Comparative dynamics and phenotype of the murine immune response to Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis

Infection of NIH mice with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis results in qualitatively comparable immune responses. Antigen-specific proliferation by mesenteric lymph node cells was transient and temporally associated with intestinal infection, but in contrast was sustained throughout infection by splenocytes. Early cytokine production by mesenteric lymph node cells was dominated by interleukin 10, but also IL-5 and IL-4, with rapid resolution following parasite expulsion from the gut. Splenocytes showed a mixed profile of cytokine production, although again dominated by IL-10 and sustained over 60 days of infection. All antibody classes were evident, with early production of IgA and IgG1, and subsequent secretion of other subclasses including IgG2a. Granulocytic infiltration of the spleen was significantly greater in T. spiralis infection. The concentration of serum corticosterone generally remained within normal boundaries, although was raised by day 60 in T. spiralis-infected mice. We conclude that the systemic suppression of inflammation reported for T. pseudospiralis does not result from selective induction of regulatory cytokines, or a major difference in the immune response to infection with T. spiralis.     

Modulation of host response by Trichinella pseudospiralis

Measurement of myeloperoxidase activity in the muscles of mice infected with Trichinella pseudospiralis, T. spiralis or both helminths allowed quantitation of host inflammatory response to the parasite. Infection of the host with T. pseudospiralis alone was accompanied by less inflammation in host diaphragm muscle than was the case in hosts infected with T. spiralis alone. A dramatic reduction in inflammation around s.c. implanted cotton string was observed in mice infected with T. pseudospiralis alone below that seen in uninfected mice. Concurrent infection of the host with T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis resulted in a lowering of myositis below that seen in the diaphragm muscles of mice infected with T. spiralis alone.     

旋毛虫与伪旋毛虫肌幼虫抗原的SDS-PAGE和双向电泳分析

目的鉴定旋毛虫(Trichinella spiralis,T1)与伪旋毛虫(T.pseudospiralis,T4)肌幼虫的差异蛋白。方法应用SDS-PAGE和双向电泳(two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,2-DE)对T1、T4肌幼虫的可溶性抗原与培养24h的ES抗原的蛋白组分进行分析。结果SDS-PAGE显示,T1肌幼虫可溶性抗原有22条蛋白带(221.62kDa～14.88kDa),其中6条为T1特异性蛋白带(59.72、44.37、23.66、22.36、18.26、16.34kDa);T4可溶性抗原蛋白有18条带(185.28kDa～14.27kDa),其中4条为T4特异性蛋白带(132.60、119.30、35.26、31.02kDa)。T1的ES抗原有10条蛋白带(113.21kDa～14.37kDa),T4的ES抗原有9条蛋白带(104.71kDa～14.51kDa),T1、T4肌幼虫ES抗原的蛋白带均不相同。2-DE显示,T1可溶性抗原有193±12个蛋白点,分子量主要为11kDa～22kDa、25kDa～64kDa及100kDa～144kDa,所对应的等电点(pI)分别为4.7～8.2、4.5～6.5及5～7;T4可溶性抗原有175±9个蛋白点,分子量主要为12kDa～21kDa及25kDa～90kDa,所对应的pI分别为4～9.5与4.5～9.6。T1的ES抗原具有82±6个蛋白点,分子量主要为13kDa～16kDa、18kDa～22kDa及40kDa～55kDa,所对应的pI分别为4～7、3.8～6.2及5～9;T4的ES抗原具有69±5个蛋白点,分子量主要为10kDa～15kDa、17kDa～25kDa及29kDa～55kDa,所对应的pI分别为4.7～6.5、4.6～6及5～7。结论旋毛虫肌幼虫可溶性抗原及ES抗原的蛋白组分与伪旋毛虫的明显不同。     

Efficacy of albendazole against Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella spiralis in mice.

Albendazole (Smith Kline, Beecham) in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day was given to B6C3F1 mice exposed to 300 larvae of T. pseudospiralis or T. spiralis. The drug was introduced on days 2, 3 and 4; or 4, 5 and 6; or 18, 19 and 20 after infection. It limited the intensity of intestinal and muscle phases of trichinellosis. Given at the stage of maturation of adult forms and production of new-born larvae, the drug caused almost total elimination of both species from the intestines of mice and a decrease in the numbers of muscle larvae, with a tendency towards a greater reduction of larvae and adults of T. pseudospiralis. The drug did not change the course of infection when given at the phase of infectivity of larvae.     

