靶控输注异丙酚复合舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼在神经外科手术中的比较

目的：比较靶控输注异丙酚复合舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼全静脉麻醉在神经外科手术中的麻醉效果以及术后麻醉恢复情况。方法：将46例神经外科择期手术病人分为两组。以血浆药物浓度为靶浓度,靶控输注舒芬太尼（PS组,n=23）0.4～0.8μg/L或瑞芬太尼（PR组,n=23）2～4μg/L后,逐步升高异丙酚靶浓度至3～4mg/L,视术中情况调整舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼靶浓度维持麻醉平稳,观察收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）以及麻醉恢复情况。结果：麻醉诱导后PS组输注异丙酚后SBP、DBP、HR下降（P〈0.05）;PR组病人SBP、DBP均降低（P〈0.05）,HR降低明显（P〈0.01）。气管插管、切皮及术中血流动力学稳定。术后2hPS组病人平稳。PR组躁动发生率为13%。结论：神经外科手术中靶控输注异丙酚复合舒芬太尼或瑞芬太尼全静脉麻醉均能达到满意的麻醉效果,舒芬太尼麻醉血流动力学稳定,恢复平稳。[著者文摘]     

异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼在无痛流产术中的应用

目的探讨异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼用于无痛流产的麻醉效能。方法120例拟行无痛流产的病人,随机分为2组,每组60例。术中A组仅单纯靶控输注（TCI）10g/L的异丙酚,设定血浆靶浓度为8.0mg/L;B组在输注异丙酚前1min给予瑞芬太尼0.4μg/kg体质量,并设定异丙酚的血浆靶浓度为5.0mg/L。监测生命体征的变化、呼吸抑制程度、苏醒时间、术中体动情况、术后宫缩痛时间及异丙酚的用量等。结果两组病人呼吸抑制发生率、苏醒时间比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。术中体动发生率、术后宫缩痛发生率及异丙酚用量B组明显减少（χ^2=24.51、22.32,t=84.60,P〈0.01）。结论异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼用于无痛流产明显改善了术中体动及术后宫缩痛,并减少了异丙酚的用量,使无痛人工流产术更加安全有效。     

瑞芬太尼靶控输注用于无痛人工流产术的可行性分析

[摘要]　目的　探讨瑞芬太尼靶控输注（TCI）用于无痛人工流产术的可行性。方法　120例接受无痛人流术的病人，随机分成瑞芬太尼靶控输注组(TCI组)和瑞芬太尼静脉恒速输注组(C组)，每组60例。TCI组：瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度为2μg/L。C组: 瑞芬太尼的用量为1.0μg/kg/h。待病人睫毛反射消失后开始手术，扩张宫颈结束时停止给药。结果　两组清醒时间、准确定向时间、麻醉效果、异丙酚总用药量及不良反应均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论　瑞芬太尼靶控输注和单纯静脉恒速输注效果相当，对于基层医院，采用单纯静脉恒速输注更为合理。 [关键词]　瑞芬太尼；靶控输注；人工流产     

瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合异丙酚在无痛胃镜诊疗中的临床观察

[目的]观察瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合异丙酚用于胃镜检查的镇痛镇静效果及对呼吸、循环的影响.[方法]60例需行胃镜检查患者,随机分为两组:异丙酚组(P组)、瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚组(RP组),每组各30例.P组静脉注射异丙酚2.0 mg/kg, RP组瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度为2 ng/kg,异丙酚为1.0 mg/kg.[结果]RP组术中脑频谱指数高于P组(P＜0.05);P组术中MAP和HR及术毕时HR降低(P＜0.05),而RP组各时间点MAP、HR、SPO2差异无显著性.与P组比较,RP组的意识恢复时间缩短,且异丙酚用量减少(P＜0.05).[结论]瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度2 ng/ml 靶控输注复合异丙酚(1 mg/kg)用于无痛胃镜检查,麻醉迅速、平稳,苏醒快,镇静镇痛效果满意.     

靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜手术

目的：比较靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼或舒芬太尼全静脉麻醉对妇科腹腔镜手术的麻醉效能和患者术后疼痛及呼吸恢复的影响。方法：24例成年患者分为异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼组（PR组,n=12）和异丙酚复合舒芬太尼组（PS组,n=12）,PR组瑞芬太尼诱导时靶浓度4ng/mL,术中维持靶浓度调节范围为 2～6ng/mL,预期手术结束前30min静注吗啡0.075mg/kg。PS组舒芬太尼诱导时靶浓度0.5ng/mL,术中调节范围为 0.2～1ng/mL,手术结束前30min为0.2ng/mL。异丙酚初始靶浓度2μg/mL,逐渐增加靶浓度值直至意识消失,手术结束后停药。观察血流动力学、麻醉药用量、麻醉恢复及术后2h患者疼痛及镇静评分。结果：两组病人麻醉诱导后收缩压、舒张压较麻醉前降低（P〈0.05）,PS组睁眼时患者自主呼吸的ET-CO2值明显高于PR组（P〈0.01）,停药至患者自主呼吸ET-CO2降至45mmHg以下的时间也明显长于PR组（P 〈0.01）,术毕60、90、120min视觉模拟（VAS）评分PS组优于PR组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：舒芬太尼靶控输注术毕靶浓度 0.2ng/mL时的术后止痛效果优于瑞芬太尼靶控输注复合术毕前30min静注吗啡0.075mg/kg,但该靶浓度的舒芬太尼仍可引起CO2蓄积。 [著者文摘]     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉用于无痛人工流产术的临床效果

【目的】观察瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚麻醉用于无痛人工流产手术的临床效果。【方法】选择门诊ASAⅠ级早期妊娠需人工流产者60例,随机分成三组,每组20例。A组:单纯静注丙泊酚2.5 mg/kg;B组:瑞芬太尼1.5 ng/ml靶控输注(TCI),然后静注丙泊酚1 mg/kg;C组:方法同B组,但瑞芬太尼TCI的浓度改为3 ng/ml。术中各组必要时追加丙泊酚(0.5~1.0)mg/kg。【结果】丙泊酚用药量B组比A组减少幅度约40%,C组比A组减少幅度约66%;A、B和C组呼吸暂停分别为15例、2例和13例;A组MAP明显降低,而B组和C组无变化;B组和C组清醒时间明显缩短(P<0.01)。【结论】瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚无痛人流手术麻醉效果满意、丙泊酚用药和并发症明显减少,而1.5 ng/ml的瑞芬太尼TCI复合丙泊酚麻醉的效果最好。     

瑞芬太尼持续微泵输注复合小剂量异丙酚用于无痛肠镜的临床观察

目的观察瑞芬太尼持续微泵输注复合小剂量异丙酚用于无痛肠镜检查的麻醉效果和安全性。方法选取无痛肠镜检查患者150例,随机分为3组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)、瑞芬太尼十异丙酚组(RP组)、异丙酚组(P组),每组50例。R组给予瑞芬太尼1.5μg/kg持续静脉注射60 s,随后以0.1μg/(kg.min)持续微泵输注至退出肠镜时停药;RP组给予瑞芬太尼1.0μg/kg持续静脉注射60 s,随后以0.05μg/(kg.min)持续输注至开始退出肠镜时停药,在瑞芬太尼负荷剂量注完后同时静脉注射异丙酚1.0 mg/kg,术中必要时追加异丙酚0.5 mg/kg;P组单纯静脉注射异丙酚1.5 mg/kg持续60 s,术中必要时追加异丙酚0.5～1.0 mg/kg。结果 3组患者的麻醉效果均满意。RP组所用瑞芬太尼用量较R组明显减少(P<0.05),RP组异丙酚用量较P组明显减少(P<0.01)。术中在供氧状态下3组患者脉搏氧饱和度均≥98%。结论 瑞芬太尼用于无痛肠镜麻醉与异丙酚同样安全有效,复合小剂量异丙酚后不仅可显著提高麻醉效果,且可显著减少各自用量。     

