运动训练对70岁以上缓解期中、重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的康复意义

目的探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者运动训练前、后肺功能、6min步行试验（6MWT）及症状评分的变化。方法选择30例70岁以上稳定期老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病COPD患者,进行运动训练,包括呼吸训练、步行训练及全身有氧耐力训练,康复治疗前和6个月后分别测定用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力肺活量（FEV1．0）、最大通气量（MVV）、残气量（RV）、肺总量（TLC）及6MWT运动距离;并进行症状评价。结果运动训练后,6MWT运动距离[（357．5±16．6）m]较运动训练前[（326．2±19．3）m]提高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;与运动训练前相比,FVC、FEV1．0、MVV等指标有所改善,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;运动训练后,咳嗽、咳痰、呼吸困难症状均有所改善。结论对老年COPD患者进行低强度运动训练,可提高运动耐力,减轻症状,但不能显著提高患者的肺通气功能。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期患者综合康复治疗疗效观察

目的观察慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者康复治疗前、后症状评分、6分钟步行试验（6MWT）及肺功能的变化。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,将60例COPD稳定期患者分为治疗组和对照组各30例;其中治疗组进行综合康复治疗（包括心理康复治疗、呼吸肌康复治疗、长期家庭氧疗）,康复治疗前和48周后分别测定第1秒用力肺活量（FEV1）、第1秒用力肺活量／用力肺活量（FEV1／FVC）和FEV,占正常预计值的百分比（FEV1％）及6MWT运动距离;并通过问卷调查的形式进行症状评价。结果治疗组咳嗽、咯痰及呼吸困难等症状明显改善,6MWT运动距离明显提高,与对照组比较有显著差异（P〈0．05）,但肺功能指标的改变无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对COPD稳定期患者进行长期、综合程序康复治疗可以显著提高运动耐力,减轻临床症状。     

稳定期COPD患者静息肺功能测定及与最大摄氧量的相关性分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者静息肺功能、运动耐力变化及两者的关系。方法选择32例稳定期COPD患者（COPD组）和20例健康体检者（对照组）,分别行静息肺功能测定和症状自限最大运动负荷递增试验,记录用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力肺活量（FEV1．0）、FEV1．0占预计值百分比（FEV1．0％）、最大通气量（MVV）、静息状态下一氧化碳弥散量（DLCO）和最大摄氧量（VO2 max）;对COPD静息肺功能指标与VO2 max的关系行直线相关分析。结果COPD组FVC、FEV1．0、FEV1．O％、FEV1．0／FVC、MVV、DLCO和VO2 max均显著低于对照组（P均〈0．05）;COPD组FVC、FEV1．0、FEV1．0％、FEV1．0／FVC、MVV和DLCO与VO2 max均呈显著正相关（P均〈0．05）。结论稳定期COPD患者静息肺功能及运动耐力均有所减退,且两者呈正相关;联合检测此两项指标可综合评价COPD病情进展、预后及指导康复治疗。     

护理干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的影响

目的探讨护理干预对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期的影响。方法选择2009年10月—2012年3月入住我科治疗的COPD稳定期患者102例,将其随机分为对照组和干预组,各51例。对照组采用常规护理方法,干预组在此基础上给予心理指导、呼吸功能训练等护理干预。护理干预后询问患者自觉咳嗽、咳痰、气短症状较入院时是否有所减轻,急性发作次数是否减少;记录两组患者护理干预前后用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)及其比值(FEV1%)、FEV1/FVC等肺功能指标以及6 min行走试验(6MWT)结果。结果干预后干预组患者自觉症状较入院时有所减轻和急性发作次数减少所占比例均高于对照组(P0.05)。干预前两组患者FVC、FEV1、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC及6MWT结果比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);干预后干预组FVC、FEV1、FEV1%、FEV1/FVC及6MWT结果均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论护理干预有助于改善COPD稳定期患者临床症状,缓解肺功能下降进程,提高患者的生活质量。     

