胆管内乳头状肿瘤的CT及MRI表现

目的探讨胆管内乳头状肿瘤的CT及MRI表现。方法回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实的胆管内乳头状肿瘤的CT及MRI资料。6例行CT扫描,其中5例行增强扫描;4例行MRI,其中3例行增强扫描;4例行MR胰胆管成像。分析肿瘤的部位、形态、胆管扩张程度、乳头状结构密度、信号及强化特点等,主要对其大体形态学的影像表现进行分类。结果 5例位于肝左叶胆管,2例位于肝右叶胆管,1例位于肝左右叶胆管,1例位于肝门部胆管。6例病灶表现为"囊性肿瘤"外观(其中4例行MR胰胆管成像者表现为胆管囊状扩张)。囊壁可见多发乳头状结节,其中2例"囊内"可见漂浮的乳头状结构,1例仅表现为肝内胆管局限性串珠状扩张。1例表现为肝右叶局限性增宽,其内可见"铸型"肿块影。1例表现为肝门部胆管息肉状结节。乳头状结构CT平扫多呈等密度,MRI平扫多呈等T1及等T2信号。增强扫描动脉期7例乳头状结构表现为轻度强化,静脉期强化有所降低。1例乳头状结构增强扫描动脉期明显强化,门静脉期呈持续强化。结论囊性肿瘤型、胆管内息肉状肿型、胆管黏膜播散生长型、胆管内铸型生长型及胆管内漂浮型是胆管内乳头状肿瘤的影像表现形式,各种类型可混合存在或相互转化。     

肝门部浸润型胆管癌的MSCT与高场MRI诊断

目的:分析MSCT与高场MRI在肝门部管壁浸润型胆管癌(IHCC)诊断中的价值。方法:回顾性分析15例IHCC的MSCT与高场MRI表现,所有病例均经病理及临床综合诊断证实,15中8例行CT、MRI及磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)检查,4例仅行CT扫描,余3例仅行MRI及MRCP检查。CT及MRI检查均包括平扫及多期动态增强扫描。结果:15例CT或MRI平扫均见肝内胆管扩张,5例显示扩张的肝管逐渐狭窄变细,10例显示扩张肝管呈突然截断征象,7例显示扩张的左右肝管未能汇合。强化扫描显示肝门部胆管壁不规则增厚,管腔狭窄,所有病例均见结节样小灶性肿物。15例中12例病变于动脉期即见明显均匀强化,门静脉期及平衡期亦呈高密度或高信号;3例于动脉期呈边缘环状明显强化,延迟扫描强化渐趋均匀。结论:IHCC的影像学表现有一定特征,MSCT及高场MRI对其诊断具有重要意义。     

肝门部胆管癌CT与MRI的综合诊断

目的 探讨CT、MRI对肝门部胆管癌的综合诊断价值.方法 收集31例肝门部胆管癌患者,均进行CT平扫、增强、MRI平扫及MRCP检查,10例进行MRI-LAVA检查.结果 浸润型18例,3例CT未明确,MRI全部显示;结节肿块型10例,乳头状型3例,CT、MRI均检出.CT平扫病灶以等低密度为主,T1WI为稍低或等信号,T2WI不均匀稍高信号.动脉期主要呈边缘线样强化,门脉期轻中度不均匀强化,延迟呈持续强化.MRI显示门静脉侵犯8例,CT 5例.MRCP清晰显示扩张胆管的形态,肿瘤管壁浸润表现为胆管走行僵硬、不规则狭窄或中断.LAVA扫描 6例受累胆管壁延迟强化.其他征象有肝内转移5例,淋巴结转移6例,病灶肝叶萎缩10例、肝叶低灌注1例.结论 CT及MRI均能有效检出肝门部胆管癌.MRI在显示肿瘤边界,诊断浸润型胆管癌、门静脉侵犯及管壁浸润较CT可能更有优势.两者综合应用对肝门部胆管癌诊断更可靠.     