BIS反馈靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在无痛人流术中的应用

目的:探讨BIS反馈TCI丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在无痛人流中的应用价值及不良反应.方法:120例接受无痛人流患者,随机分成3组(n=40):单纯TCI丙泊酚组(A组)、BIS监测TCI丙泊酚组(B组)、BIS监测TCI瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚组(C组).根据BIS值和血流动力学调整丙泊酚和(或)瑞芬太尼TCI靶浓度.观察血压、心率、呼吸的变化以及手术时间、苏醒时间、镇静评分、定向力恢复、术后视觉模拟评分和不良反应.结果:与A组比较,B、C组丙泊酚总量减少,苏醒和定向恢复时间均缩短,术中体动减少(P＜0.05),与B组比较,C组丙泊酚总量减少,苏醒时间缩短(P＜0.05),定向恢复时间和体动反应无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论:BIS监测下TCI瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚用于无痛人流可以达到更合理的麻醉深度,且能减少丙泊酚用量,保证术后麻醉快速苏醒.     

麻醉深度指数监测下靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼在老年患者胃镜检查中的应用

目的 探讨麻醉深度指数(CSI)应用于老年患者胃镜检查的优势,观察比较单纯靶控输注TCI异丙酚和TCI瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚两种方法在老年患者胃镜检查中的应用价值及不良反应.方法 90例ASAⅠ、Ⅱ级接受胃镜检查的患者(65岁以上),随机分成3组(n=30):单纯TCI异丙酚组(A组),CSI监测TCI异丙酚组(B组),CSI监测TCI瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚组(C组).A组根据患者意识和血流动力学调整血浆异丙酚TCI靶浓度,B、C组根据CSI值和血流动力学调整异丙酚和(或)瑞芬太尼TCI血浆靶浓度,检查中维持CSI值40～60.分别记录异丙酚总量,苏醒和应答时间,呼吸抑制、心动过缓、不自主体动、呃逆、恶心和呕吐等不良反应情况.结果 3组患者均顺利完成检查,与A组比较,B、C组的异丙酚总量减少,苏醒和应答时间均缩短,检查中体动减少(P＜0.05),与B组比较,C组异丙酚总量减少,苏醒时间缩短(P＜0.05),应答时间和体动反应差异无显著性(P＞0.05),与A、B组比较,C组发生呼吸抑制、心动过缓的概率明显增高(P＜0.05),3组呛咳、呃逆、恶心、呕吐的发生率差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 CSI监测下TCI瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚用于老年患者胃肠镜检查可以达到更合理的麻醉深度而减少检查中不良刺激反应,并减少异丙酚用量,以便麻醉快速苏醒,缺点是需加强呼吸循环管理.     

异丙酚联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注与恒速输注模式在颅脑外科手术中效果比较

目的:比较异丙酚联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注(TCI)与恒速输注(CSI)两种模式在颅脑外科手术中的效果。方法:选择50例择期行颅脑外科手术的患者,随机分为TCI组与CSI组。TCI组行异丙酚联合瑞芬太尼TCI全凭静脉麻醉,CSI组行CSI全身静脉麻醉,记录两组患者麻醉前、诱导期、插管时、维持期及停药、拔管后血流动力学变化,苏醒时间、麻醉用药量,氧饱和度及脑电图双频谱指数。结果:TCI组在麻醉诱导及插管期间血流动力学指标与CSI组有统计学意义(P<0.05),TCI组在诱导期间血流动力学平稳。在麻醉维持、停药后、清醒时间及拔管期间各项指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。用药量方面,TCI组较CSI组明显增多。结论:异丙酚联合瑞芬太尼TCI与CSI两种模式均能较好满足颅脑外科手术需要,其中TCI组在麻醉诱导及插管期间血流动力学更为平稳,但麻醉维持过程中用药量更大。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.