UV法测定吉非罗齐胶囊半成品的含量

目的：建立UV法测定吉非罗齐胶囊半成品中吉非罗齐的含量。方法：采用紫外分光光度法，在276nm波长处测定。结果：线性范围为0．035—0．104μg·ml^-1，r=0．9999；平均回收率为100．8％（n=3）。结论：此法快速、准确，可作为生产工艺监控的有效方法。     

紫外分光光度法测定吉非罗齐胶囊的含量

吉非罗齐胶囊（copsuleCempibrozil）是一种降血脂药。其含量测定方法有高效液相色谱（HPLC）法、滴定法。本文根据吉非罗齐乙醇溶液在276n。处有最大吸收的特点，设计用紫外分光光度法测定其含量。并与HPLC法进行了比较。该法平均回收率100．36％，RSD=0．42％。1仪器与试药仪器：岛津u。－260型紫外分光光度计，sp8810高效液相色谱仪，sP440O积分仪，sPrtral00紫外检测器。试药：吉非罗齐对照品由浙江豪森制药公司提供，含量99．87％；吉非罗齐胶囊由浙江豪森制药公司生产，规格015g；辅料均由浙江豪森制药公司提供；溶剂乙醇为分析…     

分光光度法测定风湿定胶囊中乌头碱含量

目的探讨风湿定胶囊中有毒成分乌头类生物碱的含量测定方法。方法用分光光度法测定乌头碱的含量，测定波长为412nm。结果乌头碱浓度在60．03～211．05μg／mL范围内与吸收度线性关系良好（r=0．9981），平均回收率为97．41％，RSD为1．87％。结论分光光度法简便、灵敏、准确，可用于乌头碱的质量控制。     

联立方程分光光度法测定氯柳酊中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量

目的本文建立一种同时测定制剂中多组分含量的分光光度法。方法应用联立方程分光光度法，不经分离直接测定氯柳酊中氯霉素和水杨酸的含量。测定波长为278.4nm和296.3nm。结果氯霉素的平均回收率及RSD为99．5％，0．48%；水杨酸的平均回收率及RSD为99．1％，0．58％。结论本法快速、简便、结果准确，适宜于医院制荆分析。     

奥硝唑氯己定含漱液的制备及疗效观察

目的 根据临床需要制备奥硝唑氯己定含漱液并对其疗效进行观察。方法 以奥硝唑和醋酸氯己定为主药，辅以甘油、薄荷油等制备含漱液；用系数倍率分光光度法，在（258±1）am波长处测定醋酸氯己定的含量，在（311±1）nm波长处测定奥硝唑的含量；以随机对照法考察该含漱液的疗效。结果 奥硝唑的平均回收率为99．94％（RSD=0．11％），醋酸氯己定的平均回收率为100．06％（RSD=0．17％）；奥硝唑氯己定含漱液治愈率为87％，甲硝唑氯己定含漱液治愈率为50％，二者差异具显著性（P〈0．05）。结论 奥硝唑氯己定含漱液制备工艺简单，质量容易控制，临床疗效确切，可作为医院制剂推广。     

分光光度法测定安痛定注射液中氨基比林含量

目的 采用分光光度法测定药物的氨基比林含量。方法在吐温-80存在的情况下,采用Fe^3＋、邻菲罗啉-硫氰化铵分光光度法测定药物的氨基比林含量,测定波长525nm。结果氨基比林的质量浓度在0～1．0×10^-2g／L范围内符合比尔定律,回归方程A=0．03804＋0．9009C（r=0．9928）,回收率范围为98．6％～102．3％。结论分光光度法简便、快速、灵敏,可用于测定安痛定中的氨基比林含量。     

一阶导数分光光度法测定维甲酸软膏的含量

目的：测定维甲酸软膏的含量。方法：采用一阶导数分光光度法。一阶导数光谱条件：波长范围200～500nm，振幅范围为-0．03～0．03，测定狭缝为1nm，波长间隔为2nm，扫描速度为快速扫描。结果：维甲酸质量浓度在1．98～6．91μg/ml时线性关系良好，相关系数为r=0．9992；平均回收率99．28％，RSD为0．33％。结论：一级导数分光光度法适用于维甲酸软膏的含量测定。     

普卢利沙星胶囊含量和溶出度测定方法研究

目的建立用紫外分光光度法测定普卢利沙星胶囊含量及溶出度的方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法，以0．1mol／L盐酸溶液作为溶剂，测定波长为274nm。结果线性范围为1～10μg／mL，r=0．9999，平均回收率为99．9％，RSD=0．29％（n=9）。结论紫外分光光度法测定普卢利沙星胶囊含量及溶出度的方法简便，结果准确。     

紫外分光光度法测定醋酸氟轻松搽剂中醋酸氟轻松的含量

目的：建立醋酸氟轻松搽剂中醋酸氟轻松含量的测定方法。方法：采用紫外分光光度法测定醋酸氟轻松搽剂中醋酸氟轻松的含量。结果：采用紫外分光光度法以238．4nm为检测波长，其回归方程为A=0．0326C 0．0002，r=0．9998。平均回收率=99．17％；RSD=2．55％。同时采用对照品比值法进行回收试验，其平均回收率=100．3％；RSD=0．85％。结论：采用紫外分光光度法测定醋酸氟轻松搽剂中醋酸氟轻松的含量，方法快捷，准确，可行。     

分光光度法测定制霉菌素栓中制霉菌素含量

目的 建立制霉菌素栓中制霉菌素含量测定的分光光度法.方法 采用分光光度法，检测波长为304nm．结果 制霉菌素浓度在19．912，99．56mg／L范围内与吸收度呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9999），平均回收率为99．38％，RSD为1．50％．结论 分光光度法简便、快捷．测量结果准确，适用于该制剂的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.