吸入沙美特罗／氟替卡松联合呼吸训练治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ级稳定期COPD老年患者的临床研究

目的 探讨吸入沙美特罗/氟替卡松(舒利迭)联合呼吸训练治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ级稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)老年患者疗效. 方法 90例COPD老年患者随机分成空白对照组(A组)、舒利迭治疗组(B组)和舒利迭联合呼吸训练治疗组(C组),每组30例.评估各组观察治疗前、治疗后1月和治疗后6月的肺功能变化[第1秒最大呼气量(FEV1)、FEV1占预计值百分比(FEV1%)和FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)]、呼吸困难分级(MRS)、体质量指数(BMI)和运动耐力[6 min步行距离(6MWD)]. 结果 B组在治疗1月后即可有效改善COPD老年患者肺功能,减轻呼吸困难症状,提高运动耐力,改善营养状况,增加体质量,治疗6月后改善更明显(P＜0.05).C组同样能改善肺功能,但与B组比较无统计学差异.另外,C组同样能减轻呼吸困难症状,提高运动耐力,改善营养状况,增加体质量,并且比B组改善更明显(P＜0.05). 结论 舒利迭联合呼吸训练治疗不仅能够改善肺功能,延缓疾病自然进程,而且可以提高生存质量,改善预后.     

噻托溴铵治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的临床疗效研究

目的探讨噻托溴铵治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期的临床疗效。方法选取2012年在南昌大学第一附属医院进行治疗的COPD稳定期患者200例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,各100例。对照组患者给予COPD常规治疗,治疗组患者在COPD常规治疗基础上给予噻托溴铵治疗,均连续治疗8周后随访6个月。比较两组患者治疗前后肺功能指标,包括:第一秒用力呼气末容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)及FEV1/FVC比值;观察两组患者治疗前和随访3、6个月时呼吸困难指数(m MRC)和6分钟步行距离(6MWT)及治疗期间不良反应发生情况。结果两组患者治疗前FEV1、FVC及FEV1/FVC比值比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组患者治疗后FEV1、FVC及FEV1/FVC比值均高于对照组(P0.05)。两组患者治疗前m MRC和6MWT比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组患者随访3个月、6个月时m MRC低于对照组,6MWT长于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组患者不良反应发生率为7%,与对照组的8%比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论噻托溴铵能改善COPD稳定期患者肺功能,缓解临床症状,提升运动耐量,且安全性良好。     

呼吸训练联合地面行走训练对老年稳定期COPD患者的影响

目的研究呼吸训练联合地面行走训练对老年稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的干预效果。方法随机选取150例COPD患者,分为对照组、呼吸训练组及联合组各50例。28 w后,检测肺功能用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼吸容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC;6 min步行距离(6MWD)耐力测定;并采用COPD评估测试(CAT)及改良英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表评价分析。结果联合组FEV1/FVC、6MWD、CAT评分、mMRC评分均明显优于对照组(P<0.05),FVC、FEV1优于对照组更加明显(P<0.01)。结论呼吸训练联合地面行走训练对稳定期COPD患者具有显著改善效果。     

