytes but not with the HLA-DR15-negative monocytes or in the absence of LME cells. The vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in LME cells and leucocyte-function-associated molecule-1 (LFA-1) expression in HLA-DR15-positive monocytes were notably enhanced after combined culture of LME cells, HLA-DR15-positive monocytes and TRALI-inducing anti-HLA DR15 antibody-positive serum. In conclusion, anti-HLA DR alloantibodies may be implicated in LME dysfunction that leads to TRALI, in a monocyte-dependent manner.     

脓毒症急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织细胞凋亡的研究

目的观察脓毒症急性肺损伤（ALI）大鼠肺组织的细胞凋亡情况。方法24只SPF级SD大鼠采用盲肠结扎穿孔术（CLP）复制脓毒症模型,分别于CLP后0、12、36和72h颈椎脱臼法处死大鼠,取肺组织。行肺组织HE染色,观察病理变化,以透射电镜、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果HE染色可见,CLP后12、36、72h肺泡间隔增宽,间质充血水肿,肺泡腔变窄,炎症细胞渗出。TUNEL法检测发现,CLP后12、36、72h肺组织内细胞凋亡指数（Al）增加,其中36hAl值最高（P〈0．01）。透射电镜证实细胞凋亡的特征性改变。结论脓毒症大鼠肺组织的Al明显增加,细胞凋亡可能在脓毒症ALI发生、发展中起着重要作用。     

急性肺损伤大鼠海马内c-fos基因的表达

目的 :探讨急性肺损伤 (AL I)大鼠海马内 c fos基因的表达规律及其与急性肺损伤的关系 ,并观察氯丙嗪对二者的影响。方法 :用质量分数为 6 %的氯化铵腹腔注射 (0 .6 ml/ 10 0 g)复制大鼠 AL I模型 ,用氯丙嗪(10 mg/ kg)腹腔注射进行预防或治疗 ,然后用链酶卵白素 (SP)免疫组织化学法检测大鼠海马内 c fos基因的表达。结果 :AL I大鼠海马内有大量 c fos基因的表达 ,且呈现一定的时空规律 ,氯丙嗪可选择性抑制 c fos基因的表达并同时减轻肺损伤程度 ,预防作用明显优于治疗作用。结论 :氯化钠诱导的 AL I的发生与海马内c fos基因表达增加有关 ;氯丙嗪对该模型肺损伤具有理想的预防作用和较好的治疗作用 ,其机制可能与抑制海马内某些核团的 c fos基因表达有关