腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣的临床应用

目的探讨应用改进腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法1999年1月~2004年11月,在腓动脉肌间隔支与腓肠神经血供的解剖基础上临床应用22例。其中男14例,女8例。年龄5~54岁。根据缺损部位及大小设计以腓动脉小腿下段穿支为血管蒂及转轴点,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣,逆行移位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。应用腓动脉终末穿支蒂皮瓣13例,腓动脉第2穿支蒂皮瓣8例,第3穿支蒂皮瓣1例。切取皮瓣范围13 cm×12 cm~30 cm×20 cm,穿支血管蒂长1.7~3.0 cm,穿支血管蒂发出部位位于外踝上4.5~8.0 cm,血管外径1.0~1.2 mm。结果术后22例皮瓣全部成活,随访6~18个月,皮瓣外形及功能恢复满意。其中4例腓肠神经与受区感觉神经吻合,术后1年感觉恢复好,两点辨别觉为10~13 mm。结论腓动脉穿支蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣手术操作简便,血供可靠,切取面积大,适用于修复小腿下段及足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损。     

腓肠神经营养血管逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣的解剖及临床应用

目的　了解分析腓肠神经及营养血管的解剖特性 ,为临床设计以腓肠神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣提供依据。　方法　取 4只福尔马林浸泡的下肢标本 ,红色乳胶灌注 ;6只新鲜截肢小腿 ,采用中国墨汁自腓动脉和胫后动脉灌注后进行解剖学观察。临床应用皮瓣修复足部皮肤缺损 16例 ,皮瓣最大面积为 9cm× 18cm。　结果　腓肠浅动脉是腓肠神经营养血管 ,起源于动脉 ,在小腿中下段与来源腓动脉肌间隔皮支和 /或胫后动脉的肌皮支在深筋膜层有广泛吻合 ;营养血管呈节段性供血 ,深筋膜血管网供血范围上至小腿中上 1/3交界处 ,两侧在中线 ,腓动脉肌间隔皮支和 /或胫后动脉的肌皮支最远端位于外踝上 5 0～ 7 5cm。临床应用 16例 ,其中修复足背皮肤缺损 12例 ,修复足跟皮肤缺损 4例 ,皮瓣全部成活。　结论　以腓肠神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状筋膜皮瓣是一种修复足部皮肤缺损 ,具有不牺牲主要动脉 ,操作灵活优点的皮瓣 ;切取皮瓣面积较大时供瓣区难以直接缝合 ,需植皮修复是其缺点。     

腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状皮瓣临床应用

1　解剖学基础小腿后部皮肤质量好,供区面积大,血循环丰富,较为隐蔽,以直接皮动脉供血,皮瓣的血供来自腓动脉神经伴行的腓肠浅动脉,包括腓肠外侧浅动脉,腓肠中间浅动脉与腓肠内侧浅动脉的肌间隙相吻合。在踝关节上方2～3ｃｍ,胫后动脉有2～3支穿支动脉,穿出深筋膜上行,在内外踝连线中点上方5～6ｃｍ,与下行腓肠动脉呈树枝状吻合,形成了吻合网,亦为小腿后侧逆行岛状皮瓣提供了丰富的血运,腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部的血供是由腓动脉的肌间隙皮支而来,通过吻合支返流灌注到腓肠浅动脉领域,这是腓肠浅动脉逆行岛状皮瓣成活的依据。2　手术方法…     

腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣在小腿皮肤缺损中的应用

目的探讨采用腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣治疗小腿皮肤缺损的临床效果。方法对31例膝关节至足踝部皮肤缺损患者采用腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣移位治疗。结果随访31例，时间3周-5年。27例皮瓣完全成活，4例皮瓣远端部分坏死。结论采用腓浅动脉岛状筋膜蒂皮瓣治疗小腿皮肤缺损，该皮瓣血供可靠，切取方便，不牺牲主干血管，基本可满足小腿前外侧创伤修复的需要。     

腓动脉终末穿支降支蒂逆行腓浅神经营养岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道改进腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的手术方法和临床应用效果. 方法 利用腓动脉终末穿支的降支在外踝与源自胫前动脉的外踝前动脉及踝周血管网的逆向吻合,将转轴点下移,设计切取逆行腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣转位修复足踝部软组织缺损创面. 结果 临床应用23例,皮瓣面积最大12 cm x 13 cm,最小5 cm×4 cm,逆行穿支血管蒂长5～10 cm.皮瓣完全成活21例,大部分成活2例.随访6～21个月,皮瓣质地优良,外形与功能恢复满意.结论 以腓动脉终末穿支降支为血管蒂的腓浅神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣血供可靠,转位更灵活方便,是修复足踝部软组织缺损的较好方法.     

