萜类臭虫驱避剂筛选的初步研究

目的筛选评估30个萜类化合物对温带臭虫的驱避活性。方法滤纸浸液法。结果测试浓度为20mg／ml时,30个化合物中编号为2、4、11、12、19、28、29、30的8个化合物表现出了很强的驱避活性,在4个观察时点12、24、36、48h的驱避率均为100％。为了进一步区分这8个化合物的驱避活性,采用10mg／ml浓度测定时,这些化合物的驱避活性出现了分化。19、29、30表现出较好的驱避活性,在各观察时点的驱避率均达60％。研究进一步测试并分析了这3个化合物在等比系列浓度时的驱避活性变化。结论19、29、30这3个化合物具有作为臭虫驱避剂的前景。     

植物源蚂蚁驱避剂的研究进展

蚂蚁是世界上最常见且数量最多的昆虫种类,它们给人类带来的危害不容忽视。本文综述了国内外植物源蚂蚁驱避剂的研究进展,介绍了小黄家蚁植物源萜类驱避剂的制备、活性筛选及构效关系研究,并展望了植物源蚂蚁驱避剂的发展前景。     

萜类化合物对蚊虫驱避活性的初步筛选研究

目的　从32个萜类化合物中筛选对蚊虫有较好驱避活性的品种。方法　小白鼠筛选。结果　32个萜类化合物中有8个化合物表现出对白纹伊蚊具有一定的驱避活性。结论　进一步的人体保护试验有希望筛选出符合国家标准、具有开发前景的萜类驱避剂。     

芳樟提取液在家庭卫生领域的应用

用纯种芳樟叶酊配制出全天然的芳樟消毒液、芳樟驱螨液、芳樟驱蚁液、芳樟驱蟑液、芳樟消醛液等系列家庭卫生用品。其中芳樟消毒液对空气中白色葡萄球菌杀灭率为99.92%;芳樟除螨液的灭螨率为100%;芳樟驱蚁液对小黄家蚁的驱避率为100%;芳樟驱蟑剂对德国小蠊的驱避率为99.60%,对难以控制的德国小蠊具有理想的驱避效果,该植物源驱避剂的研发为蟑螂的防控增添了新的有效药剂;芳樟消醛液能迅速降低房间里的甲醛浓度,使室内空气中甲醛浓度降低到0.1 mg/m3以下。     

萜类驱避剂研究概况

为预防虫媒病传播和吸血昆虫对野战部队、边海防人员及其他专业野外作业人员的骚扰，许多国家都广泛开展昆虫驱避剂的研究。在驱避剂研究中，萜类化合物由于其低毒、刺激性小的特点而引人瞩目。近年来国内外关于萜类驱避剂的合成与制剂陆续有不少报道。本文就萜类驱避剂的研究进展简述如下：16类化合物与驱进剂最早使用的驱避剂多为天然植物油[1]，1901～1938年间以香茅油（雄油）使用最普遍。天然植物精油虽有驱避效果，但在60年代以前对其有效驱避成份，国内外均未作深入研究和报道。国外自第二次世界大战起，由于军事上的需要，对化学合…     

萜类化合物对德国小蠊驱避活性的研究

目的筛选评估萜类化合物对德国小蠊的驱避活性。方法滤纸浸液法生物测定。结果 43个萜类化合物在剂量为340μg/cm2时对德国小蠊雄性成虫驱避活性的初步测试结果显示,羟基香茅醛、薄荷醇、羟基香茅醛丙酸酯、龙脑烯醛缩-1,3-丙二醇等4个化合物表现出了较高的驱避活性。对这4个化合物采用几何浓度梯度进一步测试,并与目前广泛应用的昆虫驱避剂避蚊胺(DEET)进行比较。羟基香茅醛、薄荷醇、羟基香茅醛丙酸酯、龙脑烯醛缩-1,3-丙二醇的驱避中量(RD50)分别为154.7、56.2、165.9和151.3μg/cm2,均低于DEET的RD50(194.5μg/cm2)。结论本项研究结果说明,羟基香茅醛、薄荷醇、羟基香茅醛丙酸酯、龙脑烯醛缩-1,3-丙二醇具有作为蟑螂驱避剂的应用前景。     

