乳腺癌相关的乳腺珠蛋白基因的克隆、表达及纯化

目的 克隆人乳腺珠蛋白(hMAM)基因,原核表达重组蛋白并纯化,为建立一种新的乳腺癌诊断方法奠定基础.方法 从人乳腺癌组织中提取总RNA,经RT-PCR合成cDNA,设计特异性的引物,用PCR的方法扩增出目的片段,构建PET-32A-hMAM和PGEX-4T1 -hMAM表达载体,在BL21菌中表达hMAM重组蛋白,纯化,并进行SDS-PAGE及Western blotting鉴定.结果 经RT-PCR、PCR扩增后得到一条207 bp的DNA片段,构建载体后DNA测序,结果与预期序列一致.表达和纯化的融合蛋白相对分子质量大约为28 000,与预期结果一致.结论 成功克隆hMAM基因,并获得高纯度的hMAM重组蛋白,为进一步开发hMAM诊断试剂打下基础.     

大鼠钙结合蛋白S100A9基因克隆、表达及纯化研究

目的构建大鼠钙结合蛋白S100A9的原核表达质粒并获得纯化重组蛋白。方法根据大鼠S100A9基因mRNA序列,设计PCR引物,常规扩增后重组连入原核表达载体pET32a,并进行序列测定。利用异丙基硫代-β-D-半乳糖苷(IPTG)和不同温度诱导表达,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)鉴定结果,并亲和层析纯化重组蛋白。结果 PCR扩增获得的条带与预期的DNA表达片段大小一致,克隆构建了pET-32a-S100A9原核表达载体,测序结果与预期完全一致,经亲和层析纯化获得毫克级纯化重组蛋白,并发现该蛋白在21℃有比较强的表达。结论为进一步探讨S100A9蛋白生物学功能奠定基础。     

高免疫原性骨桥蛋白的构建、表达及鉴定

目的重组及表达高免疫原性骨桥蛋白（OPN）的融合蛋白。方法使用Lasergene软件分析OPN基因,选取出免疫原性高的区域作为目的片段。提取总RNA,应用逆转录、PCR等技术扩增OPN基因目的片段,将其分别与带有His标签的pET-32a及GST标签的pGEX-4T-1载体连接。构建表达载体,诱导表达OPN融合蛋白（分别含有His,GST—Tag）,并进行SDS—PAGE及Western blotting鉴定。结果扩增后获得一条351bp的DNA片段,经测序鉴定为目的片段序列,并实现了可溶性高表达,经Western blotting鉴定为高免疫原性OPN融合蛋白。结论采用原核表达经纯化后可获得高纯度高免疫原性的OPN融合蛋白,为进一步开发OPN诊断试剂打下基础。     

铜绿假单胞菌外毒素衍生物PE38KDEL的原核表达载体构建及其鉴定

目的 构建铜绿假单胞菌外毒素衍生物(PE38KDEL)的原核表达载体并对其表达的蛋白进行鉴定.方法 采用PCR方法扩增本实验所需要的PE38KDEL基因片段,再通过酶切及连接反应构建原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1-PE38KDEL,重组载体经过限制性内切酶酶切、PCR扩增鉴定及DNA序列测定证实插入片段正确后,转化感受态大肠杆菌BL21,经IPTG诱导表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE电泳后及蛋白免疫印迹法分别测定其大小和特异性.结果 经鉴定证实原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1-PE38KDEL构建成功,且在大肠杆菌BL21中获得了PE38KDEL与GST的融合表达,且表达蛋白产物的分子质量大小与预期值一致,并可被PE的特异性抗体所识别.结论 PE38KDEL在大肠杆菌中获得了高效的融合表达,为下一步研究其功能奠定了基础.     

重组免疫毒素IL3-PE38KDEL真核表达载体的构建

目的:构建大肠杆菌·毕赤酵母表达载体Ppic9k-IL3-Linker-PE38KDEL.方法:用PCR的方法扩增所需要的目的片段IL3及PE38KDEL,再通过酶切和连接的方法定向克隆到载体Ppic9k-Linker中,得到融合基因Ppic9k-IL3-Linker-PE38KDEL.重组载体经酶切,菌落PCR鉴定,DNA序列分析插入片段完全正确.结果:经限制性内切酶酶切鉴定,菌落PCR及DNA序列分析表明重组表达载体Ppic9k-IL3-Lin-ker-PE38KDEL构建成功.结论:成功地构建融合基因IL3-PE38KDEL的毕赤酵母表达载体,为后续的蛋白质的表达、纯化及功能研究奠定基础.     

