永久性栓塞微粒在治疗大肝癌中的初步研究

目的 研究在介入治疗大肝癌中使用PVA栓塞微粒的作用。方法 73例大肝癌患者，肿瘤直径在8．4～20．4cm，平均12．3cm。肝功能Child分级均为A级。在TACE治疗中除使用碘油和化疗药物外，还使用PVA栓塞微粒，71例为100mg，200rag和50mg各1例。观察术前和术后肝功能的变化和肿瘤缩小程度。结果肿瘤缩小程度：平均缩小3cm(P＜0．001)；对肝功能影响：术后总胆红素、直接胆红素、丙氨酸转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶均有不同程度的升高，血清白蛋白和白球蛋白比不同程度降低(P＜O．001)。在73例患者中，存活3l例，死亡42例。结论 在大肝癌介入治疗中，辅助使用PVA栓塞微粒后疗效肯定，肿瘤有明显缩小，同时可避免永久性栓塞主要肿瘤血管，以利于再次的介入治疗；但治疗后可造成一定程度的肝功能损害，应注意剂量和保护肝功能。     

58例产后出血的临床分析

产后出血是产科领域较常见的一种急性并发症，是引起产妇死亡的重要原因。 正常分娩一般出血50-200ml，胎儿娩出后24小时之内阴道出血量达到或超过400ml或更多者为产后出血。产后出血轻者影响产妇健康，重者可发生席汉氏综合症，甚至危及生命。我院于2001年1月至2004年1月共分娩1568例产妇，出血量400ml者为3．7％。     

冠状动脉造影术535例的安全性及综合文献资料分析

用Judkins法行选择性冠状动脉造影术（CAG），记录术中、术后出现的各种并发症。主要并发症定义为死亡、急性心肌梗死、急性心力衰竭、严重心律失常及血管并发症等。检索国内1999年以前有关CAG并发症方面的主要文献，综合分析其并发症发生率。535例患者心室颤动发生率0．37％（2／535），严重缓慢性心律失常发生率1．31％（7／535），血管并发症发生率1．31％（7／535），无死亡、急性心肌梗死、急性心力衰竭及动脉栓塞、夹层等严重并发症。主要并发症发生率2．99％（16／535），与文献资料3．01％（141／4679）比较差异无显著性。说明冠状动脉造影术有出现严重并发症可能，但通过有效防治其安全性临床是可以接受的。     

原发性肝癌外科手术联合血管内介入治疗的意义

目的：探讨原发性肝癌外科联合血管内介入治疗的意义。方法：69例原发性肝癌患者,41例先行手术切除,术后行TAI或TACE;28例先行TACE,7天-1月内再行手术切除,术后1—6月内再行TAI或TACE治疗。结果：全组病例共行236次TM或TACE,最多者11次,最少者1次,平均3．4次。手术及介入治疗均成功,未出现并发症。先行手术组1～2个月造影残癌者9例（9／41）,2年内发现复发病灶18例。先行TACE组手术后近期未发现残余病灶,2年内肿瘤复发为7例。AFP术后降至正常或接近正常范围为56例,术后存活率为：半年100％,1年89．3％,2年68．0％,3年57．3％,5年43．8％。结论：术前行TACE有利于争取手术机会和手术根治,防止术后复发。介入治疗和手术结合是提高肝癌整体疗效及病人存活率的重要方法。     

500例Budd-Chiari综合征介入治疗并发症分析

目的 探讨Budd—Chiari综合征(BCS)介入治疗术中及术后并发症发生的原因及预防措施。方法 1990—2002年接受介入治疗的BCS患者共500例，其中腔静脉阻塞型337例、肝静脉阻塞型77例、混合型86例。所有病例均行经皮穿刺球囊扩张术(PTA)，其中120例还做了血管内支架置入术。结果 发生介入治疗并发症共58例(11．6％)，死亡1例(0．2％)。术中并发症有误穿心包和心包填塞9例(1．8％)，其中心包填塞3例(死亡1例)；金属内支架脱落入右心房2例(0．4％)；胸腔出血1例(0．2％)；腹腔出血2例(0．4％)。术后并发症为急性再狭窄27例，其中单纯PTA后22例(5．8％，22／380)，PTA 内支架置入术后再狭窄5例(4．2％，5／120)。穿刺部位形成假性动脉瘤3例(0．6％)；穿刺点出血和局部血肿形成10例(2．0％)；穿刺侧下肢静脉血栓形成4例(0．8％)。结论 介入治疗BCS是1种安全有效的方法，应采取各种有效措施避免和减少并发症的发生。     

