轻稀土元素镧亚慢性暴露对大鼠钙、镁和铁代谢的影响

目的 探讨镧(lanthanum,La)亚慢性暴露对大鼠钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)和铁(Fe)代谢的影响.方法 将36只Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,每组9只,即对照组(0mg/kg)和三氯化镧(LaCl3)暴露组(0.1、2和40 mg/kg).分别以0.1、2和40 mg/kg的LaCl3给大鼠经口灌胃,每天1次,持续90 d,对照组则给予蒸馏水.暴露90 d后处死大鼠,取肝组织测定La、Ca、Mg和Fe水平;取血分离血清,测定Ca、P、Mg、Fe、总铁结合力(TIBC)、未饱和铁结合力(UIBC)水平.结果 与对照组(0 mg/kg)比较,各LaCl3暴露组(0.1、2和40 mg/kg)大鼠肝组织中La水平明显增高,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.001);中和高剂量组(2和40 mg/kg)大鼠肝组织中Ca水平明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);高剂量组(40 mg/kg)大鼠肝组织中Mg水平明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).与对照组(0 mg/kg)和40 mg/kg组比较,2mg/kg组大鼠血清Ca和Mg水平明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高剂量组(40 mg/kg)大鼠血清UIBC水平明显高于对照组(0 mg/kg)和中剂量组(2 mg/kg),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 中、高剂量(2和40 mg/kg)LaCl3亚慢性暴露对大鼠肝组织和血清中的Ca、Mg、Fe的水平和分布有一定的影响,这种变化可能是La生物学效应的机制之一.     

甲醛短期经口暴露致大鼠血清生化指标改变和肝肾胃急性损伤效应研究

目的探讨甲醛短期经口暴露对大鼠血清生化指标和肝、肾、胃组织的影响。方法将80只健康成年SPF级Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,分别为对照(去离子水)组和15、45、135 mg/kg甲醛染毒组,每组20只,雌雄各半。采用经口灌胃方式进行染毒,染毒容量为10 ml/kg,每天1次,连续28 d。于染毒14、28 d,每组选择10只大鼠,检查血清血生化指标[包括丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、血尿素氮(BUN)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)]水平,观察肝、肾、胃病理学变化情况。结果染毒14 d后,各甲醛染毒组大鼠血清ALT、AST、BUN、TP、ALB的水平与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。染毒28 d后,与对照组相比,45 mg/kg甲醛染毒组雄性大鼠血清ALT的浓度升高,45、135 mg/kg甲醛染毒组雌性大鼠血清中ALT和AST水平降低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);各浓度甲醛染毒组大鼠血清BUN、TP及ALB水平均无明显改变。染毒14 d时,45 mg/kg甲醛染毒组雄性大鼠、135 mg/kg甲醛染毒组雄性及雌性大鼠前胃上皮增生和角化过度现象明显,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大鼠短期经口摄入甲醛能够引起消化系统损伤。     

部分麻醉剂对雌性大鼠体内电解质和生化指标的影响

目的 观察麻醉剂对雌性SD大鼠血气分析、血清电解质和生化指标的影响.方法 选择SD雌性大鼠36只,随机分为4组:生理氯化钠对照组和戊巴比妥钠组、氨基甲酸乙酯组、乙醚麻醉组.动物经处理后,采左心室动脉血进行血气分析,采眼眶静脉丛血进行血清电解质和生化指标测定.结果 与对照组比较,戊巴比妥钠麻醉的大鼠二氧化碳总含量(TCO2)、碳酸氢根(HCO3-)、细胞外波剩余碱(BE)、磷和尿素(UREA)升高,钾、钠、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和总胆红素(TBIL)降低;氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的大鼠pH、氧分压(PO2)和葡萄糖(GLU)升高,钾、钠、磷、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(HBDH)、TP、ALB和TBIL降低:乙醚麻醉的大鼠钙和GLU升高,钾、碡、ALT、&ST、LDH、CK、HBDH、尿酸(UA)和TBIL降低.结论 麻醉剂可引起雌性大鼠血钾下降,并可能使血钠、血气和部分生化指标发生改变.     