磁共振快速三维容积动态增强联合MRCP诊断肝外胆管癌

目的：评价磁共振肝脏快速三维容积动态增强（LAVA）联合MRCP诊断肝外胆管癌的价值。方法：回顾性分析15例经手术、病理证实的肝外胆管癌常规MR平扫、LAVA增强和MRCP表现。结果：15例肝外胆管癌发生于肝外胆管近段者7例,远段者6例,另2例发生于肝外胆管近段及远段上部。MR平扫主要表现为肝门部、胆管区软组织肿块或胆管壁不规则增厚。2例未见明确的软组织肿块及胆管壁增厚。LAVA增强扫描动脉期病灶轻至中度强化。门脉期及延迟期中至明显强化,另2例平扫未见明确的病灶影者于LAVA薄层扫描发现胆管壁不规则偏心性增厚且强化。MRCP显示扩张的肝内外胆管及梗阻部位的狭窄、中断、截断和管腔内的充盈缺损。3例伴肝内转移灶。4例伴有肝门部及腹膜后淋巴结转移。结论：IAVA和MRCP联合应用能较好地对肝外胆管癌进行诊断,提高早期管壁浸润型胆管癌的检出率．并能准确描述和评价胆管癌扩散及浸润范围。     

胆管内乳头状肿瘤的多层螺旋CT及MRI表现

目的分析胆管内乳头状肿瘤的多层螺旋CT及MRI表现,提高对该病的认识及诊断能力。资料与方法回顾性分析15例经手术病理证实的胆管内乳头状肿瘤患者的多层螺旋CT及MRI资料,按照胆管内乳头状肿瘤是否发生癌变分为两组,比较两组病灶CT平扫、增强扫描肝动脉期及门静脉期CT值的变化。结果病变位于左肝胆管9例,右肝胆管2例,3例仅累及胆总管,1例位于肝门区胆肠吻合口。胆管内软组织肿块或结节12例,多发病灶9例,单发病灶3例,CT平扫呈珊瑚状、结节状及丘样低密度灶;癌变组CT平扫及肝动脉期病灶CT值高于非癌变组(P<0.05),门静脉期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MRI表现:4例平扫表现为结节、扁平丘样及珊瑚状稍长T1稍长T2信号,肿瘤带蒂与胆管壁相连,2例增强扫描肿瘤强化与CT类似。结论胆管内乳头状肿瘤有较典型的影像特征,CT增强扫描可以提高胆管内乳头状肿瘤的检出率,对其良、恶性病变的鉴别诊断有重要价值;胆管内"漂浮征"为MRI的典型表现,对该病的检出具有一定的特异性。     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤CT、MRI诊断

目的:总结肝内胆管囊腺瘤CT、MRI表现特点,评价CT、MRI对其诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的5例肝内胆管囊腺瘤临床及CT、MRI资料.结果:男2例,女3例;肝左叶4例,右叶1例;5例均为单发,单房2例.多房3例,囊壁结节或乳头状突起3例,囊壁点状钙化1例,胆总管囊状扩张2例,增强扫描囊壁、分隔、壁结节及乳头状突起强化.结论:肝内胆管囊腺瘤CT、MRI表现具有特征性,囊性病变伴有分隔、囊壁结节或乳头状突起提示囊腺瘤诊断,胆总管明显扩张是诊断与胆管相通粘液性囊腺瘤的一个重要间接征象.     

肝门胆管癌的MSCT与MRI诊断

目的：探讨MSCT、MRI及MRCP对肝门胆管癌的诊疗价值。方法：收集18例肝门胆管癌患者,全部病例行MSCT检查,其中8例同时行MRI及MRPC检查。结果：18例中浸润型9例,结节型6例,乳突型3例。直接征象表现为胆管壁不规则增厚及狭窄、肝门区结节或肿块、乳头状或息肉状向腔突出的小结节。18例中,平扫发现可疑直接征象9例,增强扫描18例全部显示清晰,病灶从轻到中度强化,均有延迟期持续强化。8例MSCT、MRI及MRCP对比：MRI平扫发现1例,CT平扫未能发现的肝门结节;MRCP发现2例,CT及MRI平扫未能显示的管壁浸润,4例肝门结节MRCP均未能显示。间接征象主要有：①18例均有肝门病灶区以上肝内胆管扩张,呈弥漫性柱状、“软藤状”、“蟹足状”或囊状;4例累及一侧胆管为局部胆管扩张;扩张胆管由肝门向外周延伸,胆总管无扩张;②3例受累侧肝叶萎缩;③4例肝叶局部受侵及肝门血管被包饶;④5例肝门淋巴结转移。结论：MSCT、MRI及MPCP对诊断肝门胆管癌有重要价值,三种方法结合运用,能明显提高诊断率,对临床确定治疗方案可提供准确有效的依据。     

