多层螺旋CT后处理技术在原发性输尿管癌诊断中的临床应用价值

目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)在原发性输尿管癌中的诊断价值及其临床意义。方法收集经手术病理证实的原发性输尿管癌13例,进行多层螺旋CT检查及三维重建(3D),全部患者行平扫加动脉期、实质期、平衡期及延迟期增强扫描。后处理技术包括薄层重建、多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)、容积重组(VR)及最大密度投影(MIP),并进行回顾性分析。结果 13例输尿管癌中,肿瘤发生在右侧输尿管9例,左侧输尿管4例。多期增强扫描后,肿瘤及病灶呈渐进性轻到中度强化。MPR和CPR重建对显示肿瘤部位和病灶位置、纵向侵犯情况、输尿管壁增厚情况及肿瘤与周围组织毗邻更为清晰、直观。排泄期CT尿路造影(CTU)可显示输尿管排泄情况,是否合并输尿管狭窄。结论多层螺旋CT扫描及三维重建能够多平面、多方位、直观立体地显示病灶,结合轴位CT增强扫描,可极大提高输尿管癌诊断的正确性,具有重要的临床价值。     

18F-FDG PET/CT和增强MSCT评价食管癌淋巴结转移

目的 探讨18F-FDG PET/CT显像和增强多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查评价食管癌淋巴结转移的价值.方法 食管癌患者46例,均在18F-FDG PET/CT检查前1周内行MSCT检查,并在18F-FDGPET/CT检查后1周内接受手术治疗,切除组织均行病理检查.采用16层MSCT增强扫描和18F-FDG PET/CT显像检查颈、胸和上腹部,分别观察食管癌原发病灶、转移淋巴结的部位及转移淋巴结组数,其结果与病理检查结果对照.比较18F-FDG PET/CT和增强MSCT诊断食管癌淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值.结果 46例食管癌中位于上胸段6例,中胸段32例,下胸段8例.手术清除326组淋巴结,病理检查证实其中83组内有肿瘤转移.18F-FDG PET/CT与增强MSCT诊断淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.1%(69/83),96.3%(234/243),92.9%(303/326),88.5%(69/78),94.4%(234/248)与72.3%(60/83),98.4%(239/243),91.7%(299/326),93.7%(60/64),91.2%(239/262).2种方法诊断食管癌淋巴结转移的灵敏度差异有统计学意义(P=0.022),余诊断效能指标差别无统计学意义(P均＞0.05).在诊断食管旁淋巴结转移方面,18F-FDG PET/CT与增强MSCT的灵敏度分别为79.2%(19/24)与54.2%(13/24),差异有统计学意义(P=0.031).结论 18F-FDG PET/CT诊断食管癌淋巴结转移,尤其食管旁淋巴结转移的灵敏度高于增强MSCT,但MSCT增强扫描对于发现18F-FDG PET/CT显像阴性的淋巴结转移有重要价值,两者结合应用可明显提高对食管癌淋巴结转移的判断准确性.     

多层螺旋CT扫描在结直肠癌诊断和术前分期中的应用价值

目的:评价多层螺旋CT扫描(MSCT)在结直肠癌诊断和术前分期中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术或常规结肠镜活检病理证实的40例结直肠癌的多层螺旋CT表现,并与病理结果对照。结果:病理证实结直肠癌40例(其中盲肠癌6例,升结肠癌3例,横结肠癌3例,降结肠癌5例,乙状结肠癌1例,直肠癌22例),多层螺旋CT检出了全部结直肠癌,敏感性为100%,总的分期准确率为80%(32/40),B期分期准确率为83.3%(15/18),C期分期准确率为66.7%(8/12),肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为95%(36/34)和50%(2/4),淋巴结转移的敏感性和特异性分别为60%(12/20)和90%(9/10)。结论:多层螺旋CT扫描(MSCT)可以有效地显示结直肠癌的部位、大小和形态、确定中晚期结直肠癌的侵犯范围、远处转移及淋巴结转移等,从而更准确地诊断并进行术前分期,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

