大鼠肝大部切除后热休克处理对热休克蛋白和磷酸酶的影响

目的　研究热休克蛋白 (Hsc70 /Hsp6 8)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)、碱性磷酸酶 (AKP)在肝再生过程中的生物学作用 ,检测这些大分子在大鼠肝大部切除后热休克处理下的动态变化。　方法　用组织化学、免疫组织化学、Western印迹、酶的原位复性电泳、体视学分析、比色分析等方法。　结果　肝切除和热休克联合处理 (PH - HS)后的0～ 144 h恢复期间 ,ACP有 3个高活性期 (12、36和 96 h) ,AKP有 2个高活性期 (12和 36 h) ,Hsc70 /Hsp6 8有 2个高表达期 (16和 48h) ;PH- HS后 ACP和 AKP活性增强与 140～ 180 k D的酶活性增加有关。与只进行热休克 (HS) (44℃ ,30 min)处理或与只进行 2 /3肝切除 (PH)后恢复期间 Hsc70 /Hsp6 8含量和磷酸酶活性动态变化的比较表明 ,PH- HS对 Hsc70 /Hsp6 8含量和磷酸酶活性的影响可持续 12 0 h;PH- HS中的 PH能略微降低 ACP和 AKP活性 ,减少 HS诱导肝细胞合成 Hsc70 /Hsp6 8的量 ;PH- HS中的 HS处理能抑制 PH诱导的 Hsc70 /Hsp6 8表达和推迟 ACP活性高峰出现的时间。　结论　 ACP、AKP和 Hsc70 /Hsp6 8均在肝细胞的 HS反应和肝再生中起作用 ,其中 ,ACP可能在启动肝再生中起重要作用 ,AKP和 Hsc70 /Hsp6 8可能在 DNA合成和细胞分裂中起重要作用     

小鼠成长过程中小肠碱性磷酸酶活性的变化及组织细胞定位

目的：研究小鼠成长过程中小肠碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase,AKP）的活性变化及其组织细胞定位。方法：利用比色法对AKP活性进行定量分析;用酶的原位复性电泳分析小肠中AKP的种类和活性变化;用组织化学、电镜细胞化学方法研究酶定位。结果：在小鼠成长过程中,AKP活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,D14活性最强,Da活性最弱;共出现2条AKP同工酶带,各同工酶的活性随小鼠的生长发育发生不同的变化;AKP活性主要出现在小肠上皮细胞的细胞质、细胞膜、微绒毛和微绒毛表面的糖衣上。结论：小肠AKP可能参与某些物质的消化吸收运输,其活性 的变化可能与小肠的机能分化有关。     

整合素α1、层黏连蛋白和IL-1α在大鼠肝再生过程中的表达变化

目的　通过检测整合素α1、层黏连蛋白 (LN)和IL 1α在大鼠肝再生过程中的表达变化 ,探讨肝细胞增殖的机制。　方法　SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组和实验组。切除实验组大鼠 2 3肝 ,分别于术后不同时段取肝 ,以免疫组织化学方法检测肝组织中整合素α1和LN的表达变化 ,以ELISA方法测定肝组织和库普弗细胞内IL 1α的含量变化。　结果　 1 整合素α1定位于肝细胞膜和细胞质 ,术后 4h其免疫反应阳性肝细胞数开始增多 ,2 4～ 36h达高峰 ,1 4 4h后恢复正常 (P <0 0 1 ) ;2 肝内LN免疫反应阳性面积于 1 2h开始增加 ,2 4～ 4 8h达高峰 ,术后 1 2h阳性肝细胞数增多 ,以 2 4～ 36h最多 (P <0 0 1 ) ,96h后恢复正常 ;3 IL 1α在肝组织中的含量于术后 1h开始升高 ,3h达高峰 ,4h后低于正常并持续至 1 4 4h(P <0 0 1 ) ,在库普弗细胞内的含量于术后 0 5h开始升高 ,1 5～ 4h维持在高峰 ,1 2h后低于正常并持续至 96h(P <0 0 1 )。　结论　库普弗细胞分泌的IL 1α可能是肝再生早期刺激肝细胞增殖的信号分子之一 ,肝再生期间肝细胞与细胞外基质之间的黏附过程可能与整合素α1和LN有关。     