萜类化合物对蚊虫驱避活性的研究

目的用小白鼠筛选对白纹伊蚊有驱避活性的8个化合物进行人体保护试验,以筛选出符合国家标准的驱避剂。方法人体保护试验。结果10%和20%的23号化合物对白纹伊蚊有2.5～3h和4.5～5h的驱避活性,10%和20%的31号化合物对中华按蚊则有4～5h和5～6h的驱避活性。结论23号化合物和31号化合物可分别用于家居和野外的驱蚊保护剂。     

0.05%茚虫威杀蚁饵剂对小黄家蚁的防治效果观察

目的观察0.05%茚虫威杀蚁饵剂对小黄家蚁的防治效果。方法勘查现场,了解小黄家蚁活动情况,饱和投放0.05%茚虫威杀蚁饵剂,调查杀灭前后小黄家蚁的密度变化。结果客房内小黄家蚁主要分布于卫生间、床头柜、酒柜和地面,其侵害率分别为73.3%、33.3%、26.7%、26.7%;施药7 d后,小黄家蚁由灭前的83只/60 min降为0只/60 min,分别在灭后1个月、6个月和12个月进行调查,未发现小黄家蚁活动。结论0.05%茚虫威杀蚁饵剂对小黄家蚁有很好的控制效果,值得研究应用。     

3种杀虫胶饵对小黄家蚁和德国小蠊的杀灭效果观察

目的测试1.05%氟虫腈·残杀威、0.1%茚虫威、0.05%氟虫腈3种饵剂对小黄家蚁和德国小蠊的杀灭效果。方法根据国家农业部GB/T13917.7-2009第七部分,在国家农合部标准药效测试室进行室内药效测试和模拟现场测试。结果 3种胶饵对小黄家蚁和德国小蠊均有较好的杀灭效果。1.05%氟虫腈·残杀威对小黄家蚁的杀灭率第2天达到86%以上,第3天达到100%,对德国小蠊的杀灭率第5天达到90%以上,第6天达到100%;0.1%茚虫威对小黄家蚁的杀灭率第2天达到80%以上,第3天达到100%,模拟现场第5天达到100%;0.05%氟虫腈胶饵对小黄家蚁的杀灭率第3天达到92%以上,第4天达到100%,对德国小蠊的杀灭率第8天达到100%。结论 3种胶饵对小黄家蚁和德国小蠊均有较好的杀灭效果,可根据防治需求进行选择。     

新型脂环驱避剂的合成及驱蚊效果

目的：合成新型脂环驱避剂（R202），观察驱蚊活性。方法：所得样品经元素分析、红外光谱证实其结构；采用强迫接触法、喷雾法，测定驱蚊活性，并进行小白鼠急性口眼毒性实验。结果：10％R202配剂对埃及伊蚊绝对驱避时间为9小时，而同样条件下10％对照化合物Deet配剂为7．5小时。结论：该药剂对蚊虫具有驱避和击倒双重作用，属低毒类。     