原发性胸腺癌的CT表现及鉴别诊断

目的分析原发性胸腺癌的影像表现,以期进一步提高对该肿瘤的认识及诊断水平。方法回顾性分析19例经病理证实的原发性胸腺癌的影像表现,17例行CT平扫及增强检查,2例仅行CT平扫检查。结果19例胸腺癌中,鳞状细胞癌16例,未分化癌、粘液表皮样癌及淋巴上皮样癌各1例;CT表现为前中上纵隔较大分叶状软组织肿块,最大径约为3.5~12.8cm(平均为6.6cm),肿块密度不均匀,均有坏死,其中3例鳞状细胞癌有钙化;19例肿瘤中,侵犯大血管10例,心包侵犯9例,胸内转移(纵隔淋巴结转移11例,胸膜转移7例,肺内转移4例),胸外转移(腹膜后淋巴结及骨骼各2例,肝脏3例)。结论原发性胸腺癌是一种罕见的纵隔肿瘤,CT表现具有一定的特征,结合病变的临床及CT表现,可提高病变的诊断率。     

贲门胃底癌MSCT增强扫描及多平面重组的临床应用价值

目的:探讨MSCT增强扫描及多平面重建对贲门胃底癌临床应用价值。方法:48例经胃镜诊断为贲门胃底癌并经手术证实的患者行MSCT平扫、增强双期扫描及多平面重建,分析其CT表现。结果:局限贲门区5例;贲门胃底区43例,其中侵犯下段食管12例,侵至胃体小弯侧14例,胃体及胃窦均受累6例。病灶厚度11～42 mm,中位厚度20 mm。病灶分层强化41例,单层强化7例。周围淋巴结转移26例,肝脏转移5例。浆膜侵犯9例。结论:MSCT增强扫描及多平面重建对贲门胃底癌诊断效果良好,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT对肾细胞癌侵犯肾包膜的评价

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)对肾细胞癌侵犯肾包膜的评价效果.方法:收集114例经手术病理证实的肾细胞癌,回顾分析其CT表现,并与手术病理对照.结果:114例肾细胞癌中,≤3cm 24例(无肾包膜受侵),3～5cm 32例(肾包膜受侵3例),≥5cm 58例(肾包膜受侵29例).32例肾包膜受侵病例CT表现为:边缘锯齿征22例、深分叶10例、浅分叶7例、光整2例,脂肪囊内网线影19例、结节/肿块9例;82例肾包膜未受侵病例CT表现:边缘光整57例、浅分叶16例、深分叶2例、锯齿征2例,脂肪囊内网线影17例、无结节/肿块.结论:肾细胞癌大小,边缘是否光整,有无锯齿征及深分叶征,肾周脂肪囊内有无软组织密度结节及网线影是判断肾细胞癌侵犯肾包膜的重要指标.MSCT高分辨薄层扫描技术的应用,能较好的判断肾细胞癌对肾包膜的侵犯.     

多层螺旋CT对可切除性胸段食管鳞状细胞癌 淋巴结转移规律的研究

目的 探讨可切除性胸段食管鳞状细胞癌不同T分期病人胸腹部转移淋巴结CT表现及分布特征。材料与方法 回顾性分析川北医学院附属医院329例经术后病理证实为胸段食管鳞状细胞癌，同时伴淋巴结转移的病人临床及影像资料，其中男225例，女104例，年龄38~82岁，平均（55.8±9.2）岁。根据原发肿瘤是否浸润肌层将病人分为2组（pT1及pT2-3）。通过观察多层螺旋CT颈胸腹部淋巴结大小、密度及强化方式等综合判断淋巴结转移，采用Kappa检验对转移淋巴结的影像及病理学结果进行一致性评估，同时观察不同T分期病人转移淋巴结优势分布区域。结果 329例食管鳞状细胞癌病人中，pT1病人51例（51/329，15.5%），pT2-3病人278例（278/329，84.4%）。MSCT共发现转移淋巴结967枚，其诊断胸段食管鳞状细胞癌转移淋巴结与病理结果的一致性较好（κ=0.708）。胸段食管癌病人最常发生淋巴结转移的区域为上纵隔及胃周区域。pT1组病人中，原发肿瘤位于胸上段最常见淋巴结转移区域为上纵隔区，位于胸中、下段最易发生胃周区域淋巴结转移，中下纵隔及腹腔区域转移较少。pT2-3组中，胸上中段及下段食管癌最常见淋巴结转移区域分别为上纵隔区及胃周区，而中、下纵隔淋巴结转移率较pT1组明显增加（P<0.05）。结论 多层螺旋CT扫描对评估胸段食管癌淋巴结转移有较高的准确性，且食管癌不同T分期病人的淋巴结转移区域有明显差别。     