VLDL-R配体结合结构域的克隆与表达

目的构建含VLDL-R配体结合结构域融合蛋白表达载体,并在大肠埃希菌中进行表达与纯化。方法利用PCR技术扩增LBR1-8的DNA片段,将其克隆至原核表达载体pET28a( )中,随后将阳性重组质粒转化到大肠埃希菌Rosetta中,利用IPTG诱导蛋白表达并优化其表达条件,表达产物经Ni -NTA亲和层析柱纯化回收,并采用SDS-PAGE和Western印迹对目的蛋白进行分析和鉴定。结果构建的重组表达质粒经PCR,酶切和DNA测序鉴定与预期的结果一致,含有重组质粒的表达宿主经过IPTG诱导成功表达了LBR1-8,并经优化确定了最佳的诱导表达条件。结论成功构建pET28a( )-LBR1-8表达质粒,表达并经纯化得到了LBR1-8。     

新基因MAGE-n表位肽与人HSP70融合基因的构建及表达纯化

目的构建MAGE-n159-167(QLVFGIEVV)表位肽与人热休克蛋白70(HSP70)的融合基因并表达纯化。方法应用PCR方法,将QLVFGIEVV的cDNA序列融合到人HSP70基因的3'端,将融合基因克隆入原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中,构建重组质粒pET-28a(+)QLVFGIEVV-HSP70;采用双酶切(Sac Ⅰ、Hind Ⅲ)及PCR鉴定后测序;转化大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3),用IPTG诱导表达,Ni Sepharose6FF亲和填料进行分离纯化,SDS-PAGE检测表达及纯化结果。结果经PCR扩增成功获得约2.0kb的目的片段,重组体经Sac Ⅰ、Hind Ⅲ双酶切分析及PCR结果与预期结果一致,测序正确。转入重组质粒的E.coli BL21(DE3)经IPTG诱导、SDS-PAGE分析得到71kD左右的目的蛋白条带。用Ni Sepharose6FF亲和填料分离纯化,获得了纯化的融合蛋白。结论成功构建原核表达载体pET-28a(+)QLVFGIEVV-HSP70,并获得纯化的融合蛋白,为基于MAGE-n的肿瘤疫苗研制提供良好的抗原奠定了实验基础。     

巴尔通体(Bartonella tribocorum)P26蛋白原核重组表达研究

目的 构建巴尔通体表面蛋白p26基因的原核重组表达载体,表达和纯化重组表达蛋白P26,并鉴定其抗原性.方法 利用PCR方法从巴尔通体B.tribocorum厦门分离株的基因组DNA中扩增出p26蛋白基因,并将该基因的编码区克隆到pGEX-4T-1表达载体中,从而构建GST-p26融合蛋白原核重组表达载体.将表达载体转化...     

宫颈癌相关BLCAP基因的原核表达及条件优化

目的利用大肠埃希菌表达系统表达宫颈癌相关BLCAP基因,并优化表达条件。方法利用PCR技术从逆转录病毒重组载体pL(BLCAP)SN中扩增宫颈癌相关BLCAP基因,将其插入到原核表达载体pET-32(a)中,从而构建原核表达重组质粒pET-32(a)-BLCAP,随后将阳性重组质粒转化到表达宿主菌中,通过IPTG诱导表达并优化表达条件,所表达的带有His标签目的融合蛋白经Ni2 亲和层析纯化回收,并采用SDS-PAGE和Western印迹对目的蛋白进行分析和鉴定。结果构建的重组表达质粒经PCR、酶切和DNA测序鉴定与预期的结果一致,含有重组质粒的表达宿主菌经过IPTG诱导表达了分子量约为28ku的融合蛋白,并经优化确定了最佳的诱导表达条件。结论成功构建了pET-32(a)-BLCAP原核表达质粒,表达并经纯化得到了BLCAP目的蛋白,为研究该蛋白的性质及其制备针对该蛋白的抗体奠定了基础。     

结核分枝杆菌Zmp1基因原核表达载体的构建及表达鉴定

目的构建结核分枝杆菌锌离子依赖的金属蛋白酶1(Zmp1)基因的原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中进行表达。方法以卡介苗(BCG)基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR法扩增Zmp1基因;定向克隆到原核表达载体pET-32a(+)的多克隆位点中,构建重组原核表达质粒pET-32a(+)-Zmp1;转化入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中经IPTG诱导表达,表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Western blot法鉴定。结果PCR法扩增出Zmp1基因;重组表达质粒经双酶切及基因测序鉴定构建正确;表达的重组Zmp1融合蛋白相对分子质量(Mr)约为94 000,大小与预期融合蛋白一致;重组Zmp1融合蛋白可与His标签单克隆抗体特异性结合。结论成功构建了Zmp1基因原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中获得重组Zmp1融合蛋白表达。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.