基层医院手术室医院感染管理探讨

目的：加强手术室感染的预防与管理,降低术后医院感染发生率,提高医疗护理质量。方法：建立感染监控组织,健全各项规章制度,加强手术室环境管理,强化医务人员感染知识培训,严格无菌操作,加强手术器械清洗及手术物品的管理。结果：加强了手术室管理力度,有效地预防与控制了医院感染。结论：制定有效的手术室医院感染管理制度与措施,对提高手术室医疗护理质量,控制医院感染有非常重要的作用。     

医院手术室感染控制与对策

目的：探讨手术室医院感染控制与对策,以控制医院感染,提高医疗护理质量。方法：通过监测手术室环境、手术物品、无菌操作技术的管理等,找出原因,进行分析并及时加以改进和总结。结果：加强医院手术室管理力度,提高手术室感染管理水平,有效地预防与控制了医院感染。结论：有效地落实手术室消毒隔离措施是控制医院感染的重要途径。     

手术室医院感染的管理体会

目的：加强手术室医院感染的管理,提高护理质量,确保手术安全。方法：对现在手术室感染管理中有可能造成医院感染的问题进行总结和分析,采取相应方法和措施,降低手术室医院感染。结果：加强手术室感染管理体系,有效地预防和控制了手术室医院感染。结论：加强手术室医院感染的管理,可有效地防止医院感染的发生。     

精细化流程管理在手术室医院感染控制的应用

有效控制和预防医院感染是提高手术成功率和医院医疗水平的关键［1-2］。为降低手术室医院感染发生率,需要建立精细化流程管理,本院根据手术室的实际情况,采取了行之有效的精细化流程管理方法,使医院感染得到有效控制,报道如下。     

手术室感染的控制与管理

为了加强手术室感染的预防控制与管理，保证医疗安全，有效降低手术室医院感染发生率。手术室布局应合理，加强无菌操作，建立健全的医院感染管理制度，加强监督、指导与管理。医务人员严格执行规章制度，使手术室感染的预防与控制工作落到实处，提高医疗质量，保障手术安全。加强手术室医院感染管理，提高医疗护理安全，是手术顺利进行的重要保证。     

68例急诊气性坏疽手术的管理与配合

[目的]加强手术室感染的预防与管理,防止气性坏疽引起院内交叉感染,提高手术护理配合质量。[方法]选取68例气性坏疽感染病人作为观察目标,对其手术配合进行回顾性分析,建立气性坏疽手术的隔离和感染控制的管理流程和制度,实施严格的感染控制处理措施。[结果]术前细菌检查结果梭状芽孢杆菌均为阳性,术中实施严密隔离措施,顺利完成68例急诊气性坏疽手术病人的救治工作,有效地预防与控制了医院感染。[结论]有效地落实手术室气性坏疽手术消毒隔离措施是防止医院感染、提高医疗护理安全的重要保证。     

护理部在预防医院感染中的作用

目的：加强护理质量管理，预防医院感染。方法：把医院感染管理纳入我院护理质量管理，定期对护士进行预防感染知识培训。结果：护理人员预防医院感染意识明显增强，护理质量逐步提高，医院感染发病率逐年下降。结论：规范护理管理能有效预防感染。     

整形美容科门诊手术室医院感染隐患与防控对策

目的:探讨整形美容门诊手术室医院感染的安全隐患与控制措施。方法:分析发生感染的危险因素,采取相应的感染预防与控制措施,严格遵守感染预防原则,做好布局、流程、监测等环节的管理。结果:通过预防措施,规范了整形美容患者进入门诊手术室手术的流程,降低了医院感染率,提高了医疗护理质量,避免了医疗纠纷。结论:通过分析整形美容门诊手术室医院感染的安全隐患,加强整形美容门诊手术室医院感染的管理,增加了医院的社会及经济效益。     

介入手术室医院感染的预防及管理

目的探讨介入手术室医院感染管理存在的主要问题,加强介入手术室医院感染管理。方法结合新颁布的《医院感染管理办法》,对介入手术室医院感染的危险因素进行总结分析,提出介入手术室在预防医院感染、卫生学标准、布局设计及工作流程等方面存在和应改进的问题。结果介入手术室感染管理存在的主要问题是医务人员对医院感染认识不足、预防感染的意识薄弱、消毒隔离制度执行不严格、手术室建筑布局不符合要求等;针对存在的问题,加强重点环节、重点流程、关键人、物的管理,有效地预防和控制了介入手术室医院感染的发生。结论强化各级人员预防医院感染的意识,工作人员按标准要求严格执行无菌技术操作,建立有效的介入手术室感染控制制度及措施,实施手术室合理布局是介入手术室控制医院感染的重要环节。     

介入手术室医院感染的预防及管理

目的探讨介入手术室医院感染管理存在的主要问题,加强介入手术室医院感染管理。方法结合新颁布的《医院感染管理办法》,对介入手术室医院感染的危险因素进行总结分析,提出介入手术室在预防医院感染、卫生学标准、布局设计及工作流程等方面存在和应改进的问题。结果介入手术室感染管理存在的主要问题是医务人员对医院感染认识不足、预防感染的意识薄弱、消毒隔离制度执行不严格、手术室建筑布局不符合要求等;针对存在的问题,加强重点环节、重点流程、关键人、物的管理,有效地预防和控制了介入手术室医院感染的发生。结论强化各级人员预防医院感染的意识,工作人员按标准要求严格执行无菌技术操作,建立有效的介入手术室感染控制制度及措施,实施手术室合理布局是介入手术室控制医院感染的重要环节。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。