小腿前外侧皮瓣及腓浅神经营养血管为蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨小腿前外侧皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣的解剖关系及临床应用价值.方法 对手部软组织缺损采用吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣移植修复7例;对足踝部软组织缺损采用带腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复7例;对小腿中上段骨外露创面采用以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣修复4例、中下段骨外露创面采用以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂构成联合皮瓣推移修复13例.结果 吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣7例、以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣4例、以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂的联合皮瓣13例,上述皮瓣均完全成活;以腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣7例,6例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣术后静脉回流障碍皮瓣远端部分坏死经扩创后植皮愈合.结论 小腿前外侧皮瓣游离皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣在解剖上存在代偿关系,利用二皮瓣的血管解剖联系可扩大二皮瓣的切取面积及应用范围.     

小腿前外侧皮瓣及腓浅神经营养血管为蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨小腿前外侧皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣的解剖关系及临床应用价值.方法 对手部软组织缺损采用吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣移植修复7例;对足踝部软组织缺损采用带腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复7例;对小腿中上段骨外露创面采用以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣修复4例、中下段骨外露创面采用以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂构成联合皮瓣推移修复13例.结果 吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣7例、以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣4例、以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂的联合皮瓣13例,上述皮瓣均完全成活;以腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣7例,6例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣术后静脉回流障碍皮瓣远端部分坏死经扩创后植皮愈合.结论 小腿前外侧皮瓣游离皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣在解剖上存在代偿关系,利用二皮瓣的血管解剖联系可扩大二皮瓣的切取面积及应用范围.     

小腿前外侧皮瓣及腓浅神经营养血管为蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨小腿前外侧皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣的解剖关系及临床应用价值.方法 对手部软组织缺损采用吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣移植修复7例;对足踝部软组织缺损采用带腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复7例;对小腿中上段骨外露创面采用以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣修复4例、中下段骨外露创面采用以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂构成联合皮瓣推移修复13例.结果 吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣7例、以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣4例、以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂的联合皮瓣13例,上述皮瓣均完全成活;以腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣7例,6例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣术后静脉回流障碍皮瓣远端部分坏死经扩创后植皮愈合.结论 小腿前外侧皮瓣游离皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣在解剖上存在代偿关系,利用二皮瓣的血管解剖联系可扩大二皮瓣的切取面积及应用范围.     

小腿前外侧皮瓣及腓浅神经营养血管为蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨小腿前外侧皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣的解剖关系及临床应用价值.方法 对手部软组织缺损采用吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣移植修复7例;对足踝部软组织缺损采用带腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复7例;对小腿中上段骨外露创面采用以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣修复4例、中下段骨外露创面采用以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂构成联合皮瓣推移修复13例.结果 吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣7例、以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣4例、以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂的联合皮瓣13例,上述皮瓣均完全成活;以腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣7例,6例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣术后静脉回流障碍皮瓣远端部分坏死经扩创后植皮愈合.结论 小腿前外侧皮瓣游离皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣在解剖上存在代偿关系,利用二皮瓣的血管解剖联系可扩大二皮瓣的切取面积及应用范围.     