血管内皮生长因子在大鼠肝再生过程中的表达变化

目的通过检测血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在大鼠肝再生过程中表达量的变化,探讨VEGF在肝再生中的作用。方法300只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组和实验组。实验组大鼠切除2／3肝,分别于术后不同时段取肝组织或原位灌注分离肝实质细胞。用免疫组织化学和Western blotting技术检测肝组织和肝实质细胞中VEGF的表达变化。结果正常肝组织的VEGF阳性细胞很少;肝切除（PH）后24h阳性细胞数显著增加（P〈0．01）,主要分布于门管区周围;PH72h时阳性细胞数达到高峰,几乎遍及整个肝小叶;从PH120h起VEGF阳性细胞数逐渐减少至正常。Western blotting检测结果表明,肝实质细胞的VEGF表达量于PH0～12h较少,PH12h后增多,PH24—72h的表达量约为PH0～12h的2倍,PH72h后逐渐下降,至120h恢复正常;肝组织VEGF的表达量于PH0～12h较少,PH12h后逐渐增多,PH72h时出现高峰,约为PH0～12h的4倍;肝组织VEGF的表达量大于肝实质细胞的表达量。结论VEGF可能是参与肝脏组织结构重建的重要的生长因子：肝实质细胞是肝中VEGF的雷耍来源之一。     

肝再生过程中肝星状细胞及基质金属蛋白酶的动态变化

目的研究大鼠肝大部切除(PH)后再生过程中肝星状细胞(HSCs)的动态变化及肝MMP-2、MMP-9的活性变化,探讨肝星状细胞在肝再生中的作用。方法按Higgins等方法制备肝大部切除动物模型,于术后恢复不同时程取材,免疫组织化学法检测肝HSCs的动态变化,明胶酶谱电泳法检测肝中MMP-2、MMP-9的变化。结果(1)正常肝小叶内HSCs呈网架状分布,PH后Desmin阳性HSCs的数量递减;胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性HSCs的数量也呈递减趋势。(2)PH后再生过程中,肝脏MMP-2、MMP-9的表达逐渐增多。结论肝再生过程中HSCs的增殖反应较慢且维持的时间短,这不同于肝纤维化等肝病过程中HSCs维持较长时间的激活状态。肝再生过程中基质金属蛋白酶-2,-9的表达发生显著改变,提示基质金属蛋白酶-2,-9参与了肝再生过程。     

大鼠肝部分切除后再生期间颌下腺颗粒曲管细胞的组织学和组织化学变化

本研究将大鼠分肝部分切除组、假手术组和正常对照组。术后1、2、3、7、14天取颌下腺,进行组织学和组织化学染色。结果表明,肝部分切除后1～3天颌下腺颗粒曲管(GCT)变化明显,术后第3天达高峰。GCT细胞内分泌颗粒数量减少;PAS、-SS-基和磷钨酸苏木精反应阳性的颗粒数量变少,导管系统内容物的反应增强;GCT细胞的SDH活性增强,NE和AcP活性减弱。术后第7天,除SDH继续增强,NE继续减弱外,其他指标已趋正常。术后第14天,各项指标均趋于正常。此外,肝部分切除大鼠的GCT细胞的RNA、G6Pase和5′-Nase均无明显变化。本文的结果提示,肝部分切除后颌下腺GCT细胞的变化似与肝再生存在密切关系。     