转移性肝癌的介入治疗

目的探讨转移性肝癌的介入治疗方法及疗效。方法收集我院2004年8月至2008年4月介入治疗的62例转移性肝癌,其中胃肠道肿瘤肝转移40例,肺癌肝转移10例,胰腺癌肝转移4例,鼻咽癌肝转移3例,胆总管癌肝转移3例,膀胱癌肝转移1例,前列腺癌肝转移1例。62例中,病灶为富血供27例,中等血供15例,乏血供20例,对于病灶为富血供、中等血供者进行肝动脉化疗栓塞;乏血供病灶进行置管持续灌注化疗,导管保留1周,间隔3～4周,次。介入治疗后,分析其临床症状体征及生存期。结果介入治疗后,所有患者临床症状体征不同程度地减轻,未发生与操作有关的严重并发症,通过随访,生存率0．5a96．8％,1a61．3％,2a41．9％,3a12．9％。结论对于不能手术的转移性肝癌依其不同血供选择合适的介入治疗方式,可达到较好的临床效果。     

肝移植术后早期胆道并发症65例诊治体会

目的探讨肝移植术后早期胆道并发症的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析了我院2006年5月～2008年3月以来成功实施的65例肝移植的临床资料。其中尸肝移植54例，亲体肝移植11例，女性占16．92％（11／65），男性占83．08％（54／65）。结果本组65例肝移植患者其中有8例3个月内出现胆道早期并发症，发生率为12．31％（8／65），分别为胆漏3例，胆汁瘤1例，肝内胆汁湖1例，胆泥形成1例，胆道狭窄2例。女性患者早期胆道并发症发生率为9．09％（1／11），男性患者早期胆道并发症发生率为12．96％（7／54）。8例患者中，留置T管引流1例，未留置T管引流7例。治愈6例，好转2例，死亡0例（0％）。其中3例术后3d内出现单纯胆漏，通过留置的腹腔引流管得到及时的诊断，同时应用留置的腹腔引流管持续引流4周～2月后得到治愈。5例经B超、MRCP、ERCP得到诊断；1例胆汁瘤和1例肝内胆汁湖通过B超引导下穿刺引流而得到治愈；1例胆泥形成通过ERCP进行胆道冲洗后好转出院；2例通过ERCP进行球囊扩张或者放置支架后好转出院。结论肝移植术后早期胆道并发症的诊断主要手段是留置的腹腔引流管、B超、MRCP、ERCP等：肝移植术中留置的腹腔引流管对于肝移植术后早期胆漏的治疗起着特殊的作用：B超引导下穿刺引流是治疗胆汁瘤、胆汁湖的重要手段；ERCP下胆道冲洗对胆泥形成非常有效．ERCP下球囊扩张或者放置胆道支架对胆道狭窄的治疗很有效。     

部分性脾栓塞术62例术后并发症原因分析及防治措施探讨

目的探讨部分性脾栓塞(PSE)治疗脾亢的术后并发症及其预防、处理。方法62例各种原因所致的脾亢患者，采用Seldinger技术，用明胶海绵颗粒或／和明胶海绵条行PSE。结果技术成功率loo％，术后发热、腹痛62例，恶心、呕吐30例，穿刺部分血肿7例，肝功损害加重5例，肝功一过性损害22例。栓塞面积40％～70％54例，15例出现少量胸水，1例少量胸水伴左下肺炎，栓塞面积70％以上8例，4例出现较严重的并发症。结论PSE治疗脾亢安全、疗效肯定，术后综合症常见，经一般对症处理好转；只要病例选择适当，技术操作熟练，栓塞面积恰当，严重并发症少见。     