小腿前外侧皮瓣及腓浅神经营养血管为蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨小腿前外侧皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管岛状皮瓣的解剖关系及临床应用价值.方法 对手部软组织缺损采用吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣移植修复7例;对足踝部软组织缺损采用带腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复7例;对小腿中上段骨外露创面采用以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣修复4例、中下段骨外露创面采用以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂构成联合皮瓣推移修复13例.结果 吻合腓浅血管的小腿前外侧皮瓣7例、以腓浅动脉为蒂顺行岛状皮瓣4例、以上方腓浅动脉及下方腓浅神经营养血管共同为蒂的联合皮瓣13例,上述皮瓣均完全成活;以腓浅神经营养血管为蒂逆行岛状皮瓣7例,6例皮瓣完全成活,1例皮瓣术后静脉回流障碍皮瓣远端部分坏死经扩创后植皮愈合.结论 小腿前外侧皮瓣游离皮瓣与腓浅神经营养血管为蒂的逆行岛状皮瓣在解剖上存在代偿关系,利用二皮瓣的血管解剖联系可扩大二皮瓣的切取面积及应用范围.     

Reversed sural island flap supplied by the lower septocutaneous perforator of the peroneal artery

The current study was conducted to document the vascular anatomy of the distally based superficial sural artery flap and to study the vascular anastomoses between the superficial sural artery and the septocutaneous perforator of the peroneal artery. Five fresh human cadavers were injected with lead oxide, gelatin, and water. Ten legs were then dissected and an overall map of the cutaneous vasculature by source vessel was constructed. Vascular communication between the superficial sural artery and the lowest septocutaneous perforator of the peroneal artery was evaluated to determine the cutaneous vascular territory of the superficial sural flap. This anatomic information enhances our understanding of flap design. The authors' clinical experience with the usefulness of the distally based island flap as a method of reconstruction in the lower leg and foot in a series of 26 patients is presented.     

Modified distally based sural neuro-veno-fasciocutaneous flap: anatomical study and clinical applications

The distally based sural neuro-veno-fasciocutaneous flap has been used widely for reconstruction of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects. The distal pivot point of the flap is designed at the lowest septocutaneous perforator from the peroneal artery of the posterolateral septum, which is, on average, 5 cm (4-7 cm) above the lateral malleolus. A longer neuro-veno-adipofascial pedicle would be needed to reversely reach the distal foot defect when the flap is dissected based on this perforating branch, which may result in more trauma in flap elevation and morbidity of the donor site. In this article, we explored new pivot points for this distally based flap in an anatomic study of 30 fresh cadavers. The results showed that the peroneal artery terminates into two branches: the posterior lateral malleolus artery and lateral calcaneal artery. These two branches also send off cutaneous perforators at about 3 and 1 cm above the tip of lateral malleolus, respectively, which can be used as arterial pivot points for the flap. A communicating branch between the lesser saphenous vein and the peroneal venae comitantes was found, accompanied by the perforator of the posterior lateral malleolus artery. This modified, distally based sural flap with lower pivot points was successfully transferred for repair of soft-tissue defects in 21 patients. The size of flaps ranged from 4 x 3 cm to 18 x 12 cm. All flaps survived without complications. Neither arterial ischemia nor venous congestion was noted. In conclusion, the vascular pivot point of a distally based sural flap can be safely designed at 1.5 cm proximal to the tip of the lateral malleolus. This modified flap provides a valuable tool for repair of foot and ankle soft-tissue defects.     

Reversed superficial sural artery adipofasciocutaneous flap: is it a versatile flap?

One of the major problems faced by the reconstructive surgeon is how to cover soft tissue defects having exposed bones and tendons in the lower third of the leg, ankle, heel, and foot. The distally based superficial sural artery flap is an effective alternative for such reconstructions. The distally based superficial sural artery adipofasciocutaneous flap is supplied by the perforators of peroneal artery as a reverse flow flap. From 1999 to 2004, we used a distally based superficial sural artery flap for the reconstruction of the ankle heel and foot in 11 patients. The largest flap used was 15 cm in width and 18 cm in length. Nine flaps survived completely and two necrosed partially. Mild edema and congestion were observed in most of the flaps, but these observed conditions improved with time. The main advantages included reliable blood supply without sacrificing any major artery of the limb and easy, simple, and quick elevation.     

