雌激素影响小鼠腹腔脂肪代谢作用机制的初步探讨

目的　研究雌激素在小鼠卵巢功能正常和卵巢切除时对腹腔脂肪代谢的影响。方法　3个月龄的雌性C5 7BL/6J小鼠40只,随机分4组,分别为正常对照,正常+雌激素,卵巢切除和卵巢切除+雌激素组,每组10只。小鼠摘除卵巢后饲养至7个月龄处死,检测腹腔脂肪重量。将2组给雌激素的小鼠于处死前60d分别皮下埋植控释雌激素(17β雌二醇)药丸(0.18mg/丸) ,以观察雌激素在卵巢功能正常和缺乏时对小鼠腹腔脂肪积聚的影响。结果　各组腹腔脂肪重量比较:卵巢切除组比正常对照组重,差别显著(P<0.05) ;正常+雌激素组与正常对照组比较无显著差别(P>0.05) ;卵巢切除+雌激素组比卵巢切除组轻,差别显著(P<0.05) ,与正常对照组比较无显著差别(P>0.05)。结论　卵巢切除明显导致腹腔脂肪积聚,而雌激素在卵巢切除时可以明显减少小鼠的腹腔脂肪积聚,但在卵巢功能正常时予以雌激素并不影响腹腔脂肪代谢,提示雌激素单独作用可以影响机体脂肪代谢,但其他性激素对雌激素的作用具有一定的影响     

雌激素影响小鼠腹腔脂肪代谢作用机制的初步探讨

目的研究雌激素在小鼠卵巢功能正常和卵巢切除时对腹腔脂肪代谢的影响.方法3个月龄的雌性C57BL/6J小鼠40只,随机分4组,分别为正常对照,正常 雌激素,卵巢切除和卵巢切除 雌激素组,每组10只.小鼠摘除卵巢后饲养至7个月龄处死,检测腹腔脂肪重量.将2组给雌激素的小鼠于处死前60d分别皮下埋植控释雌激素(17β-雌二醇)药丸(0.18mg/丸),以观察雌激素在卵巢功能正常和缺乏时对小鼠腹腔脂肪积聚的影响.结果各组腹腔脂肪重量比较:卵巢切除组比正常对照组重,差别显著(P＜0.05);正常 雌激素组与正常对照组比较无显著差别(P＞0.05);卵巢切除 雌激素组比卵巢切除组轻,差别显著(P＜0.05),与正常对照组比较无显著差别(P＞0.05).结论卵巢切除明显导致腹腔脂肪积聚,而雌激素在卵巢切除时可以明显减少小鼠的腹腔脂肪积聚,但在卵巢功能正常时予以雌激素并不影响腹腔脂肪代谢,提示雌激素单独作用可以影响机体脂肪代谢,但其他性激素对雌激素的作用具有一定的影响.     

雌激素影响中枢神经递质代谢的实验研究

目的:研究卵巢切除(OVX)与雌激素替代(ER)对小鼠脑部海马区主要神经递质含量的影响。方法:实验动物分为对照组和卵巢切除组,卵巢切除组又分为不给药、给药7d和给药40 d的亚组。3个月月龄的雌性C5 7BL/6J小鼠(n=40 )摘除卵巢后至7个月月龄,于断头取标本前7d和40d分别给以雌激素(17β-雌二醇)。取小鼠脑海马分别测定Ch AT,NA,5 -HT的含量和活性。结果:卵巢切除未给雌激素小鼠子宫明显比对照组轻,(P<0.05)。而卵巢切除给雌激素7d及40 d亚组小鼠子宫重量比卵巢切除未用雌激素小鼠重(P<0.01)。卵巢切除组Ch AT活性和NA及5-HT递质含量与对照组比较显著下降(P<0.05 ) ;卵巢切除组给雌激素7d和40 d亚组并未增加Ch AT,NA和5 -HT的含量和活性。结论:雌激素去除降低了脑部的主要中枢神经递质的活性和含量,而且随时间的延长下降更明显,单纯的雌激素的替代对中枢神经递质的含量和活性并不能产生作用     