胃肠道5-HT内分泌细胞和肥大细胞与肝再生的关系

目的 探讨胃肠道及肝中5-HT免疫活性(5-HT-IR)内分泌细胞和肥大细胞(MC)与肝再生的关系.方法 150只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、手术对照(OC)组和实验组.实验组大鼠切除2/3肝(部分肝切除,PH),分别于术后不同时段取胃、小肠、肝组织.用免疫组织化学技术检测组织中5-HT-IR内分泌细胞和5-HT-IR MC,用甲苯胺蓝(TB)染色技术检测组织中MC.OC组除不切除肝叶外,其他同实验组.结果 1.实验组和OC组胃肠中5-HT-IR内分泌细胞数均于PH后2h较对照组下降(胃P<0.05,肠P<0.01),但实验组PH后6～72h极显著多于对照组(P<0.01),肝中未见5-HT-IR内分泌细胞.2.除PH后48～96h肝中MC数显著少于对照组(P<0.05)外,实验组和OC组胃肠及肝中MC数较对照组均无显著差异.3.在胃中5-HT-IR MC数于PH后3～6h和96h显著多于对照组(P<0.05),12～72h极显著多于对照组(P<0.01);在小肠中PH后2h和120h显著多于对照组(P<0.05).3～96h极显著多于对照组(P<0.01);肝中PH后48～72 h显著少于对照组(P<0.05).OC组胃肠和肝中5-HT-IR MC数较对照组均无显著差异;4.MC的5-HT阳性率在胃中于PH后2～96 h,在小肠中于PH后0.5～120 h逐渐增大,在肝中于1.5～24 h有所增加,48～72 h明显下降.OC组胃肠和肝中的阳性率较对照组均无明显变化.结论肝切除后的肝细胞增殖期内胃肠道5-HT-IR内分泌细胞和5-HT-IR MC数显著增多,两种细胞可能提供了在肝再生中起重要作用的5-HT.     

大鼠肝大部切除与D-氨基半乳糖肝中毒后肝细胞增殖及甲胎蛋白和白蛋白免疫细胞化学研究

大鼠肝大部切除后和D-氨基半乳糖肝中毒后第1～7天,逐日取肝组织及血液样本,观察两种类型损伤后肝再生中肝细胞的增殖分化,以及血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)与白蛋白(ALB)浓度变化及其免疫细胞化学变化。结果表明:1.肝大部切除后肝细胞分裂高峰(1.5％)出现于术后第2天,半乳糖肝中毒组的高峰在第3天,且峰值仅为前者的一半(0.8％)。2.半乳糖肝中毒后,门管区和小叶周边带出现许多小型细胞,而大部切除后的肝内无此种小型细胞。3.AFP与ALB免疫细胞化学观察表明,两种损伤后肝再生中均有AFP阳性肝细胞,于第2～3天增多,第4天后渐少。部分小型细胞呈AFP阳性。电镜下见粗面内质网、滑面内质网、高尔基复合体及核周隙等处显示AFP阳性。ALB阳性细胞第1～3天较少,于第4天起渐增多。4.血清AFP含量于第1天开始升高,第4天达高峰,此后下降,ALB含量变化恰与AFP相反,第3天下降至最低点,此后回升。     

肝硬化部分切除后肝再生及结构变化

背景：肝脏自身具有强大的再生能力,临床资料显示大部分肝癌患者合并有肝硬化,切除肿瘤后肝脏质量可逐渐恢复,提示硬化的肝脏仍具备修复潜能。目的：尝试用肝部分切除方法诱导小鼠硬化肝组织内具再生能力的细胞增殖,观察再生肝脏的结构变化。方法：使用CCl₄皮下注射方法制备小鼠肝硬化模型。对肝硬化小鼠行肝部分切除,于切除后1,3,5,7,10,14及21 d取小鼠肝组织并称质量。观察比较肝部分切除后不同时间小鼠再生肝组织的结构变化;评估肝再生率;免疫组化方法分析肝星形细胞标志分子结蛋白及肝星形细胞活化标志分子α-平滑肌肌动蛋白的表达变化;5-溴脱氧尿核苷标记技术对增殖细胞进行定性、定位。结果与结论：肝硬化小鼠肝部分切除后第1,3,5,7,14,21天肝再生率分别为6.58%,22.03%,21.39%,29.05%,45.22%,50.98%。苏木精-伊红染色和Masson染色显示CCl₄注射8周后呈早期肝硬化病理改变,肝部分切除后肝组织结构逐步改善。免疫组化结果显示肝部分切除后第1天再生肝组织内结蛋白表达减少,但第3天至第14天呈上升趋势,21 d则明显减少;肝再生过程中各时间点α-平滑肌肌动蛋白表达依时递减。5-溴脱氧尿核苷阳性细胞在肝部分切除后1-7 d主要为肝细胞,肝部分切除后14-21 d阳性细胞定位于肝血窦内皮及窦腔内。结果表明早期肝硬化小鼠大部肝切除后3 d出现明显的再生反应,并逐步恢复正常的肝组织结构。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