Gastrocnemius perforating artery flap including vascularized sural nerve

A degree of communication was found between the superficial sural artery (the concomitant vessel of the sural nerve) and the muscle perforators from the gastrocnemius muscle, together with the cutaneous branches of the peroneal artery. A fasciocutaneous flap designed in the posterior calf region, including the vascularized sural nerve, was elevated based on the perforating artery of the gastrocnemius. This compound flap was used to reconstruct facial nerves and soft-tissue defects created by resection of malignant tumors in three patients. The results were satisfactory, and facial animation returned in two patients, who were followed-up for more than 6 months. This compound flap offers several advantages, such as a long vascular pedicle with a sufficient diameter and a rich blood supply for the sural nerve and fasciocutaneous flap. This new technique should become another choice for vascularized sural nerve grafts, when the superficial sural artery or the cutaneous branches of the peroneal artery are not adequate for flap elevation or microsurgical anastomoses.     

The 'superficial' peroneal artery: a variation in cutaneous branching from the peroneal artery, nourishing the distal third of the leg.

Two different vascular patterns were encountered in cutaneous branches from the peroneal artery to the posterolateral aspect of the distal third of the leg in 22 flaps from 22 patients who underwent cutaneous or osteocutaneous peroneal flap surgery. In the type 1 vascular pattern, a branch from the peroneal artery, named the 'superficial peroneal artery', nourished the posterolateral aspect of the leg by splitting into several septocutaneous branches. In the type 2 pattern a few septocutaneous branches originated directly from the main peroneal artery and nourished the same area as that fed by the type 1 branch. The type 1 vascular pattern has not been reported to date but was seen in nine out of the 22 consecutive peroneal flaps. The superficial peroneal artery, with its considerable vascular diameter, may serve as a recipient vessel for free flaps or may serve as a donor nutrient vessel for a cutaneous flap, which can be transferred without sacrificing the main peroneal artery. Awareness of these two vascular patterns in the distal third of the leg should also help to reduce the small percentage of skin-flap failures that occur when the cutaneous or osteocutaneous peroneal flap is used.     

远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣转移术蒂部减张皮瓣的设计与应用

目的 探讨在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣的可行性和临床应用效果.方法 临床应用胫后动脉内踝上皮支逆行岛状皮瓣修复9例,胫后动脉小腿内侧穿支远端蒂皮瓣修复2例,腓动脉外踝上皮穿支逆行岛状皮瓣修复8例,腓浅神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复4例,远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复3例,掌背筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复2例.蒂部减张瓣呈梭形或圆形,面积为1.0 am×1.0 cm～5.0 cm×3.5 cm.结果 28例皮瓣术后血运良好,无肿胀、淤血,全部成活,随访皮瓣质地良好,外形美观,供区均一期愈合,疗效满意.结论 在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣是可行的.可有效地防止蒂部血管受压或血管网破坏而影响皮瓣的血运,是一种可靠的预防远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣血供障碍的新方法.     

以腓动脉远端穿支血管供血为蒂的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣的临床应用

目的探讨腓动脉穿支供血的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣在足踝部软组织缺损、骨感染修复中的临床效果。方法2007年3月至2010年9月,对23例足踝部软组织（跟腱）缺损及骨感染的患者,设计以腓动脉终末穿支为血管蒂,沿腓肠神经营养血管轴线切取皮瓣转位修复小腿下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损。采用腓动脉下段穿支供血携带腓肠神经逆行岛状（复合）皮瓣或肌皮瓣进行修复。皮瓣切取范围3cm×5cm～10cm×18cm。结果术后21例皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,2例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,后经过二期扩创游离植皮后痊愈,平均住院时间21d。随访2～9个月,皮瓣质地优良,外观满意,无色素沉着、溃疡,皮瓣感觉恢复约S2,跟腱重建患者踝关节达功能位,恢复了劳动能力。结论以腓动脉远端穿支血管供血为蒂的小腿后外侧（复合）组织瓣血供可靠,变异率低,切取方便,供区隐蔽,可恢复部分感觉,且不牺牲肢体主要血管,是修复小腿中下部、踝关节周围及足部软组织缺损的一种良好方法。尤其对修复足踝部骨外露,骨髓炎,跟腱缺损,复合组织瓣（携带跟腱及肌肉）是一种较好的选择。     

The distally based lateral sural neuro-lesser saphenous veno-fasciocutaneous flap: anatomical basis and clinical applications

Background

Soft tissue management around the lower third of the leg and foot presents a considerable challenge to the plastic surgeon. The aim of this research was to investigate the anatomical relationships of artery, nerve, vein and other adjacent structures in the posterolateral region of the calf, and our experience with using a distally based island flap pedicled with the lateral sural nerve and the lesser saphenous vein for soft tissue reconstruction of lower third of leg, foot, and ankle defects in 15 patients.

