小于胎龄儿与胰岛素抵抗的研究进展

近年来研究表明,小于胎龄儿与成年期的一些慢性疾病有关,如非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病、高脂血症等。其具体的代谢调控机制尚不完全清楚,但已有证据表明从宫内发育迟缓到成年期慢性疾病的发生中,胰岛素抵抗在此代谢调控机制中起着重要作用。     

小于胎龄儿C肽和胰岛素样生长因子I水平变化及其意义

目的探讨Ｃ肽（ＣＰ）和胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ（ＩＧＦＩ）水平在小于胎龄（ＳＧＡ）儿的变化及其意义。方法利用放射免疫分析法测定了４８例ＳＧＡ儿脐血清和其中的３７例ＳＧＡ儿生后一周内外周血ＣＰ和ＩＧＦⅠ。结果ＳＧＡ儿脐血ＣＰ和ＩＧＦＩ水平低于适于胎龄（ＡＧＡ）儿水平，且ＳＧＡ儿的不良生长程度越重，ＣＰ和ＩＧＦⅠ水平越低，生后一周内，重度ＳＧＡ儿外周血ＣＰ和ＩＧＦⅠ仍维持低水平，而轻度ＳＧＡ儿ＣＰ和ＩＧＦⅠ则上升至ＡＧＡ儿水平。结论ＳＧＡ儿的不良生长与低胰岛素和ＩＧＦⅠ水平有关。     

母乳喂养对小于胎龄儿血浆ghrelin水平和胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的:探讨母乳喂养对小于胎龄儿(SGA)出生早期胰岛素(INS)敏感性和血浆ghrelin水平的影响。方法:选择2014年10月至2019年4月在武汉儿童医院新生儿科住院的足月SGA为SGA组(120例),同期出生足月适于胎龄儿(AGA)为AGA组(96例),记录出生体质量、身长,出生第7天检测血浆空腹血糖(FG)、三...     

小于胎龄与胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病

小于胎龄是导致胰岛素抵抗综合征的一个重要危险因素,但其发生机制尚不明确.流行病学研究发现,早期营养与成年发生代谢综合征密切相关.现对宫内营养程序化与小于胎龄儿成年后胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病的关系作一综述.     

小于胎龄儿发病情况分析

目的　评估正常孕产妇分娩的小于胎龄儿 (SGA)的患病率及死亡率。方法　回顾分析 1998年～2 0 0 2年在我院分娩胎龄为 3 7～ 41周的SGA ,依据新生儿出生体重的百分位数将SGA分为大于第 5百分位 ,但小于第 10百分位SGA(SGA1) ;小于第 5百分位SGA(SGA2 )。将孕母患妊娠合并症及胎儿畸形者予以剔除。将同期正常孕产妇分娩的适于胎龄儿 (AGA)作为对照组。比较 3组胎龄、出生体重、身长 ,入新生儿重症监护病房 (NICU)率、低血糖、肺透明膜病 (RDS)、吸入性肺炎、机械通气、红细胞增多症、高胆红素血症、败血症及 1minApgar评分≤ 7分、发生率等指标。 结果　观察对象共 4546例 (AGA组 43 2 3例 ,SGA1组 13 0例 ,SGA2组 93例 )。 3组胎龄相似 (P均 >0 .0 5) ;SGA组出生体重、身长均明显低于AGA组 (P均 <0 .0 0 1) ;低血糖、RDS、吸入性肺炎、机械通气、高胆红素血症和败血症 3组之间无统计学差异 (P均 >0 .0 5)。SGA入新生儿重症监护病房率、红细胞增多症和新生儿窒息的发生率显著高于AGA组 ,且存在出生体重越低危险越大趋势。结论　与AGA相比 ,正常孕产妇分娩足月SGA某些新生儿疾病的发生率显著增加     

适于胎龄儿和小于胎龄儿小脑发育的对比研究

目的 探讨适于胎龄儿（AGA）和小于胎龄儿（SGA）的小脑发育是否存在差异。方法 选取165例胎龄25~40⁺⁶周的AGA和105例相应胎龄的SGA纳入研究。于新生儿出生24~48 h内采用超声测量小脑横径、小脑蚓部高度、小脑蚓部面积、小脑蚓部周长、小脑横径切面小脑面积、小脑横径切面小脑周长。采用Pearson相关分析法进行各测量值与胎龄关系的分析。结果 不论AGA还是SGA,小脑各测量值和胎龄均呈正相关（r=0.50~0.81,P < 0.05）。AGA和SGA各测量值在胎龄25~27⁺⁶周、28~30⁺⁶周、31~33⁺⁶周亚组中的比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但在胎龄34~36⁺⁶周、37~40⁺⁶周亚组中,SGA的各测量值均明显低于AGA（P < 0.05）。结论 胎龄 < 34周SGA的宫内小脑发育与同胎龄的AGA类似,而≥34周SGA的宫内小脑发育落后于AGA。     