实验性隐睾术后大鼠睾丸生精上皮酶的动态变化

目的：研究热作用对睾丸生精过程影响中AKP、ACP和SDH活性的变化,探讨其生物学意义,为男性抗生育提供形态学资料。方法：人工隐睾术后1－70天取出大鼠睾丸,显示AKP、ACP和SDH活性,光镜观察。结果：术后曲细精管界膜AKP活性减弱,直到晚期仍较弱;支持细胞术后1－10天酶增强,随后减弱,50天始为微弱反应;各级生精细胞反应不一。术后界膜ACP阴性;支持细胞酶增强,晚期仍较强;生精细胞酶反应不一。术后界膜SDH为阳性。支持细胞早期反应较强,3天始减弱,到晚期仍较弱;生精细胞酶减弱,15天始为阴性。结论：隐睾术后热作用影响生精过程,使AKP、ACP和SDH有明显变化,因各级生精细胞对热作用的反应性与耐受性不同,使以上三种酶反应强弱不一。     

Catalase-negative peroxisomes: transient appearance in rat hepatocytes during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

Using light microscopy enzyme cytochemistry to localize catalase activity in peroxisomes, a population of peroxisome-negative hepatocytes was detected in livers of rats during liver regeneration induced by two-thirds partial hepatectomy. However, examination by electron microscopy revealed that this population of hepatocytes contained peroxisomes with a delimiting membrane and a nucleoid, but no cytochemically demonstrable catalase activity within their matrix. Regenerating livers 6, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours, and 1 week after partial hepatectomy showed hepatocytes without catalase activity. However, their numbers varied, with the most numerous appearing at 24 hours after partial hepatectomy. Mitosis of catalase-negative hepatocytes were seen along with mitosis of hepatocytes containing the normal complement of catalase-positive peroxisomes. The catalase-negative hepatocytes did not show evidence of apoptosis or necrotic cell death. Lysosomal acid phosphatase activity and bile canalicular ATPase activity were present in hepatocytes with catalase-negative peroxisomes. Another population of hepatocytes with a small number of catalase-positive peroxisomes appeared and were more numerous at 36 hours after partial hepatectomy; ultrastructurally, these hepatocytes contained both catalase-negative peroxisomes, which appeared to undergo dissolution, and catalase-positive peroxisomes, which were smaller in size. After complete restoration of the liver, all hepatocytes displayed essentially uniform numbers of catalase-positive peroxisomes. These studies indicated that during liver regeneration there is a transient loss of catalase in peroxisomes of some hepatocytes. These cells proliferate and with time acquire new catalase-positive peroxisomes. The observations are discussed in relation to peroxisome biogenesis, hepatocellular carcinogenesis, and oxidative stress during liver regeneration.     

Ultrastructural observations of the cholinergic neuron in the rat striatum as identified by acetylcholinesterase pharmacohistochemistry

