阿片类药物椎管内镇痛引起皮肤瘙痒的发生机制及其防治

椎管内注射阿片类药物镇痛可引发一些副作用,瘙痒是其中之一。鞘内注射吗啡时,瘙痒平均发生率为58%,硬膜外注射时为60%,应用其他阿片类药物或其他给药方式时为55%,药物剂量与瘙痒发生率之间未见明显相关性[1]。据报道应用阿片类药物的产妇瘙痒发生率较其他人群明显增高[2,3],可     

椎管内应用阿片类药物研究进展

椎管内应用阿片类药物因为其诸多优点近年来在临床上应用广泛.新的药物和给药方法层出不穷.然而,对于阿片类药物在椎管内的作用机制、分布、头向移动、最佳剂量及长期给药的优缺点均尚存争议.     

微量丙泊酚治疗椎管内吗啡所致的瘙痒

术后椎管内吗啡镇痛的效能已被人们肯定 ,但其伴随的副作用令人困惑 ,如何防治术后镇痛的副作用是当前研究的焦点。本文旨在探讨微量丙泊酚静注治疗术后吗啡镇痛诱发瘙痒的价值。资料与方法选择妇科术前ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,术后镇痛主诉瘙痒病人36例 ,手术种类均为子宫肌瘤剔出或全子宫切除术。术后应用硬膜外腔或蛛网膜下腔注入吗啡镇痛 ,排除既往有皮肤疾病及其他疾病所导致的瘙痒病人。全部病人采用Ｂ Ｄ针一点法椎管内联合麻醉 ,蛛网膜下腔用药为 0 75 %布比卡因 1 5ｍｌ,术中麻醉效能下降时硬膜外追加 1 6 %利多卡因 5～ 10ｍｌ。术后镇…     

椎管内非阿片类药物镇痛研究进展

随着人们对脊髓，特别是脊髓背角结构功能的认识和疼痛机制研究的深入，脊髓水平用药改变机体对痛觉的感知已引起科学家的广泛兴趣。不仅椎管内注入阿片类药物能够改变伤害性感受的传人，一些作用于其它分子靶标的药物应用于椎管内也能产生镇痛作用或增强阿片类药物镇痛并抑制其所致的耐受和依赖。现就椎管内非阿片类药物镇痛研究进展进行综述。     

椎管内非阿片类药物镇痛研究进展

随着人们对脊髓,特别是脊髓背角结构功能的认识和疼痛机制研究的深入,脊髓水平用药改变机体对痛觉的感知已引起科学家的广泛兴趣。不仅椎管内注入阿片类药物能够改变伤害性感受的传入,一些作用于其它分子靶标的药物应用于椎管内也能产生镇痛作用或增强阿片类药物镇痛并抑制其所致的耐受和依赖。现就椎管内非阿片类药物镇痛研究进展进行综述。     

阿片类药物依赖性机制研究进展

阿片类药物依赖性的形成涉及复杂的生物学机制。在受体水平，主要涉及μ受体；受体后机制则主要体现在腺苷酸环化酶活性、离子通道和基因转录的改变。另外，多种神经递质如多巴胺、氨基酸和内源性阿片肽，以及突触可塑性变化如LTP等也参与了阿片类药物依赖性的形成。     

椎管内镇痛药之间的相互作用

临床和实验研究发现椎管内应用阿片类药物和局麻药、α２－受体兴奋药之间，阿片药物之间；阿片类药物和其它药物之间存在协同和叠珈作用。临床椎管内应用阿片类药于慢性疼痛治疗发挥药物的协同镇痛作用，减少毒、副作用的产生。     

阿片类药物依赖性机制研究进展

阿片类药物依赖性的形成涉及复杂的生物学机制。在受体水平,主要涉及μ受体;受体后机制则主要体现在腺苷酸环化酶活性、离子通道和基因转录的改变。另外,多种神经递质如多巴胺、氨基酸和内源性阿片肽,以及突触可塑性变化如LTP等也参与了阿片类药物依赖性的形成。     

产妇椎管内使用阿片类药物后的呼吸抑制

椎管内注射阿片类药物为改善自然分娩和剖宫产术后镇痛作出了重要的贡献。在产妇中,硬膜外和椎管内使用阿片类药物很少出现严重的呼吸抑制=尽管少见,发生呼吸抑制的危险性仍很严重,因为患者可能因此而死亡或出现永久性脑损伤。本文讨论了椎管内使用吗啡、缓释硬膜外吗啡和亲脂性阿片类药物用于自然分娩和剖宫产术后镇痛出现呼吸抑制的机制、发生率以及如何预防、监测和治疗.     