多层螺旋CT诊断输尿管移行细胞癌的价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT及其三维重建在输尿管移行细胞癌诊断中的价值。方法:总结分析21例经手术病理证实为输尿管移行细胞癌患者的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)资料,进行回顾性分析,所有病例常规进行多平面重建(MPR)、曲面重建(CPR)、部分病例加用容积重建(VR)、最大密度投影(MIP)、仿真内镜重建(VE)。结果:①发生部位:肿瘤发生右侧输尿管12例,左侧输尿管9例,其中发生于上段输尿管3例,中段3例,同时累及中下段6例,下段9例;②6例肿瘤生长方式:肿瘤向管腔内外浸润生长,形成软组织肿块,15例肿瘤沿输尿管内壁爬行生长;③强化特征:肿瘤呈中度强化,CT值较平扫增加约20～30HU;④伴随征像:病变侧肾盂输尿管扩张,肾脏输尿管显影延迟19例,腹膜后淋巴结肿大2例。结论:MSCT可准确显示输尿管移行细胞癌的发生部位、病变范围、形态、病侧输尿管积水扩张和周围侵犯情况,增强扫描间接评价患侧肾脏及对侧肾脏肾功能情况,为外科手术方案选择提供指导依据;MPR和CPR图像在显示病变全貌上具有显著优势。     

胃癌的多层面螺旋CT增强表现及局部侵犯范围的判断

目的:分析胃癌在多层螺旋CT增强早期的表现,评价多层螺旋CT增强早期对判断肿瘤局部侵犯范围的价值。材料与方法:29例胃癌病人术前1周内行螺旋CT平扫与增强扫描。CT所见与手术病理对照。结果:胃癌表现为局限(26例)或广泛(3例)的胃壁增厚,大多数胃癌在螺旋CT增强早期出现不同程度强化。印戒细胞癌CT强化均值为43.8 HU,低分化腺癌为36.2 HU,中分化腺癌为17.9 HU,高分化腺癌为19 HU。多层螺旋CT对胃癌浆膜侵犯、胃周脂肪间隙侵犯及脏器侵犯判断的准确率分别为89.6%、81.8%、93.1%。结论:多层螺旋CT增强早期胃癌的强化程度与其病理组织分化程度有相关性,对判断胃癌局部侵犯范围有一定实用价值。     

腮腺腺淋巴瘤多层螺旋CT诊断与鉴别诊断

目的 探讨腮腺腺淋巴瘤的多层螺旋CT(MSCT)表现及双期扫描强化特点.方法 回顾性分析经手术及病理组织学证实的19例共33个病灶腮腺腺淋巴瘤的CT平扫及增强影像学特征,影像学分析包括病灶数目、部位、形态、大小、密度及强化特点.19例均为男性,50岁以上者17例(89.5%).结果 19例患者23侧发病,共33个病灶,其中病灶位于浅叶27个(81.82%),深浅叶同时受累6个; 27个(81.82%)病灶边界清楚,密度均匀19个,14个病灶内有多发小低密度影;增强后明显强化29个,CT值上升平均为60.3 HU;12例行双期扫描者中,10例表现为动脉期快速明显强化.结论 MSCT平扫及双期增强扫描有助于腮腺腺淋巴瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断.     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.