大蒜油及大鼠周龄和性别对正己烷体内代谢的影响

目的 探讨大蒜油及周龄、性别对正己烷在大鼠体内代谢的影响.方法 以Wistar大鼠为实验动物,(1)灌胃染毒:正己烷组(3000 mg/kg正己烷),大蒜油干预组(染毒前1 h予80 mg/kg大蒜油灌胃),8、12、16、20、24、28、32 h断尾取血.(2)腹腔注射染毒:正己烷组(1000 mg/kg正己烷),大蒜油干预组(染毒药前1 h予80 mg/kg大蒜油灌胃),8、12、16、20、24、28 h断尾取血.(3)6、8、10周龄(均为7只)雄性大鼠予正己烷3000 mg/kg灌胃,染毒后16、20、24 h断尾取血.(4)8周龄大鼠雌、雄各7只,予正己烷3000 mg/kg灌胃,染毒后16、20、24、28 h断尾取血.气相色谱法测定血清中2,5-己二酮浓度,比较给和不给大蒜油、不同周龄、不同性别大鼠血清中2,5-己二酮浓度.结果 (1)灌胃染毒:正己烷组、大蒜油干预组血清中2,5-己二酮浓度分别在20和24 h达到峰值,分别为19.2和12.3μg/ml,在峰值及之前时间点大蒜油干预组血清中2,5-己二酮浓度明显降低,但峰值后的消除过程明显减缓.(2)腹腔注射染毒:大蒜油对血清中2,5-己二酮浓度的影响与正己烷灌胃途径基本相同,两组分别在12和16 h达到峰值,分别为15.0和6.7 μg/ml.(3)周龄:16 h时6、8、10周龄大鼠血清中2,5-己二酮浓度分别为25.5、15.0、12.8μg/ml,8、10周龄与6周龄的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);20 h时6、8、10周龄大鼠血清中2,5-己二酮浓度分别为24.7、18.3、15.0 μg/ml,10周龄与6周龄的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);24 h时6、8、10周龄大鼠血清中2,5-己二酮浓度分别为11.0、14.7、8.1 μg/ml,10周龄与8周龄的差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)性别:16 h时雄性、雌性大鼠血清中2,5-己二酮浓度分别为22.5、17.2 μg/ml,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在20、24、28 h雄性、雌性大鼠血清中2,5-己二酮浓度分别为27.6、22.9μg/ml,24.6、19.1 μg/ml,19.1、13.8μg/ml,不同性别间的差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 大蒜油可明显减少正己烷在大鼠体内代谢物2,5-己二酮的生成量;低周龄的动物正己烷的代谢能力高于高周龄的动物.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate effects of garlic oil (GO),age and sex on n-hexane metabolism in rats. Methods The Wistar rats were used as experimental animals. (1) Intragastric administration: nhexane group (3000 mg/kg n-hexane),GO treated group (80 mg/kg GO ig. an hour earlier than 3000 mg/kg n-hexane), then blood was taken from tails of rats at 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 h points after n-hexane administration. (2)Intraperitoneal injection: n-hexane group ( 1000 mg/kg n-hexane), GO treated group (80 mg/kg GO ig. an hour earlier than 1000 mg/kg n-hexane), then took blood was taken from tails of rats at 8, 12,16, 20, 24, 28 h points after n-hexane injection. (3) 7 rats each group of 6, 8, 10 weeks age were administrated by 3000 mg/kg n-hexane intragastrically, then were taken blood from tails at 16, 20, 24 h points after administration.(4) 7 male and 7 female rats of 8 weeks age were administrated by 3000 mg/kg n-hexane intragastrically, then were taken blood from tails at 16, 20, 24, 28 h points after administration. The gas chromatography was used to determine the metabolite 2, 5-hexanedione concentration of n-hexane in serum and 2, 5-hexanedione concentration was compared between GO and no GO treated rats, different ages and different sexes. Results ( 1 )Intragastric administration: 2, 5-hexanedione concentrations in serum of n-hexane group and GO treated group had the peak 19.2 and 12.3 μg/ml at 20 h and 24 h points. Compared with nhexane group, the serum 2, 5-hexanedione concentration of GO treated group was lower at time points prior to peak and 2, 5-hexanedione eliminating process was slower after peak. (2) Intraperitoneal injection: effects of GO on the serum 2, 5-hexanedione concentrations was very similar to intragastric administration, 2, 5-hexanedione concentrations in serum of n-hexane group and GO treated group had the peak 15.0 and 6.7μg/ml at 12 h and 16 h points.(3) Comparison of the serum 2, 5-hexanedione concentrations of different weeks age rats: The serum 2, 5-hexanedione concentrations of 6, 8, 10 weeks age rats were 25.5, 15.0, 12.8μg/ml each (8, 10 weeks age significantly lower than 6 weeks age) at 16 h point; at 20 h point, they were 24.7, 18.3, 15.0 μg/ml each ( 10 weeks age significantly lower than 6 weeks age); at 24 h point, they were 11.0, 14.7, 8.1 μg/ml each (10 weeks age significantly lower than 8 weeks age). (4) Comparisons of the serum 2, 5-hexanedione concentrations of different sex rats: the serum 2, 5-hexanedione concentrations of male and female rats were 22.5, 17.2 μg/ml each at 16 h point (different significantly); at 20, 24, 28 hpoints, they were 27.6, 22.9 μg/ml, 24.6,19.1 μg/ml, 19.1, 13.8 μg/ml each (different non-significantly).Conclusion GO reduces production of 2, 5-hexanedione in serum generated by n-hexane in rats; the metabolic capacity of low age rats on n-hexane is stronger than high age ones.     