In order to examine the ultrastructural features of the cholinergic neuron in the striatum (caudatoputamen) of the rat, cytochemistry for acetylcholinesterase was conducted 2–12 h after intramuscular injection of the irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor diisopropylphosphorofluoridate. Light microscopic examination of Epon sections reacted for acetylcholinesterase showed that only large-sized cells in the striatum (25–35 μm in the long axis) were stained intensely. In the case of longer survival periods (10–12 h), some lightly stained cells (medium-sized) were seen dispersed amongst the large acetylcholinesterase-rich cells. Electron microscopic observations were made on ultrathin sections of selected large acetylcholinesterase-rich neurons that were first studied by light microscopy. The nucleus of these cells has an eccentric position and possesses several indentations of the nuclear envelope. The cytoplasm contains abundant organelles, many exhibiting features unique to this cell type. Many stacks of granular endoplasmic reticulum, arranged in a parallel manner and forming typical Nissl bodies, were observed in the periphery of the perikarya, and many distinct golgi complexes were seen in the perinuclear zone. At all post-diisopropylphosphorofluoridate survival times, heavy deposits of acetylcholinesterase reaction product were found within the perikarya of this cell type, for the most part within the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum. At the longer post-diisopropylphosphorofluoridate survival times, reaction product within the cytoplasm was very dense and appeared to have reached a maximum level. At these times reaction product also appeared in the secondary and tertiary dendritic branches of the large-sized neurons.

Of the other cell types in the striatum, two types of medium-sized cells displayed a light deposit of reaction product in their perikarya, but this was observed only at longer recovery times (8–12 h). The majority of cells in the striatum lacked reaction particles. Throughout the early post-diisopropylphosphorofluoridate period, the recovery of enzyme activity in the neuropil was moderate compared to that seen within cell bodies.

These findings indicate that the large-sized neuron is the only striatal structure that shows rapid regeneration of acetylcholinesterase activity during the early recovery phase after diisopropylphosphorofluoridate administration. Previous studies have indicated that this type of neuron represents the cholinergic interneuron of the striatum. The present results indicate that under appropriate conditions acetylcholinesterase pharmacohistochemistry can be utilized to determine the ultrastructural features of central cholinergic neurons.     

神经再生素对PC12细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究神经再生素(NRF)对PC12细胞凋亡的影响并初步探讨其机制。方法 通过观察细胞形态的变化、MTT微量比色法、流式细胞仪AnnexinV和caspase-3活力检测等方法，了解NRF对低浓度血清培养下PC12细胞凋亡的影响。NGF、和RPMI1640作对照。结果 培养细胞的突起生长数量和长度、M1TT微量比色的A值、AnnexinV—PE／7AAD显示的凋亡细胞比例、caspase-3活力的检测等指标，在NRF组和NGF组问无明显差异；而与窄白对照组间差异有显著性意义。结论 神经再生素对低血清培养下PCI2细朐的凋亡有抑制作用。     

Animal models of liver regeneration

Owing to its powers of regeneration, the liver is capable of in vivo "tissue engineering" which enables complete restoration of liver architecture and re-establishment of the specific functions of the liver after various types of liver injury. Our current understanding of liver regeneration forms the basis of modern liver surgery and is now taken into consideration in the treatment of many liver diseases, in liver transplantation and hepatic tissue engineering.These advances have been achieved primarily by studies of liver regeneration in animal models after partial hepatectomy, attention being focused on the general mechanisms of cell proliferation. In recent years, however, toxin-induced models of liver regeneration have assumed growing importance, and by studying the interaction between cell damage and cell regeneration have made possible an investigation of liver regeneration of greater clinical relevance. However, the mechanisms of liver regeneration in patients with pre-existing chronic liver damage such as liver cirrhosis are still largely unexplored.This review examines and critically appraises the various approaches to the study of liver regeneration in animal models, including both surgical and pharmacological approaches.     

肝再生中α2-巨球蛋白的表达动态分析

目的确定更多的与肝再生相关的基因.方法借助4～8正向抑制性消减文库(0-4-8-12短间隔连续部分肝切除)产生的α2-巨球蛋白基因片段,运用cDNA芯片分析了其mRNA在再生肝中的表达动态.结果肝再生中α2-巨球蛋白呈上调表达,而且变化幅度很大,至高点超过21倍.大部分肝切除中α2-巨球蛋白的表达高峰出现在8 h和16 h.短间隔连续部分肝切除中α2-巨球蛋白的表达呈现不同的变化趋势,4 h短间隔的连续肝切除诱导α2-巨球蛋白表达不断升高,而第二次的36 h短间隔的连续肝切除才能诱导α2-巨球蛋白表达显著升高.结论肝再生中α2-巨球蛋白可能在早期的正相急性反应中起重要作用,减少切除伤害带来的炎症,促进肝再生的顺利进行.     