肺移植对5例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能的影响

目的研究单肺移植手术治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)对呼吸生理及肺功能的影响。方法5例患者均为Ⅳ级COPD男性患者,年龄51～63岁。术前2周测定患者用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、FEV1/FVC、最大通气量(MVV)、残气容积(RV)、肺总量(TLC)、残总比(RV/TLC)、深吸气量(IC)、胸腔气体容积(TGV)、呼气峰流量(PEF)、总气道阻力(Rawtotal)、肺一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)、每升肺泡容积肺一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO/V·A)、6分钟行走距离(6MWD)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、肺泡气动脉血氧分压差[P(Aa)O2]、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及平均肺动脉压(mPAP)等参数。术后2个月再行上述测定。结果5例患者术前2周、术后2个月检测的参数为MVV(23.6±5.8)、(71.6±21.8)L,FEV1(0.68±0.21)、(1.85±0.46)L,FEV1/FVC(37.4±8.3)、(75.6±13.9)%,PaO2(60.0±9.1)、(86.2±2.9)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),SaO2(90.0±4.6)%、(96.8±0.5)%及mPAP(31.2±5.5)、(16.6±1.8)mmHg,均有显著改善(P均<0.05);3例患者IC[(1.16±0.26)、(1.83±0.35)L]、TGV[(6.52±0.27)、(4.52±0.29)L]、RV[(5.12±0.39)、(3.20±0.32)L]、RV/TLC[(71.0±5.6)、(51.3±2.5)%]及Rawtotal[(6.62±0.99)、(2.48±0.87)cmH2O·L-1·s-1]改善显著(P均<0.05);4例患者PEF[(1.65±0.40)、(3.92±1.63)L/s]、DLCO[(8.5±3.0)、(21.0±6.2)ml·min-1·mmHg-1]及6MWD[(46.8±14.7)、(246.8±51.9)m]也显著增加(P均<0.05);FVC[(1.85±0.40)、(2.45±0.49)L]、TLC[(7.19±0.15)、(6.26±0.73)L]、DLCO/V·A[(2.90±1.50)、(5.41±0.87)L·min-1·mmHg-1]、P(Aa)O2[(37.6±16.3)、(17.8±6.3)mmHg]及PaCO2[(44.6±7.7)、(37.4±3.4)mmHg]有所改善,但差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论COPD患者肺移植术后肺通气、气道阻力、残气、弥散、运动耐力及气体交换功能均明显改善。     

肺康复运动治疗对老年COPD稳定期患者肺功能、生活质量及运动耐力的影响

目的 探讨肺康复运动治疗对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)稳定期患者肺功能、生活质量及运动耐力的影响。方法 选择老年COPD稳定期患者94例,依据随机表法分为观察组与对照组各47例。对照组采用常规有氧运动,观察组在对照组基础上结合肺康复运动治疗。两组干预时间3个月。比较两组干预前与干预3个月肺功能[用力肺活量(FVC)、每分钟最大通气量(MV)、1 s用力呼气容积(FEV1)/FVC]、BODE指数(B:体重指数、O:气道阻塞程度、D:呼吸困难分级、E:运动耐量)、运动耐力[6 min步行距离(6MWD)]、血气分析[氧分压(PaO₂)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO₂)]和生活质量[COPD临床问卷(CCQ)评分]变化。结果 两组干预3个月FVC、MVV和FEV1/FVC显著高于干预前(P<0.05);且观察组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组干预3个月BODE指数显著低于干预前(P<0.05);且观察组显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组干预3个月6MWD显著高于干预前(P<0.05);且观察组显著高于对照组(P&...     

益肺活血颗粒对慢性阻塞肺疾病稳定期患者血清炎症因子的影响及疗效观察

目的探讨益肺活血颗粒对慢性阻塞肺疾病(COPD)稳定期患者的治疗效果及血清炎症因子的影响。方法选择2015~2016年该院收治的COPD稳定期患者80例,通过随机数表法分为观察组和对照组各40例,对照组给予常规治疗,观察组增加益肺活血颗粒。观察两组患者治疗前后血清炎症因子水平、肺功能、运动耐力、生活质量、症状积分的变化情况,并比较治疗后的临床疗效。结果治疗后,观察组白细胞介素(IL)-8、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、转换生长因子(TGF)-β1水平低于对照组;肺功能及运动耐力中,观察组第1秒用力呼吸容积(FEV1)、FEV1%、FEV1/肺活量(FVC)%、6 min行走距离(6MWT)均高于对照组;观察组生活质量总分、症状总积分均比对照组低,临床总有效率高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论COPD稳定期患者给予益肺活血颗粒的使用具有良好疗效,可有效使患者体内的血清炎症因子水平降低,改善肺功能,促进生活质量提高,值得应用推广。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.