常规白蚁预防药物对黄胸散白蚁的毒杀效果

目的研究20%天鹰杀白蚁乳油、5%联苯菊酯悬浮剂、15%万洁杀白蚁乳油和48%毒死蜱乳油对黄胸散白蚁的毒杀和驱避效果,为控制房屋建筑白蚁提供理论依据。方法采用滤纸药膜法、毒土法和毒土柱法测定4种白蚁预防药剂对黄胸散白蚁的毒性和驱避性。结果供试的4种药物中,对黄胸散白蚁的毒杀效果以48%毒死蜱乳油和5%联苯菊酯悬浮剂最好,与200mg/L药液处理滤纸接触30min,48h后死亡率达100%;其次为20%天鹰杀白蚁乳油,在处理后第11天死亡率也达到100%;万洁杀白蚁乳油对白蚁的毒性较低,处理11d后的死亡率只有46.7%。用≥20mg/L的药液处理土壤时,处理后1～8d内,4种药物均可使与毒土接触的黄胸散白蚁全部死亡;药液浓度≥200mg/L时,黄胸散白蚁不能穿透5cm厚的毒土层。结论供试的4种药物均可用于白蚁预防。但综合而言,生产上仍以应用20%天鹰杀白蚁乳油为佳。     

Estrogen-progestogen once-a-month injectable contraceptives and serum prolactin

To assess the effect of hormonal monthly injectable contraceptives upon the serum values of immunoreactive prolactin (Prl), three groups of women of reproductive age exposed to different estrogen-progestogen injectable formulation for a minimum of one year were studied. The first group (n = 10) received dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide 150 mg and estradiol enanthate 10 mg (DHPA/E2-EN), Group 2 (n = 21) received medroxyprogesterone acetate 25 mg and estradiol cypionate 5 mg (MPA/E2-C) and Group 3 (n = 19) was exposed to norethisterone enanthate 50 mg and estradiol valerate 5 mg (NET-EN/E2-V). A group of IUD users (n = 16) served as the control group. Serum Prl and 17 beta-estradiol (E2) concentration were determined in blood samples (0 and 15 min.) on days 0 (day of last injection), 10, 20 and 30 after last contraceptive injection. The results demonstrated a slight though not significant increase (p greater than 0.05) in serum Prl in the three experimental groups as compared with the IUD control group. This increase in Prl levels observed on day 10 post-last injection never exceeded the upper limits of the normal range (20 ng/ml). Overall, the data demonstrated that the chronic administration of these estrogen/progestogen once-a-month injectable contraceptives does not affect the Prl baseline secretion in women.     

Serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium responses to massive dosing of cholecalciferol (CC) and 25-OH-CC in young and aged ewes

Twenty-four ewes were divided into two age groups (one-year-old and nine-year-old) and used to determine the influence of cholecalciferol (CC) and 25-OH-CC on serum concentrations of Ca, P, and Mg with time post-injection. The ewes were maintained in slatted-floor pens and fed 800 g per head daily of a diet which analyzed 0.38% calcium, 0.31% phosphorus, and 0.14% magnesium. This diet was fed throughout the 21-day trial. The ewes were injected on days 0 and 7 as follows: (control) 5 ml ethanol; (CC) 50 mg CC in 5 ml ethanol; and (25-OH-CC) 25 mg 25-OH-CC in ethanol. Blood samples were pre-injection (day 0) and on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 17 and 21 of the trial. Serum Ca averaged 10.81, 11.06 and 11.25 mg/100 ml for the one-year-old ewes and 10.51, 11.06 and 11.54 mg/100 ml for the nine-year-olds across sampling times in groups A to C, respectively. Serum P across sampling times averaged 6.58, 7.80 and 9.51 mg/100 ml in one-year-old ewes and were different (P less than .05) from each other. Serum P averaged 7.06, 8.56 and 8.59 mg/100 ml for the nine-year-old ewes. Serum Mg values were 2.51, 2.32 and 2.19 mg/100 ml for the one-year-old and 2.38, 2.14 and 2.00 mg/100 ml for the nine-year-old ewes across all sampling times for control, CC and 25-OH-CC groups, respectively. Serum Mg in one-year-old ewes was lower (P less than .05) in both CC and 25-OH-CC injected ewes than controls, and was lowest (P less than .05) for 25-OH-CC when compared with the control in nine-year-old ewes. External symptoms of hypervitaminosis (reduced feed intake and leg abnormalities) were apparent after the second injection with 25-OH-CC, and were most pronounced in the aged ewes.     

Influence of a drink containing different antioxidants and Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on plasma total antioxidant capacity,selenium status and faecal microbial flora

The aim of the study was to investigate whether a supplement of antioxidants to subjects with a high working pace can influence the antioxidant capacity. The study was parallel and double blind with 98 subjects randomised into two groups. One of the groups was given a test drink with antioxidants for 4 weeks (450 ml/day) while the other group took a corresponding amount of placebo drink. The test drink contained: 2 mg beta-carotene/100 ml, 40 mg alpha-tocopherol/100 ml, 80 mg ascorbic acid/100 ml, 2 mg pyridoxine/100 ml, 15 mg magnesium/100 ml, 0.2 mg manganese/100 ml, 1 mg zinc/100 ml, 0.1 mg copper/100 ml and 10 microg selenium/100 ml. Consumption of the test drink for 4 weeks increased the total plasma antioxidant capacity by 7% (ferric reducing ability of plasma method, P<0.05 compared with the placebo group), and the content of selenium and selenoprotein P in serum was raised by 16-17% (P<0.001 compared with the placebo group). No significant changes were found in the placebo group. The test drink also contained Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (5 x 10(7) cfu/ml) and 4 weeks' consumption led to a significant increase of Lb. plantarum 299v in the faeces. In conclusion, consumption of a drink rich in different antioxidants can increase the antioxidant capacity in subjects with a high working pace. This can be valuable since it may increase the protection against reactive oxygen radicals.     

Scombrotoxic fish poisoning in Britain: features of over 250 suspected incidents from 1976 to 1986

Between 1976 and 1986, 258 incidents of suspected scombrotoxic fish poisoning were reported in Britain. Histamine analysis was carried out on 240 fish samples from these incidents, and 101 were found to contain greater than 5 mg histamine/100 g fish. The symptoms most consistently reported were rash, diarrhoea, flushing and headache. In recent years there has been a decrease in the number of confirmed scombrotoxic outbreaks and a trend towards more sporadic incidents. Of fish samples with greater than 20 mg histamine/100 g, 94% were from incidents in which scombrotoxic symptoms were characteristic, but where fish had 5-20 mg/100 g only 38% of incidents were clinically distinctive. Guidelines are presented based on the interpretation of quantitative histamine analysis of fish samples from scombrotoxic poisoning incidents.     