短期经口暴露四溴双酚A对大鼠的毒性效应研究

目的探讨SD大鼠短期经口暴露四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)的毒性效应。方法将24只健康成年雄性SPF级SD大鼠随机分为3组,分别为对照(0.5%CMC)组和30、300 mg/kg TBBPA染毒组,每组8只。采用灌胃方式进行染毒,每天1次,连续染毒21 d。测定大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑和睾丸的脏器系数并对肝脏和肾脏进行组织病理学检查。测定大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血清总蛋白(total protein,TP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、糖化血清蛋白(glycation serum protein,GLU)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,CREA)、血清胆固醇(serum cholesterol,CHO)、血清甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、血清总胆红素(serum total bilirubin,TBIL)、白蛋白与球蛋白之比(albumin/globulin,A/G)、血清球蛋白(serum globulin,GLB)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)和游离甲状腺素(free thyroxine,FT4)的含量。结果不同剂量TBBPA染毒组大鼠肝脏肾脏均存在不同程度的组织病理学损伤。30 mg/kg TBBPA染毒组大鼠血清TG水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);300 mg/kg TBBPA染毒组大鼠血清FT3水平低于30 mg/kg TBBPA染毒组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。各剂量TBBPA染毒组大鼠血清ALT、AST、TP、ALB、GLU、BUN、CREA、CHO、TBIL、AG、GLB、FT4水平间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TBBPA短期经口暴露可能导致肝肾损伤和甲状腺功能紊乱。     

标本溶血对生化检验结果的临床分析

目的探讨标本溶血对生化检验结果的临床分析。方法选取30例人群的标本,使用生化分析仪进行检测,检测血液标本溶血血清中的胆红素﹙DBIL﹚、总胆红素(TBIL)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酐(Cr)、CHO、TP、TG、UA等十项生化指标值,并进行临床对比分析。结果溶血对TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、CK、TP、ALB、CHO有明显影响(P<0.05),对BUN、Cr、TG、UA影响不显著(P>0.05)。结论标本溶血对生化检验结果有一定的影响,其机制由多种因素引起,部分影响明显。     

钩吻素子对糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠血清生化指标的影响

目的研究钩吻素子对糖尿病神经病理性疼痛模型SD大鼠血清生化指标的影响。方法腹腔注射链脲佐菌素,构建大鼠糖尿病神经病理性疼痛模型。试验设正常对照组、模型对照组、钩吻素子2个剂量治疗组。正常对照组和模型对照组灌胃给予等量生理盐水,2个剂量组分别灌胃给予0.28、1.4mg/kg钩吻素子,连续给药8d后采血检测血清生化指标。结果模型对照组肌酐(CREA)、总蛋白(TP)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和肌酸激酶(CK)均低于正常对照组;1.4mg/kg剂量组的TP和白蛋白(ALB)高于模型对照组;模型对照组总胆红素(TBIL)高于正常对照组;0.28和1.4mg/kg剂量组与模型对照组相比,TBIL均降低。结论钩吻素子对糖尿病神经病理性疼痛模型大鼠,具有辅助改善部分血清生化指标的作用。     