AKP与生物瓣钙化的研究Ⅱ

On the basis of the previous article, the relationship of AKP and calcification of prosthetic valve tissues was investiged from the histological changes of the subcutaneous implantation of tanned xenograft in wistar rats. Histological and ultrastructural studies demonstrated that the implanted tissues underwent progressively morphological changes, including formation of capsule; cell in filtration and tissue hyperplasia, cell degeneration induced by capsule; AKP activity increase due to cell degeneration or necrosis; the formation of nuclei of calcification at the site of cell degradation, and local accumulatiom of PO^3-₄. due to AKP activity increase with promotion of calcification. Besides, the mechanism of induction of AKP activity, and the relation of AKP to calcification were also discussed.     

当归(粗)多糖对麻黄素肝组织损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨当归多糖对麻黄素致肝损伤的保护作用。 方法 72只小鼠分为正常对照组、实验对照组、当归多糖1组和当归多糖2组4个组,实验对照组和当归多糖组连续腹腔注射0.2ml浓度为4.0g/L麻黄素溶液15d(每天2次),正常对照组注射等量生理盐水,当归多糖1组和2组在腹腔注射麻黄素溶液1h后,灌胃0.3ml(12.5g/L、25.0g/L)当归（粗）多糖溶液,正常对照组和实验对照组灌胃等量的生理盐水。分别于5、10、15d用光学显微镜技术观察各组小鼠肝组织结构的变化,用比色法检测小鼠血浆γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)及肝组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化,用免疫组织化学方法检测小鼠肝组织Bax蛋白、Csapase-3蛋白表达的变化。 结果 实验对照组小鼠肝组织有不同程度的损伤,肝细胞索排列紊乱,肝细胞疏松,肝血窦扩张,血浆γ-GT、AKP、ALT、AST活性明显升高,肝组织SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量显著升高,Bax、Caspase-3蛋白的表达显著升高;当归多糖组小鼠肝组织病理损伤明显减轻,血浆γ-GT、AKP、ALT、AST活性明显降低,肝组织SOD活性明显升高,MDA含量显著降低,Bax、Caspase-3蛋白的表达有所降低。 结论 当归（粗）多糖可提高肝组织细胞的抗氧化能力,抑制细胞凋亡,促进组织细胞损伤修复,对麻黄素致肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

表皮钙离子超微结构定位的研究

目的 观察钙离子在表皮的分布情况。方法 裸鼠皮肤经丙酮处理后,采用离子捕获细胞化学法对裸鼠表皮钙离子的分布进行超微结构的定位。结果 超微结构观察显示在正常的表皮中,基底层钙离子的浓度最低,由基底层到棘层钙离子的浓度逐渐增加,在颗粒层上部,钙离子的浓度最高。另外,裸鼠皮肤经丙酮处理后可导致表皮钙离子浓度梯度的丧失。结论 表皮中存在一钙离子浓度梯度,离子细胞化学定位法是研究组织中钙离子分布的有效方法。     

AKP与生物瓣钙化的研究Ⅱ从植入材料的组织学变化研究AKP与生物瓣钙化的关系

本文在血磷与生物材料钙化关系的研究基础上,从生物瓣材料植入体内后的组织学变化,探讨了ＡＫＰ与生物瓣钙化的关系。组织学和超微结构研究表明：生物瓣组织在植入体内后有进行性形态学变化,包括形成包囊,刺激组织增生和细胞浸润,包囊诱使细胞变性,细胞在变性中使ＡＫＰ活力升高,变性和坏死细胞的降解成分便成为钙结晶的成核部位;ＡＫＰ使局部ＰＯ３－４积累,促进钙化发生。由此本文探讨了生物瓣钙化中ＡＫＰ的发生机理和ＡＫＰ与钙化的关系。