Mitochondrial ATP-ASE as a measure of uncoupling of rat muscle mitochondria in experimental infection with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis

Changes in a bioenergetic state of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis infected rat and mouse muscle mitochondria were evaluated enzymatically, and in both infections 3-4-fold increase of mitochondrial, Mg++-stimulated ATP-ase (EC 3.6.1.3) was observed. Looking for the dynamics of those bioenergetic changes in T. pseudospiralis infected rat and mouse muscle mitochondria 1-2 weeks, pi, the 5-6-fold stimulation of mATP-ase activity, followed by a significant drop between the week 3-4th was found. In in vitro experiments cytoplasmic fractions isolated from T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis larvae stimulated strongly mATP-ase activity of control rat liver mitochondria, the effect being much more pronounced in case of T. spiralis larvae. The factor(s) present in cytoplasmic fractions seem(s) to be heat-labile, of high molecular weight. Those experiments in vitro prove the causative role of the presence of T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis larvae in the uncoupling of host muscle mitochondria. Since some relationship between the intensity of infection and the degree of uncoupling was observed, the measurements of the activity of this enzyme might serve not only as a biochemical method of differentiation between infected and normal muscles, but may be useful in crude evaluation of the intensity of these tissue infections.     

A role for elevated plasma corticosterone in modulation of host response during infection with Trichinella pseudospiralis

Suppression of host inflammatory response in mice infected with Trichinella pseudospiralis was associated with host plasma corticosterone levels significantly higher than those seen in uninfected mice or in mice infected with T. spiralis. Increases in the population of mitochondria and depletion of lipid droplets in cells of the zona fasciculata were seen in the adrenals of mice infected with T. pseudospiralis. Elevations in enteritis, myositis and myocarditis accompanied 100% mortality in adrenalectomized mice infected with T. pseudospiralis, while lower levels of inflammation and no mortality were observed in sham operated or intact animals infected with this parasite. The severe myositis normally accompanying infection with T. spiralis was suppressed by concurrent infection with 1000 or 2000 T. pseudospiralis to levels equivalent to those seen in animals receiving 0.15 and 0.41 mg cortisone acetate/25 g mouse/day, respectively.     

旋毛虫和伪旋毛虫肌幼虫时期排泄分泌产物iTRAQ法蛋白质组学分析

目的探究旋毛虫和伪旋毛虫肌幼虫时期排泄分泌产物(ESP)中的差异蛋白,分析两者免疫抑制差异的原因和参与包囊形成的潜在功能蛋白。方法收集旋毛虫和伪旋毛虫ESP,采用二喹啉甲酸检测法测定旋毛虫、伪旋毛虫ESP蛋白浓度,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测蛋白质量,对经过超滤管酶解法酶解后的ESP多肽段采用同位素相对定量和绝对定量标记技术(iTRAQ)标记,混合标记后的样品进行液相分离高pH反相色谱和液相串联质谱检测。检测完成后,搜索UniProt数据库中的旋毛虫(Trichinella spiralis)和伪旋毛虫(Trichinella pseiudospiralis)数据库,在可信蛋白(得分80以上)的基础上筛选同源蛋白,比较同源蛋白的差异表达情况。利用QuickGO对差异蛋白进行标准化描述。选取9个差异明显的重要蛋白进行实时荧光定量PCR验证,采用△△Ct法验证基因表达水平。采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析结果经iTRAQ标记鉴定出旋毛虫可信蛋白492个,伪旋毛虫535个,可用于定量分析的旋毛虫蛋白193个,伪旋毛虫蛋白164个。旋毛虫/伪旋毛虫同源比对结果显示,表达蛋白上调162个,下调31个。GO分析结果显示,分子功能主要富集在离子结合功能、肽酶活性、氧化还原酶活性和核酸酶活性,分别为45、18、12和8个。在生物过程中,涉及最多的是小分子代谢过程(15个),碳水化合物代谢过程(12个),生物合成过程(12个),DNA代谢过程过程(8个)。差异蛋白涉及的细胞组成成分主要为细胞质和含蛋白质的复合物。KECG分析显示,与硫胺素代谢,鞘糖脂生物合成,苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成相关的蛋白大部分上调。plancitoxin-1(E5SXW8)、胰蛋白酶(E5SPA7)、胱抑素(E5S387)、丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(E5SJH4)、5’-核苷酸酶(E5S554)、烯醇酶(E5SQX1)、L-天冬酰胺酶(E5SBA6)蛋白表达和基因转录水平在旋毛虫肌幼虫时期均高于伪旋毛虫(P<0.05);热休克蛋白β-1 (E5RZQ6)、组蛋白H2B (E5S7K8)蛋白表达和基因表达水平在旋毛虫肌幼虫时期低于伪旋毛虫(P<0.05)。结论旋毛虫和伪旋毛虫肌幼虫时期ESP差异蛋白生物信息学分析提示丝氨酸蛋白酶、胱抑素、plancitoxin-1和14-3-3蛋白等可食能与包嚢形成和免疫调节相关。     

The composition of the peripheral blood in white mice infected with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis]

The study of the peripheral blood response in mice with an experimental T. spiralis infection from the 1 to the 60 days of the latter showed leucocytosis, lymphomonocytosis and neutropenia maximal at the 21--35 days of the infection along with hyperthrombocytosis and ESR elevation, with the subsequent declination up to the end of the supervision. In experimental P. pseudospiralis infection lymphomonocytosis and ESR levels were comparatively lower but eosinophilia was significantly higher.