改良后CT引导下肝、肾囊肿的硬化剂治疗

目的探讨改良后cT引导下肝、肾囊肿硬化剂治疗的临床价值。方法应用改良后肝、肾囊肿的硬化剂治疗技术治疗肝、肾囊肿共计147例，随访3个月～1a，观察其疗效及并发症发生率。结果硬化治疗后，全部患者随访证实，总有效率99．3％，囊肿消失率84．3％，并发症发生率12．2％。结论改良后cT引导下肝、肾囊肿硬化剂治疗是一种安全、有效的方法，提高了疗效，降低了并发症发生率。     

直肠癌根治术后复发癌联合脏器切除49例分析

为提高直肠癌根治术后复发癌的外科治疗效果，对49例直肠癌根治术后复发癌患者进行了盆腔脏器联合切除术，并分析其远期疗效，全组无手术死亡，手术切除率91．8％，手术并发症发生率12．2％，获得随访的41例3年生存率为85．5％，5年生存率为60．6％。研究结果表明，盆腔脏器联合切 除术为这类患者提供了再切除的机会，延长了生存期，严格的病例筛选、对尿路改道的技巧性操作以及盆底腹膜的妥善修复是保证手术成功，减少了术后并发症的关键。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术对不能手术切除的原发性肝癌的治疗效果

目的评价经导管动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）对不能手术切除的原发性肝癌（HCC）的治疗效果。方法 21例失去手术机会原发性HCC患者均经包括TACE为主的综合治疗,随后又经临床疗效随访。回顾性分析了所有患者的临床表现、治疗手段以及疗效随防资料。结果继TACE为主的综合治疗后,所有患者的主要症状与体征均得到有效控制或明显改善。本组患者TACE术后6,12和24个月时的生存率分别为100%,71.42%和61.90%。未发生与操作本身有关的严重并发症。结论 TACE可作为治疗不能手术切除的原发性HCC综合治疗中的主要手段。     

超声引导下经皮微波消融治疗膈顶部肝癌的疗效观察

目的探讨超声引导下经皮微波消融(MWA)治疗膈顶部肝肿瘤的疗效及应用价值。方法对2011年3月-2017年12月期间接受超声引导下MWA治疗的133例隔顶部肝癌患者(A组)及同期接受治疗的136例肝癌患者(B组)的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结超声引导下经皮MWA治疗膈顶部肝肿瘤的技术路线、临床疗效及安全性。结果 MWA治疗后,A、B组的完全消融率分别为88.7%和95.6%,A组患者的完全消融率明显低于B组(P=0.036)。两组间严重并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组患者术后6个月、12个月无复发生存率分别为53.5%和39.0%,术后12个月、24个月、36个月生存率分别为80.8%、57.7%和50.3%。B组患者术后6个月、12个月无复发生存率分别为69.0%和57.8%,术后12个月、24个月、36个月生存率分别为92.1%、77.8%和71.9%。B组患者的无瘤生存率和总生存率明显高于A组,差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论尽管膈顶部肿瘤位置的特殊性影响MWA的治疗效果,且术后更易复发,但膈顶部肿瘤并非MWA的禁忌证,MWA仍是治疗膈顶部肝癌的一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

Bland Embolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Superabsorbent Polymer Microspheres

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes of bland embolization using superabsorbent polymer microspheres (SAP-TAE) as an initial therapeutic option for previously untreated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ineligible for resection or ablation. Fifty-nine patients with previously untreated HCC unamenable to surgery or ablation underwent bland embolization using 100- to 200-μm reconstituted SAP particles (SAP-TAE) as the initial treatment. SAP-TAE was repeated as needed based on tumor response but was switched to chemoembolization when necessary to control residual or progressive tumor. Early tumor response was assessed by contrast-enhanced CT according to RECIST and EASL criteria 1 month after the initial SAP-TAE. The overall survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The overall mean follow-up period was 30.6 months (range, 7–59 months). A total of 121 sessions of SAP-TAE were performed, with 1–5 sessions per patient (mean, 2.1 sessions). The mean period of repeated SAP-TAE was 15.6 months (range, 1–51 months), and it exceeded 1 and 2 years in 32 (54%) and 15 (25%) patients, respectively. Thirteen (22%) patients underwent repeated SAP-TAE alone, and the remaining 46 (78%) patients underwent subsequent chemoembolization. No major complication was observed and postembolization syndrome was minimal after SAP-TAE in all patients. Response rate was 14% and 66% by RECIST and EASL criteria, respectively. Overall survival rates were 100% and 83% at 1 and 2 years, respectively, and median survival time was 30 months. In conclusion, SAP-TAE was a safe and repeatable option as the induction therapy for HCC unamenable to surgery or ablation, despite the high incidence of converting to TACE during the total course.     