适于胎龄儿和小于胎龄儿小脑发育的对比研究

目的 探讨适于胎龄儿（AGA）和小于胎龄儿（SGA）的小脑发育是否存在差异。方法 选取165例胎龄25~40⁺⁶周的AGA和105例相应胎龄的SGA纳入研究。于新生儿出生24~48 h内采用超声测量小脑横径、小脑蚓部高度、小脑蚓部面积、小脑蚓部周长、小脑横径切面小脑面积、小脑横径切面小脑周长。采用Pearson相关分析法进行各测量值与胎龄关系的分析。结果 不论AGA还是SGA,小脑各测量值和胎龄均呈正相关（r=0.50~0.81,P < 0.05）。AGA和SGA各测量值在胎龄25~27⁺⁶周、28~30⁺⁶周、31~33⁺⁶周亚组中的比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但在胎龄34~36⁺⁶周、37~40⁺⁶周亚组中,SGA的各测量值均明显低于AGA（P < 0.05）。结论 胎龄 < 34周SGA的宫内小脑发育与同胎龄的AGA类似,而≥34周SGA的宫内小脑发育落后于AGA。     

小于胎龄儿相关因素的研究

为了解不同类型胎儿体格发育(出生体重、身长、头围)情况及小于胎龄儿相关因素,自1999年5月～2000年12月,对在我院分娩的单胎活产新生儿及其母亲424对,进行前瞻性调查.结果显示小于胎龄儿(SGA)36例,发生率为8.5%,适于胎龄儿(AGA)294例,大于胎龄儿(LGA)94例,SGA组除出生体重外,身长、头围三项指标均低,与AGA组有非常显著意义(P值均＜0.001).影响SGA体格发育Logis-tic回归分析最主要危险因素为母孕早期剧吐、被动吸烟、贫血、羊水量过少和母患妊高征.母亲身高、文化程度、胎盘重量与胎儿体格发育呈正相关.SGA组新生儿生后五天内发病率最高为33.3%,与AGA组的2.7%比较有非常显著意义(P＜0.01).因此,防治常见妊娠合并症,加强孕期营养,提高自我保护意识,将有助于降低SGA发生.     

我国小于胎龄儿现状分析

研究我国小于胎龄儿（SGA）的现状。方法　调研我国22个省、自治区、直辖市的86所医院提供的2005 - 01 - 01 T 00:00:00至2005 - 12 - 31 T 00:00:00出院的产科出生的新生儿（45 014例）中SGA的发生率,总结分析该86所医院新生儿科住院患儿（54 466例）中SGA的临床资料。结果　（1）产科出生的 新生儿中SGA 的发生率为6.61 %,其中早产儿中SGA发生率（13.10 %）高于足月儿（6.05 %）;（2）新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的比例为9.19 %;（3）SGA中窒息 、呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS） 、肺出血、呼吸暂停、缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）、胃潴留、消化道出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）、寒冷损伤综合征、先天畸形的构 成比高于适于胎龄儿（AGA）和大于胎龄儿（LGA）;（4）在SGA的转归中,治愈、好转率分别为57.47 %和27.41 %, 自动出院占13.17 %,病死率为1.95 %。其 中SGA病死率明显高于AGA和LGA, 而治愈好转率（84.88 %）则明显低于AGA 和LGA。 结论　我国新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的患病率和病死率较高,加强围生期监 测和干预以减少SGA发生、积极防治SGA并发症仍是我国目前围产工作的重点。     

早产小于胎龄儿与适于胎龄儿住院期间生长代谢的临床研究

目的 探讨早产小于胎龄儿（SGA）与适于胎龄儿（AGA）住院期间生长代谢的差异.方法 回顾性分析我院2008年1月至2012年12月收治的胎龄28 ～ 34周早产儿病例,根据胎龄与出生体重的关系分为SGA组与AGA组,比较两组早产儿一般情况、体格增长、血生化指标及合并症等.结果 纳入研究的早产儿共164例,SGA组78例,AGA组86例.2组早产儿入院胎龄、性别、发生呼吸窘迫综合征的比例、恢复出生体重日龄等差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.SGA组与AGA组相比,窒息比例高（25.6％比12.8％）,住院时间长[36.5（28,45.5）天比28（22,36）天],肠外营养时间长[26（19,35）天比22（16,30）天],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.恢复出生体重后,SGA组与AGA组相比平均每日体重增长速率快[（20.6＆#177;3.3） g/（kg＆#183; d）比（18.4＆#177;3.8）g/（kg＆#183;d）],每周头围增长速度快[（0.71＆#177;0.25） cm比（0.55＆#177;0.26） cm],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,每周身长增长速度差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.SGA组前白蛋白低于AGA组,胆汁酸高于AGA组,败血症和慢性肺疾病发生率均高于AGA组（20.5％比9.3％,11.5％比1.2％）,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,早产儿视网膜病和坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 SGA早产儿恢复出生体重后生长速率及头围增长速度快于AGA早产儿,但身长增长速度无差异;SGA早产儿出生及出院时血前白蛋白水平均低于AGA早产儿;SGA早产儿更易发生胆汁淤积、败血症及慢性肺疾病.     