慢性三氯化镧暴露对大鼠血糖和血脂水平的影响

目的探讨稀土元素镧的慢性暴露对大鼠血糖、血脂的影响。方法分别以0.1、2和40 mg/kg剂量的三氯化镧(LaC l3)给大鼠经口灌胃,每天1次,90 d后处死;取全血测定糖化血红蛋白(HbA1 c),分离血清测定血糖(G lu)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平。结果与对照组相比,3个LaC l3暴露剂量组大鼠HbA1C、血清G lu、TG和LDL-C水平无统计学意义;0.1和2 mg/kg剂量LaC l3暴露组大鼠血清TC水平分别为(1.38±0.14)mmol/L和(1.37±0.26)mmol/L,与对照组大鼠(1.57±0.14)mmol/L相比有明显降低;0.1 mg/kg剂量LaC l3暴露组大鼠血清HDL-C为(0.79±0.12)mmol/L,比对照组大鼠(0.93±0.10)mmol/L有明显降低。结论0.1~40 mg/kg LaC l3慢性暴露对大鼠血清G lu、TG和LDL-C水平无显著影响;低、中剂量LaC l3慢性暴露可使大鼠血清TC和HDL-C降低。     

标本溶血对生化检测结果的影响及对策

目的分析溶血对常规生化检测结果的影响,探讨避免标本溶血的措施。方法溶血血样和正常的不溶血血样各50份同时进行生化指标的检测并进行比较,采用全自动生化分析仪检测正常的不溶血血清和溶血血清中的总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、总蛋白(TP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、钾(K+)、磷(P)、肌酸激酶(CK)、尿酸(UA)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、钠(Na+)、葡萄糖(GLU)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素(Urea)和钙(Ca2+)等的含量。结果所测溶血血样的生化指标与正常不溶血血样TBIL,DBIL,TP,ALT,AST,LDH,K+,P,CK,UA,ALP,Na+及GLU检测值的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Cr,Urea和Ca2+的测定值无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论溶血对较多的生化检验结果有明显的影响。生化检验时应采取相应的措施尽量避免血样发生溶血,如加强医务人员的知识技术培训,提高其岗位责任意识等,确保检验结果准确可靠。     

阿维菌素原药急性中毒对大鼠血清生化指标的影响

目的了解阿维菌素急性经口LD50和中毒症状及急性中毒后对某些血清生化指标的影响。方法根据《农药登记毒理学试验方法》采用霍恩氏法对大鼠进行急性经口毒性试验和毒性评价;对各组大鼠进行血清中TP、ALB、AST;ALT、BUN、Crea水平的测定,并进行统计分析。结果阿维菌素原药急性经口LD50为43.0mg/kg,为高毒。AST、ALT、BUN水平对照组和阿维菌素各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。TP、ALB、Crea水平对照组与实验组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论阿维菌素急性经口为高毒,急性中毒后血清中的TP、ALB、Crea水平有显著增高。     

枸杞多糖对糖皮质激素性骨质疏松大鼠钙吸收及生化指标的影响

目的探讨枸杞多糖(LBP)对糖皮质激素致骨质疏松模型大鼠钙吸收及生化指标的影响。方法 8周龄Wistar大鼠50只,按体质量随机分为空白对照组、模型组、枸杞多糖高剂量组、枸杞多糖低剂量组、仙灵骨葆胶囊组,每组10只。地塞米松(2.5mg/kg)肌内注射10周建立糖皮质激素性骨质疏松动物模型。第2周起空白对照组、模型组给予蒸馏水10ml/kg,枸杞多糖高、低剂量组分别给予2.6、1.3g/kg枸杞多糖,仙灵骨葆胶囊组给予仙灵骨葆胶囊0.4g/kg,每天一次,共给药12周,每周测一次体质量。全自动生化分析仪及相应试剂盒检测各组大鼠血清及尿钙、磷,尿肌酐,血碱性磷酸酶(ALP),粪钙含量;双能X射线骨密度仪检测股骨密度。结果与空白对照组比较,模型组大鼠体重、股骨骨密度、血清Ca含量及ALP活性、Ca吸收率均显著降低(P<0.01),尿Ca/Cr、尿P/Cr比值、粪Ca排泄量均显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,LBP 2.6g/kg大鼠股骨骨密度、血清Ca含量,LBP 2.6、1.3g/kg组大鼠血清ALP活性、Ca吸收率均显著升高(P<0.05);LBP 2.6、1.3g/kg大鼠尿Ca/Cr、尿P/Cr比值...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.