Materials and methods

Five fresh cadavers (ten lower limbs) were infused with colored red latex. The origin of the nutrient vessel of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve was identified. Based on the anatomical studies, an island flap supplied by the vascular axis of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve was designed for clinical reparative applications in 15 cases.

Results

The nutrient vessel of the lesser saphenous vein and the lateral sural nerve originates from the superficial sural artery, musculocutaneous perforators of the posterior tibial artery, and septocutaneous perforators of the peroneal artery in different segment of the calf. Meanwhile, these vessels have many sub-branches nourishing subcutaneous tissue and skin, form a favorable vascular chain around the nerve and the vein, and also communicate with vascular plexus of superficial and deep fascia. Among 15 flaps, 13 showed complete survival (86.66 %), while marginal flap necrosis occurred in one patient (6.67 %) and distal wound dehiscence in another (6.67 %). Their appearance and function were satisfactory, with feeling maintained in the heel and lateral side of the foot.

Conclusions

The distally based flap pedicled with the lateral sural nerve and lesser saphenous vein was a reliable source for repairing soft tissue defects in the lower leg and foot due to its advantages of infection control, high survival rate, and sufficient blood supply without the need to sacrifice a major blood vessel.     

腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣感觉重建的解剖学基础

目的 为腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣感觉功能重建提供解剖学依据. 方法 在40侧常规防腐的成人下肢标本上,解剖观测小腿外侧部感觉神经的来源、走行及分布规律.1例标本摹拟手术设计. 结果 ①腓肠外侧皮神经在腓骨头尖平面上方约7 cm处自腓总神经发出,向下随腓总神经行一短程后穿出胭筋膜至小腿外面,沿途发出1～3个终支,分布于小腿后外侧Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的皮肤.②腓浅神经在腓骨头下1.9 cm处起于腓总神经,先于腓骨长肌与腓骨之间向下向前行,继降于腓骨长肌与腓骨短肌之间并分支供应两肌,其主干(纯感觉支)径直下行于腓骨短肌与小腿前肌间隔之间,在小腿外侧Ⅱ、Ⅲ区交界处穿出深筋膜至皮下组织中分为足背内侧、中间皮神经,分布于小腿外侧Ⅲ区和足背的皮肤.结论 通过腓肠外侧皮神经主干与受区感觉神经分支吻合,可重建腓浅神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的感觉功能.     

The distally based sural fasciomusculocutaneous flap for foot reconstruction.

Finding appropriate soft-tissue to cover a wound located over the middle or distal portion of the foot can be challenging. A distally based sural fasciomusculocutaneous flap including the sural nerve and a midline cuff of the gastrocnemius muscle can be used for this purpose. This flap is designed on the proximal third of the posterior calf and is nourished in a retrograde manner by the lower peroneal septocutaneous perforators, through the vascular axis of the sural nerve to the musculocutaneous perforators of the gastrocnemius muscle. Between October of 2002 and January of 2004, this flap was applied in nine individuals, including four diabetic patients. The skin defects all resulted from trauma, osteomyelitis or chronic ulcer, and combined with bone or tendon exposure. One flap developed distal necrosis. The other flaps survived fully and provided good contour. In our series, diabetes mellitus seemed not to compromise the vascularity of the flap. The distally based sural fasciomusculocutaneous flap is very useful for lower limb reconstruction, particularly for the foot, because of its long vascular pedicle and the availability of the skin portion of the proximal calf based on direct branches between the musculocutaneous perforators and the neurovascular axis of the sural nerve. This is an important variant of the sural neurocutaneous flap and it appears to be a good alternative to free flaps for resurfacing the foot.