肝动脉化疗加栓塞结合中草药治疗70例中晚期肝癌的疗效观察

目的 评价肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）结合中草药治疗中晚期肝癌的临床疗效。方法 对70例经临床综合检查确诊为中晚期肝癌患者进行了肝动脉化疗加栓塞，术后服用中草药。所有患者栓塞术后随访1～5a。结果 70例患者临床症状大多改善，综合治疗后1a，2a，3a，4a，5a的生存率分别为67.1%，52.8%，41.4%，21.4%，8.5%。结论 肝动脉化疗加栓塞结合中草药是治疗中晚期肝癌的有效方法之一，此法操作较简便安全，效果可靠，并发症少痛苦小，值得临床推广应用。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞联合CT引导射频消融序贯治疗中小肝癌的临床应用

目的探讨肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)联合CT引导射频消融(RFA)序贯治疗原发性中小肝癌的临床应用。方法对59例肝细胞性中小肝癌患者实施TACE联合CT引导RFA序贯治疗。结果 59例患者初次治疗,共80枚病灶,行TACE和RFA序贯治疗技术成功率100%。术后随访6～24个月,21例患者有病灶残余,再次行RFA或序贯治疗,3例再次联合放射性125I粒子植入治疗后,病灶控制良好。并发症有胆汁瘤合并胆道感染1例、门静脉分支血栓1例。结论 TACE联合CT引导RFA序贯治疗中小肝癌是一种微创、有效的方法,同时注意手术操作细节,对提高手术成功率,降低手术并发症有重要意义。     

Risk factors for recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after long-term follow-up of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a local therapy for liver cancer is widely used. The study is to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of RFA on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and identify the risk factors for recurrence. Clinical records of 124 patients with 135 small HCC with percutaneous RFA as a first-line treatment modality were evaluated in Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital from October 2001 to December 2006. With a median follow-up period of 46 months after RFA therapy, the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year cumulative survival rates and disease-free survival rates were 91, 70, 61, 48 and 40% and 64, 44, 31, 24 and 24%, respectively. The total recurrence and metastasis rates were 50 and 6.5%, respectively. Independent risk factors for recurrence after RFA included tumor with diameter more than 3 cm, located near the intrahepatic blood vessels, subcapsular locations and PT prolonged more than 3 s. Severe complications occurred in 2 cases (1.6%), including biliary tract hemorrhage and subphrenic effusion. RFA appears to be a safe and effective treatment for HCC. It will benefit the efficacy of RFA therapy if those risk factors are considered during the clinical practice.     

多发伤严重并发症的监护治疗

目的总结ICU中多发伤严重并发症的发生率和救治经验。方法回顾性分析第三军医大学大坪医院重症医学科2013年1月～2016年1月治疗的150例严重多发伤患者的临床资料,总结分析多发伤严重并发症,如创伤性休克、创伤致死三联征、脓毒症、腹腔间隙综合征、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、急性肾损伤、急性胃肠损伤的发生率以及监护治疗措施和结局。结果本组共150例,发生创伤性休克109例(72.7%);创伤致死三联征89例(59.3%),其中发生弥散性血管内凝血7例(4.7%),死亡3例(2%);脓毒症41例(27.3%),其中脓毒性休克14例(9.3%);腹腔间隙综合征2例(14.7%),死亡2例(1.3%);急性呼吸窘迫综合征36例(24.0%),死亡1例(0.6%);急性肾损伤37例(24.7%);急性胃肠损伤53例(35.3%)。ICU住院天数5～36d,平均8.9d。顺利转科136例(90.7%),自动出院8例(5.3%),死亡6例(4.0%)。结论进入ICU的多发伤患者并发症发生率高,以创伤性休克为主,而弥散性血管内凝血的死亡率最高,其次是腹腔间隙综合征,多发伤患者进入ICU实施严密监测,对并发症的防治十分重要。     