胆管导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的影像表现和形态分型

目的 探讨胆管导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMN-B)的CT、MRI特征及其形态分型.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的IPMN-B患者18例,16例行CT平扫+增强扫描,13例行MR增强扫描,其中11例同时行CT和MR检查.观察分析其影像和病理表现,结合影像及病理表现将IPMN-B分为典型IPMN-B、囊性IPMN-B、无肿块型IPMN-B和侵袭性IPMN-B共4种类型,确定其分型.结果 典型IPMN-B 9例,表现为沿胆管壁的肿瘤灶,肿瘤上游、下游胆管均明显且广泛扩张.囊性IPMN-B5例,胆管呈动脉瘤样扩张,内可见单发或多发瘤灶.无肿块型IPMN-B 2例,胆管呈广泛明显扩张,未见明确肿瘤病灶,胆管壁光滑.侵袭性IPMN-B 2例,病灶所在节段胆管扩张,肿瘤突向胆管腔内使胆管壁呈锯齿状,伴随胆管外异常密度或信号灶.18例均有胆管扩张,其中16例可见扩张胆管内肿瘤病灶,2例未见明确瘤体显示,仅表现为胆管扩张.CT扫描可见肿瘤密度低于肝实质,并高于胆汁和胆管内黏液.MR T2WI可见肿瘤信号高于结石,并低于胆汁和黏液.DWI肿瘤均表现为高信号.增强扫描肿瘤呈轻中度强化,三期增强扫描可见肿瘤的密度或信号均低于肝实质.结论 IPMN-B的CT和MRI表现具有一定特征性并有助于分型.     

MRCP联合LAVA技术对肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）及动态增强扫描（LAVA）联合应用在肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析43例经手术、病理证实的肝门部胆管癌的患者进行常规MR平扫、LAVA动态增强和MRCP表现,明确肿瘤的部位、大小、分型、邻近受侵情况.结果 43例肝门部胆管癌患者中,结节型15例,腔内乳头状型6例,浸润型22例.MRCP显示扩张的肝内外胆管及梗阻部位的狭窄、中断、截断和管腔内的充盈缺损.MR平扫及LAVA增强扫描主要表现为肝门部软组织肿块或胆管壁不规则增厚及其渐进性强化,同时可以显示出癌灶与邻近血管和脏器的毗邻关系及受累情况.结论 MRCP和LAVA联合应用对肝门部胆管癌的诊断及形态学分型具有明显的优势,其影像学结果对临床治疗有较大指导意义.     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病CT及MRI诊断

目的:探讨十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病的CT和MRI诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析25例经临床随访证实的十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病的CT和MRI表现,其中21例行CT平扫及增强,9例行MRI平扫、增强以及MRCP。结果:十二指肠乳头旁憩室CT及MRI表现壶腹周围含液气囊性病灶。MRCP表现为十二指肠内侧间壶腹部突出高信号囊性病灶。25例患者中合并胆胰病变CT和/或MRI表现为胆总管及肝内胆管结石13例,胆管扩张及壁增厚强化8例,胰腺肿胀3例,胰周脂肪层模糊4例及渗出2例,肾前筋膜增厚5例,胰管串珠样扩张2例。结论:CT及MR能显示十二指肠乳头旁憩室同时显示胆胰疾病引起胆管及胰腺形态学改变,有助于十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴胆胰疾病诊断。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.