无生长追赶小于胎龄儿胰岛素敏感性及垂体-甲状腺轴变化的研究

目的探讨无生长追赶小于胎龄儿(SGA)胰岛素敏感性及垂体-甲状腺轴的变化。方法选择近3年中山大学附属第一医院儿科内分泌专科门诊的青春前期生长迟缓儿童,按性别、年龄、体块指数(BMI)匹配分为两组,即无生长追赶SGA组和矮小适于胎龄儿组(AGA),各24例进行病例对照研究。两组均检测空腹血糖、血清胰岛素及血清TSH、T3、T4,并计算血糖/胰岛素比值(G/I比值)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA%)。结果SGA组空腹血糖与AGA组比较无显著性差异,但空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR、HOMA%均显著高于AGA组(8.0±6.2vs4.4±2.8mU/L,1.8±1.4vs1.0±0.7和183.0±145.9vs70.8±43.6,P均<0.05);SGA组HOMA-IR>3人数显著高于AGA组(7/24vs1/24,P<0.05);G/I比值显著低于AGA组(17.8±15.1vs33.2±28.9,P<0.05)。SGA组血清TSH显著高于AGA组(2.9±0.8vs1.9±0.9mU/L,P<0.01),而血清T3、T4两组比较差异无统计学意义。SGA血清胰岛素、HOMA-IR与出生体重SDS呈负相关(r=-0.547和-0.482,P均<0.05);SGA血清TSH与出生身长SDS呈负相关(r=-0.571,P<0.01)。结论无生长追赶SGA存在胰岛素抵抗和垂体-甲状腺轴的改变,无生长追赶SGA需要长期随访和早期干预,以预防或延缓代谢综合征发生。     

Breastfeeding and catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was prospectively measured from birth to 1 y in 54 term infants born small for gestational age (SGA), fed either breast milk or a standard term infant formula. Breastfeeding was associated with a 0.36 and 0.64 standard deviation (SD) increase in weight at 2 weeks and 3 months of age. respectively, which persisted beyond the breastfeeding period (0.64 SD at 1 y). Breastfed infants also showed greater catch-up growth in head circumference [SD score (SDS) 0.53 higher at 3 months], and greater body length gain (SDS 0.68 higher at 6 months). This increased growth was independent of potentially confounding obstetric, social and demographic factors. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding may promote faster growth in infants compromised by poor growth in utero. SGA infants may be programmed for a number of adverse outcomes; the possibility that such events are altered by choice of postnatal diet is a key issue for future research.     

Children born small for gestational age are not at special risk for preschool emotion and behaviour problems

Despite the wealth of literature examining long term outcomes of preterm low birthweight children, few studies have directly assessed the developmental impact of being born full term but small for gestational age (SGA). We aim to determine whether (i) being SGA increases preschool behavioural problems and (ii) other risk factors operate differently in SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) controls. 550 New Zealand European mothers and their 3.5 year old children participated in this study. All children were born at full term (>37 weeks' gestation) and approximately half were SGA (≤sex specific 10th percentile for gestation) the remainder were AGA controls. Extensive data were collected at the child's birth, 1 year and 3.5 years. Behavioural problems were measured when children were 3.5 years, using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the associations between risk factors and behavioural problems; statistical weighting was used for analyses of the total study group. There was no significant difference in behavioural problems between SGA and AGA groups. In the total sample the significant predictors of behavioural problems included: mothers' school leaving age; smoking during pregnancy; maternal alcohol use during pregnancy; and absence of the father. Predictors of behavioural problems were found to be the same for SGA and AGA groups. These results do not support the view that SGA is a risk for behavioural preschool difficulties or that SGA children are sensitised to risks known to be associated with such difficulties in the preschool years.     