Iron supplementation during pregnancy, anemia, and birth weight: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: The need for prophylactic iron during pregnancy is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that administration of a daily iron supplement from enrollment to 28 wk of gestation to initially iron-replete, nonanemic pregnant women would reduce the prevalence of anemia at 28 wk and increase birth weight. DESIGN: Between June 1995 and September 1998, 513 low-income pregnant women in Cleveland were enrolled in the study before 20 wk of gestation. Of these, 275 had a hemoglobin concentration >/= 110 g/L and a ferritin concentration >/= 20 micro g/L and were randomly assigned to receive a monthly supply of capsules containing either 30 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate or placebo until 28 wk of gestation. At 28 and 38 wk of gestation, women with a ferritin concentration of 12 to < 20 micro g/L or < 12 micro g/L received 30 and 60 mg Fe/d, respectively, regardless of initial assignment. Almost all the women received some supplemental iron during pregnancy. We obtained infant birth weight and gestational age at delivery for 117 and 96 of the 146 and 129 women randomly assigned to receive iron and placebo, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with placebo, iron supplementation from enrollment to 28 wk of gestation did not significantly affect the overall prevalence of anemia or the incidence of preterm births but led to a significantly higher mean (+/- SD) birth weight (206 +/- 565 g; P = 0.010), a significantly lower incidence of low-birth-weight infants (4% compared with 17%; P = 0.003), and a significantly lower incidence of preterm low-birth-weight infants (3% compared with 10%; P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Prenatal prophylactic iron supplementation deserves further examination as a measure to improve birth weight and potentially reduce health care costs.     

Influence of a drink containing different antioxidants and Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on plasma total antioxidant capacity,selenium status and faecal microbial flora

The aim of the study was to investigate whether a supplement of antioxidants to subjects with a high working pace can influence the antioxidant capacity. The study was parallel and double blind with 98 subjects randomised into two groups. One of the groups was given a test drink with antioxidants for 4 weeks (450 ml/day) while the other group took a corresponding amount of placebo drink. The test drink contained: 2 mg beta-carotene/100 ml, 40 mg alpha-tocopherol/100 ml, 80 mg ascorbic acid/100 ml, 2 mg pyridoxine/100 ml, 15 mg magnesium/100 ml, 0.2 mg manganese/100 ml, 1 mg zinc/100 ml, 0.1 mg copper/100 ml and 10 μg selenium/100 ml. Consumption of the test drink for 4 weeks increased the total plasma antioxidant capacity by 7% (ferric reducing ability of plasma method, P&lt;0.05 compared with the placebo group), and the content of selenium and selenoprotein P in serum was raised by 16-17% (P&lt;0.001 compared with the placebo group). No significant changes were found in the placebo group. The test drink also contained Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (5×10⁷ cfu/ml) and 4 weeks' consumption led to a significant increase of Lb. plantarum 299v in the faeces. In conclusion, consumption of a drink rich in different antioxidants can increase the antioxidant capacity in subjects with a high working pace. This can be valuable since it may increase the protection against reactive oxygen radicals.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法快速鉴定输配水材料中双酚A

目的建立输配水材料中双酚A的测定方法,并测定饮水输配水材料中双酚A含量。方法用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC/MS/MS)的方法,选择最佳的仪器条件,对30种输配水材料进行了测定。结果双酚A在0~100ng/ml浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数达到0.9994,检出限为5μg/kg,回收率在90%~99%之间,相对标准偏差在1.8%~5.0%之间。在检测的30个样品中,检出含有双酚A的样品有9个,检出率为30%;离子交换树脂双酚A含量高达1.82mg/kg。结论本实验所建立的方法快速、灵敏(检出限达5μg/kg),选择性好,结果准确可靠。