椎管内镇痛药之间的相互作用

临床和实验研究发现椎管内应用阿片类药物和局麻药、α_2-受体兴奋药之间;阿片类药物之间;阿片类药物和其它药物之间存在协同和叠加作用。临床椎管内应用阿片类药于慢性疼痛治疗应发挥药物的协同镇痛作用,减少毒、副作用的产生。     

内源性大麻素系统调节瘙痒的研究进展

背景 很多药物和疾病都能引起瘙痒,但目前有关瘙痒的病理生理学还不完全清楚.研究发现,内源性大麻素系统在调节瘙痒中起着重要的作用,影响着瘙痒的发生与发展.目的 就近年来国内外有关内源性大麻素系统调节瘙痒的文献作一综述. 内容 大麻素受体1 (cannabinoid receptor 1,CB1)激动剂缓解瘙痒,拮抗剂诱发瘙痒.大麻素受体2(cannabinoid receptor 2,CB2)拮抗剂、内源性大麻素类化合物和脂肪酰胺水解酶(fatty acid amide hydrolase,FAAH)间接抑制瘙痒.此外,内源性大麻素的止痒作用可能部分是通过瞬时受体电位香草类受体(transient receptor potential vanilloid type,TRPV)介导的.趋向 内源性大麻素系统可能成为将来各种病因学全身性瘙痒的止痒靶点,但其调节瘙痒的机制还不十分清楚,需要进一步的研究和探讨.     

Prevention versus treatment of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus with ondansetron

BackgroundIntrathecal morphine is used for post-cesarean analgesia, but pruritus is a common side effect. Ondansetron would be an attractive treatment because it prevents nausea, is non-sedative or has no anti-analgesic effect. We undertook a study to assess the efficacy of ondansetron for treatment or prophylaxis of intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus.MethodsHealthy paturients undergoing cesarean delivery with intrathecal morphine 250 μg and fentanyl 25 μg were randomized to receive: prophylaxis (ondansetron 8 mg at cord clamping, normal saline 4 mL for treatment of pruritus in the post-anaesthesia care unit); treatment (normal saline 4 mL at cord clamping, ondansetron 8 mg as required in the post-anesthesia care unit) or control (normal saline 4 mL in both). Visual analogue scale scores for pruritus, nausea and pain were recorded preoperatively, on arrival to, at 30, 60, and 120 min and on discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit. The primary outcome was the peak pruritus score. ANOVA with Bonferroni correction or Fisher’s exact test were used to analyze data; P < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe study was terminated early when interim analysis indicated no effect. Eighty-two of the intended 180 paturients completed the protocol (26 in control group, 32 in treatment group and 24 in prophylaxis). There were no differences in the rate or severity of pruritus at any assessment point, or the request for treatment. Pruritus was reduced after administration of treatment syringe.ConclusionProphylactic ondansetron did not reduce pruritus when compared with placebo. The use of ondansetron as a treatment did not decrease the severity of pruritus when compared with placebo.     

IgA肾病诊疗进展

IgA肾病是全球最常见的原发性肾小球肾炎,亚洲人群中发病率高于其他人种。IgA肾病是目前导致终末期肾病的重要原因之一。临床上以血尿为特点,常伴随蛋白尿、高血压。其病理表现主要为IgA免疫复合物在肾小球系膜区的沉积、系膜细胞增生、毛细血管内皮细胞增生等。其发病机制可能为血液循环中半乳糖缺乏的IgA1增多,在內外界环境刺激下,产生过多的、能沉积于肾小球系膜区的免疫复合物。目前,对IgA肾病的诊断主要依靠病理检查。治疗方面,以肾素-血管紧张素系统阻断剂、控制血压为基础,恰当联合免疫抑制剂、细胞毒性药物、鱼油等或能延缓IgA肾病的进展。本文的目的是对IgA肾病的诊疗现状进行总结和分析,为临床工作及进一步科研提供指导和参考。     

血液灌流联合血液透析治疗尿毒症皮肤瘙痒患者的临床观察

目的 探讨血液透析和血液灌流联合治疗维持性血液透析尿毒症患者皮肤瘙痒的疗效.方法 将81例尿毒症皮肤瘙痒患者按皮肤瘙痒程度分为3组,每组按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组.治疗组和对照组采用营养支持及综合治疗,对照组在此基础上加用血液透析治疗;治疗组采用血液灌流+血液透析治疗.于治疗前、治疗3、6周后分别检测两组患者甲状旁腺激素、β2微球蛋白的水平变化以及皮肤瘙痒程度并进行比较.结果 治疗组患者经治疗后3、6周后甲状旁腺激素和β2微球蛋白水平与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗组患者经治疗3周后皮肤瘙痒症状较对照组改善,其中可视模拟评分法评为6～8分组改善最明显(P＜0.05).治疗组治疗6周后皮肤瘙痒症状较对照组改善,其中可视模拟评分法评分＞6分组改善最明显(P＜0.05).结论 血液灌流+血液透析联合治疗能显著降低尿毒症患者甲状旁腺激索和β2微球蛋白水平,减轻皮肤瘙痒症状.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) combined with hemoperfusion( HP) in treatment of uremic pruritis. Methods The 81 uremic patients with uremic pruritus were divided into 3 groups according to degree of skin itching. Each group was randomly divided into treatment group and control group. On the basis of nutrition support and comprehensive treatment, patients in treatment group were treated with combined HD + HP, while the patients in control group received HD treatment only. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), β2 microglobulin (β2-MG) levels and the degree of pruritus in patients were measured before treatment, treatment for 3 weeks and 6 weeks after in each group. Results effects were evaluated by comparing the PTH, β2 microglobulin (β2-MG) levels and the degree of pruritus of the experimental groups and control groups. Results 3 weeks and 6 weeks after treatment, the PTH and β2-MG levels in the experimental groups were markedly decreased (P ＜ 0.05). After 3 weeks treatment, compared with the control group the pruritus symptoms improved in the treatment group, and the visual analogue scales (VAS) score 6-8 group improved most significantly (P ＜ 0.05). After 6 weeks treatment, compared with the control group the pruritus symptoms improved in the treatment group, and the VAS score ＞ 6 group improved most significantly (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion HP + HD combination therapy can significantly reduce PTH, β2-MG levels and skin itching in uremic patients.     