Longitudinal follow-up of growth in children born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was followed in a population-based group of 123 small-for-gestational-age (SGA, birth weight < -2 SD) children (66 boys and 57 girls) to four years of age in order to determine the incidence and time of catch-up growth. Gestational age was determined by ultrasound in gestational weeks 16–17 in all pregnancies, thus eliminating the problem of distinguishing between SGA and preterm infants. Infants with well-defined causes for slow growth rate, i.e. those infants with chromosomal disorders, severe malformations, intrauterine viral infections or cerebral palsy, were excluded. The boys showed an extremely fast weight catch-up, 85% of them reaching weights greater than -2 SD at the age of three months and remaining above this level to the end of the study period. Such a fast catch-up growth was observed in only two-thirds of the girls, but at four years of age 85?4 of the girls were also above -2SD. Length catch-up was more gradual than weight catch-up. Of the boys, 54% had lengths below -2 SD at birth, 26% at 1 year of age, 22% at 2 years of age, 17% at 2.5 years of age and 11% (n= 8) at 4 years of age. Corresponding figures for girls were: 69% at birth, 28%) at 1 year, 15% at 2 years, 12% at 2.5 years and 5%) (n = 3) at 4 years. At 4 years of age, only six boys and three girls remained below -2 SD for both weight and height. We conclude that in Sweden the prognosis for catch-up growth for an SGA child, when children with well-defined causes of growth disturbances are excluded, is very good and it is extremely rare for the child still to have a height below -2 SD by the age of 4 years.     

Dietary intakes in children born small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age: A longitudinal study

Children born small for gestational age (SGA) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated risk factors in later life; however, little is known about their dietary intakes. The objective of this study was to assess dietary intakes in SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) at 3.5, 7, and 11 years. The Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study is a longitudinal case–control study of children born at term (n = 871). Children were assessed at 3.5 (n = 550), 7 (n = 591), and 11 (n = 620) years of age. Diet was assessed using a 24‐hr record‐assisted recall. Reported dietary intakes were analyzed and compared with the Australian and New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values. Compared with AGA, median energy intakes were significantly lower in SGA at 3.5 years (4.2 MJ [IQR, 3.0 to 5.8] vs. 5.4 MJ [IQR, 3.9 to 6.5]; p < .0001) but not at 7 and 11 years. Inadequate dietary intakes of micronutrients were more prevalent among SGA at 3.5 years and 11 years of age. A large proportion of SGA and AGA children consumed more than the recommended amounts of saturated fats, sugars, and sodium. There was no association of dietary intake and socio‐demographic factors. This study reveals that dietary intake in 3.5‐year‐old children born SGA is lower in energy and a variety of micronutrients compared with dietary intake in AGA. These intakes may however be appropriate given their BMI z‐scores. High intakes of sodium, saturated fat, and sugars are a concern for all children in this cohort.     

早产和低出生体重及小于胎龄儿与脑性瘫痪发病的关系

目的 明确早产、低出生体重及小于胎龄儿(SGA)与脑性瘫痪(简称脑瘫)的关联程度。方法 1997年5—7月对江苏省7个市的1～6岁儿童进行了现况普查,共查305263名,并对其胎龄、出生体重及胎龄别出生体重与脑瘫的关系进行了分析。结果 本组儿童共发现脑瘫484例,发生率为1．59‰。早产儿及过期产儿脑瘫发生率相对危险性(RR)分别为足月儿的25．16倍及2．40倍;低出生体重及巨大儿的脑瘫发生率RR分别为正常出生体重儿的19．63倍及1．34倍;SGA及大于胎龄儿(LGA)脑瘫发生率RR为适于胎龄儿(AGA)的4．34倍及0．84倍。先按胎龄别出生体重分层再按胎龄分组,发现各层内早产儿脑瘫发生率均较足月儿高,RR最高AGA层为28．34倍,其次LGA层为21．41倍,最低SGA层为9．29倍,各层内过期产儿脑瘫发生率也较足月儿高,RR最高AGA层为2．63倍,其次SGA层为1．90倍,最低LGA层为1．55倍;先按胎龄分层再按胎龄别出生体重分组发现各层内SGA脑瘫发生率均较AGA高,RR最高足月儿层为4．41倍,其次过期产儿层为3．19倍,最低早产儿层为1．45倍,各层内LGA脑瘫发生率均不比AGA高,除足月儿层相近为0．98倍外,早产儿及过期产儿层均较AGA低,RR分别为0．74倍和0．58倍。按胎龄大小及胎龄别出生体重大小联合分成9组进行比较,发现多数组脑瘫发生率均较足月AGA组高,RR按次序为早产SGA40．99倍、早产AGA28．34倍、早产LGA21．08倍、过期SGA8．39倍、足月SGA4．41倍、过期AGA2．63倍、过期LGA1．53倍、足月LGA0．98倍;前6组差异均有显著性,后2组倍数接近1．0,差异无显著性。结论 早产及SGA两种因素均与小儿脑瘫发生率增加关联,这两个因素分别为小儿脑瘫独立的危险因素;过期产与脑瘫的关联很弱,LGA则与脑瘫的发生率增加无关。