肝门部胆管癌49例手术并发症分析

目的探讨肝门部胆管癌手术并发症的影响因素。方法回顾性分析2000-06至2010-05航天中心医院收治的49例肝门部胆管癌手术的临床资料,并对手术并发症的影响因素进行单因素及多因素分析。结果术后发生并发症23例（46.9%）,其中以胆汁漏（28.1%）、腹腔感染（18.8%）、胸腔积液（15.6%）、切口感染（12.5%）为主。围术期死亡3例（6%）。对13个可能影响肝门部胆管癌手术并发症的临床病理指标进行分析,单因素分析显示联合肝切除（P=0.017）、血管切除重建（P=0.026）、手术时间（P=0.033）、Bismuth-Corlette分型（P=0.001）、术中失血量（P=0.003）、术中输红细胞量（P=0.017）组间有统计学差异。多因素分析显示联合肝切除（P=0.011）、手术时间（P=0.027）、术中失血量（P=0.022）是影响术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。结论术前精确评估、围术期精心管理、改进手术技术、减少手术时间及术中失血、采取合适的手术范围,将能明显减少肝门部胆管癌术后并发症发生率。     

Clinical Safety and Efficacy of Locoregional Therapy Combined with Adoptive Transfer of Allogeneic γδ T Cells for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

PurposeTo investigate the safety and efficacy of locoregional therapy plus adoptive transfer of allogeneic gamma delta (γδ) T cells for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).MethodsThirty patients with HCC and 29 patients with ICC were randomly assigned to receive locoregional therapy (HCC, Group A, n = 15; ICC, Group C, n = 15) or locoregional therapy plus γδ T cell therapy (HCC, Group B, n = 15; ICC, Group D, n = 14). Groups A and C only received locoregional ablation (cryoablation or irreversible electroporation), whereas Groups B and D received locoregional therapy followed by adoptive transfer of allogeneic γδ T cells. The primary endpoints were safety, distant progression-free survival (PFS), local PFS, and overall survival (OS).ResultsThe median distant PFS was significantly longer in the combined treatment groups than the locoregional treatment groups (HCC: 8 vs 4 months, P = .04; ICC: 8 vs 4 months, P = .021). There was no significant difference in local PFS between the 2 treatment modalities. Patients with HCC in the combined treatment group had a longer OS (median OS: 13 vs 8 months, P = .029). However, there was no significant difference in OS in patients with ICC between the 2 treatment modalities (median OS: 9.5 vs 8 months, P = .546). All adverse events were manageable with no significant difference in incidence between groups.ConclusionsThe novel combination of locoregional ablation with adoptive transfer of allogeneic γδ cells was safe, with encouraging clinical efficacy against HCC and ICC.     

Percutaneous metallic stents in patients with obstructive jaundice due to hepatocellular carcinoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the technical success and clinical efficacy of percutaneously placed self-expandable metallic stents in patients with obstructive jaundice due to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen men (mean age, 59.3 years) with obstructive jaundice resulting from HCC were treated with self-expandable metallic stents (28 stents in 19 sessions). The authors evaluated the technical success, clinical success (decrease of 30% of total serum bilirubin level or <2 mg/dL [34.2 micromol/L]), treatment efficacy according to lowest total serum bilirubin level, complications, and duration of stent patency. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in all patients. Clinical success was achieved in 11 of the 15 patients (73%). After stent placement, seven patients (47%) had a low bilirubin level (<2 mg/dL [34.2 micromol/L]), three (20%) had an intermediate bilirubin level (2-10 mg/dL [34.2-171 micromol/L]), and five (33%) had a high bilirubin level (>10 mg/dL [171 micromol/L]). A low bilirubin level was achieved in all patients with Child-Pugh A disease and stage T2 or T3 HCC. Major complications such as hemobilia necessitating transfusion (n=1) or abscess formation (n=1) occurred in two of the 19 sessions (10%). The overall mean stent patency was 149.8 days (range, 12-790 days). The mean stent patency in patients with Child-Pugh class A disease (257.8 days) was significantly longer than that of patients with Child-Pugh class B and C disease (123.2 and 63 days, respectively) (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: The percutaneous placement of a self-expandable metallic stent is a feasible and effective palliative treatment for patients with obstructive jaundice resulting from HCC, especially for those with Child-Pugh class A disease and stage T2 or T3 HCC.