雌激素影响中枢神经递质代谢的实验研究

目的：研究卵巢切除（OVZ）与雌激素替代（ER）对小鼠脑部海马区主要神经递质含量的影响。方法：实验动物分为对照组和卵巢切除组，卵巢切除组又分为不给药，给药7d和给药40d的亚组。3个月月龄的雌性C57BL／6J小鼠（n=40)摘除卵巢后至7个月月龄，于断头取标本前7d和40d分别给以雌激素（17β-雌二醇）。取小鼠脑海马分别测定ChAT,NA,5-HT的含量和活性。结果：卵巢切除未给雌激素小鼠子宫明显比对照组轻，（P＜0．05）。而卵巢切除给雌激素7d及40d亚组小鼠子宫重量比卵巢切除未用激素小鼠重（P＜0．01）。卵巢切除组ChAT活性和NA及5－HT递质含量与对照组比较显著下降（P＜0．05），卵巢切除组给雌激素7d和40d亚组并未增加ChAT,NA和5－HT的含量和活性。结论：雌激素去除降低了脑部的主要中枢神经递质的活性和含量，而且随时间的时间的延长下降更明显，单纯的雌激素的替代对中枢神经递质的含量和活性并不能产生作用。ββ     

大鼠双侧卵巢自体异位移植的功能研究

目的　为了模拟在体卵巢释放激素的生理功能 ,将成年大鼠的双卵巢切除后行自体腹腔移植 ,观察其移植效果 ,为临床卵巢移植提供实验依据 ,探索治疗围绝经期综合征的新途径。方法　将性成熟的 SD雌性大鼠的双侧卵巢切除 ,两个卵巢立即行自体腹腔移植 ,通过观察阴道脱落细胞变化、子宫角形态及测定血清雌激素水平 ,了解移植后大鼠的内分泌情况 ,判断移植成功与否以及内分泌功能如何。结果　移植组阴道脱落细胞 7/8显示有雌激素分泌 ,子宫角形态及血清的雌激素水平明显优于去势组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与正常组差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论　新鲜卵巢自体移植后 ,能分泌雌激素 ,并作用于靶器官维持其功能 ,为临床卵巢移植提供了实验依据。卵巢移植有可能成为临床治疗卵巢内分泌功能不足的新方法。     

雌激素改善小鼠学习记忆的实验研究

目的 :研究雌激素去除 (OVX)与雌激素替代 (ERT)对小鼠T迷宫学习记忆的影响。方法 :3mo鼠龄的雄性C 5 7BL/ 6J小鼠 6 0只 ,随机分 2组 ,分别为假手术组和卵巢切除组 ,每组又分为不给雌激素、给雌激素 7d、给雌激素 4 0d的 3个亚组 ,每组 10只。小鼠摘除卵巢后饲养至 7mo鼠龄进行迷宫实验 ,将 2组小鼠于迷宫测试前 7d和 4 0d分别埋植控释雌激素 (17β 雌二醇 )药丸每丸 0 .18mg ,测试各组小鼠对T迷宫的正确选择次数。结果 :卵巢切除组不给雌激素亚组其正确选择次数明显下降 ,与假手术组的不给雌激素亚组比较 ,d 1,d2和d 3为 (42± 10 ) %vs (5 4± 9) % ,(47± 11) %vs (6 2± 10 ) %和 (5 0± 10 ) %vs (6 8± 10 ) %均P<0 .0 1;给雌激素 7d和 4 0d亚组其正确选择次数明显提高d 1,d 2和d 3为 (5 7± 7) %vs (42±10 ) % ,(6 5± 11) %vs (47± 11) %和 (77± 11) %vs(5 0± 10 ) % (P <0 .0 1) ,而且长期给雌激素亚组其正确选择次数明显高于短期给雌激素亚组。假手术组的不给雌激素和给雌激素组其正确次数差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :雌激素去除明显损害了小鼠的学习记忆能力 ,而雌激素替代可以改善小鼠的学习记忆能力 ,正常小鼠予雌激素负荷并不能影响其学习记忆过程     

Study on Quality of Life in Perimenopausal Women after Different Surgical Procedures of Uterus and Ovary

目的:探讨围绝经期女性子宫切除同时是否保留卵巢对其生活质量的影响.方法:将因子宫或卵巢良性疾病而行手术的围绝经期女性分为3组.A组(40例)为子宫切除术+双附件切除,B组(20例)为子宫切除术+一侧附件切除,C组(40例)为单纯子宫切除术.分别在术前及术后2个月、6个月测定血卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)和雌二醇(E2)水平,并随访至术后6个月.结果:术后2个月和6个月A组与B、C组相比,体内激素水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),B组与C组相比,术后2个月激素水平下降差异有统计学意义,术后6个月差异无统计学意义.A组围绝经期症状较明显;术后6个月B、C组间围绝经期症状表现差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:围绝经期女性行子宫切除术时同时切除卵巢会出现较明显绝经期综合征.     

葛石胶囊对去卵巢大鼠子宫和阴道的影响

目的 明确葛石胶囊对主要分布雌激素α受体的子宫和阴道的影响.方法采用模拟人类妇女绝经期的雌性切除双侧卵巢大鼠模型,随机分成正常组、假手术组、模型组、雌激素组及葛石胶囊大、中、小剂量组.手术后第2周开始给药,持续6周.结果模型组子宫和阴道的湿重及指数明显减少;雌激素可使其增加至正常范围,葛石胶囊各组也可使其有不同程度增加...     

雌激素及植物雌激素对去卵巢大鼠子宫组织VEGF表达和形态的影响

目的比较雌激素及植物雌激素对去卵巢大鼠子宫组织VEGF和形态表达的影响。方法48只Wistar大鼠随机分为8组:假手术组(Sham)、去卵巢组(Ovx)、17β-雌二醇组(Ovx+Est)、17-β雌二醇+黄体酮组(Ovx+Est+Pro)、黄体酮组(Ovx+Pro)、染料木素组(Ovx+Gen)、白黎芦醇组(Ovx+Res)、根皮素组(Ovx+Phl)。给药21 d,用蛋白免疫印迹法观察各组子宫VEGF的表达、并用免疫组化对VEGF的表达部位和其形态学变化进行观察。结果与Sham组比较,Ovx组的VEGF表达下调;与Ovx比较,Ovx+Est和Ovx+Est+Pro两组VEGF表达均明显上调。Gen、Res和Phl对卵巢切除大鼠VEGF无影响。大鼠卵巢切除后,子宫明显萎缩且重量下降。皮下注射Est或Est合并Pro后,子宫组织密度增加,子宫被覆上皮细胞和腺体明显增生。皮下注射Gen和Phl后,子宫形态变化类似卵巢切除大鼠,注射Res可促进去卵巢大鼠子宫腺体的增生,但作用没有雌激素强。结论雌孕激素使VEGF表达明显上调;植物雌激素Res有促进腺泡增生作用。     

子宫、卵巢不同术式对围绝经期女性生活质量的影响

目的:探讨围绝经期女性子宫切除同时是否保留卵巢对其生活质量的影响。方法:将因子宫或卵巢良性疾病而行手术的围绝经期女性分为3组。A组(40例)为子宫切除术+双附件切除,B组(20例)为子宫切除术+一侧附件切除,C组(40例)为单纯子宫切除术。分别在术前及术后2个月、6个月测定血卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)和雌二醇(E2)水平,并随访至术后6个月。结果:术后2个月和6个月A组与B、C组相比,体内激素水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05),B组与C组相比,术后2个月激素水平下降差异有统计学意义,术后6个月差异无统计学意义。A组围绝经期症状较明显;术后6个月B、C组间围绝经期症状表现差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:围绝经期女性行子宫切除术时同时切除卵巢会出现较明显绝经期综合征。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.