血液透析联合血液灌流治疗尿毒症患者皮肤瘙痒的疗效

目的 观察血液透析联合血液灌流治疗尿毒症皮肤瘙痒患者的临床疗效.方法 选择我院72例维持性血液透析伴皮肤瘙痒患者,采用数字表法随机分为观察组(HD+ HP组)和对照组(HD组),每组各36例.对照组采用单纯血液透析(HD)治疗,每周3次,每次4小时;观察组在常规血液透析基础上加用2～3次/月的组合型人工肾治疗[血液透析(HD)联合血液灌流(HP)治疗].检测两组患者治疗前后β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH),并观察两组患者皮肤瘙痒改善情况.结果 治疗2个月后观察组患者血β2-MG、PTH比对照组明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),皮肤瘙痒的程度明显减轻.结论 血液透析联合血液灌流可有效的清除血液中大分子毒素;有效缓解长期血液透析患者皮肤瘙痒症状,改善预后,提高了尿毒症患者生存质量.     

加巴喷丁治疗血液透析患者顽固性尿毒症皮肤瘙痒的临床研究

目的 观察加巴喷丁（gabapentin）治疗顽固性尿毒症性皮肤瘙痒的有效性和安全性。 方法 采用随机对照研究,选择顽固性皮肤瘙痒的维持性血液透析（MHD）患者,随机分为试验组25例和对照组24例。试验组患者每周3次透析后晚间口服加巴喷丁100~300 mg;对照组每天口服氯雷他定10 mg。12周后根据视觉模拟评分、瘙痒VAG评分和改良Duo氏瘙痒评分进行疗效评价,同时观察不良反应。 结果 试验组患者经治疗后皮肤瘙痒症状明显改善,瘙痒分布范围减小,发作频率降低,睡眠明显改善,VAS评分（1.46±1.38比8.71±1.17,P < 0.01）、VAG评分（2.92±1.63比8.29±0.68,P < 0.01）和改良Duo氏瘙痒评分（11.33±3.99比30.75±4.87,P < 0.01）均较治疗前显著下降。对照组患者经治疗后瘙痒症状部分缓解,但疗效与试验组差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。服用加巴喷丁患者中,36%出现嗜睡、头晕,而症状均在1周内减轻或消失,没有患者因此中断治疗;未观察到严重不良反应。 结论 短期服用加巴喷丁能够安全和有效地治疗部分MHD患者的顽固性皮肤瘙痒。长期疗效及安全性仍需大样本和长期研究。     

Monitoring,prevention and treatment of side effects of long-acting neuraxial opioids for post-cesarean analgesia

Long-acting neuraxial opioids such as morphine and diamorphine, administered via spinal or epidural routes, are staple components of a multimodal approach to postoperative analgesia following cesarean delivery. The widespread use of neuraxial opioids is due largely to their significant analgesic efficacy and favorable safety profile. The most common side effects of neuraxial opioids are pruritus, nausea and vomiting. These symptoms appear to be dose-related. The most serious complication of neuraxial opioids is respiratory depression, which occurs in 0–0.9% of cases. Hypothermia has also been reported in association with neuraxial morphine use at cesarean delivery. This article will review recent advances in prophylaxis, treatment and monitoring of the side effects of long-acting neuraxial opioids.     

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiology,biological mechanisms,treatment recommendations and future research

The incidence of diabetes mellitus(DM) continues to rise and has quickly become one of the most prevalent and costly chronic diseases worldwide. A close link exists between DM and cardiovascular disease(CVD), which is the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Cardiovascular(CV) risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia are common in patients with DM, placing them at increased risk for cardiac events. In addition, many studies have found biological mechanisms associated with DM that independently increase the risk of CVD in diabetic patients. Therefore, targeting CV risk factors in patients with DM is critical to minimize the long-term CV complications of the disease. This paper summarizes the relationship between diabetes and CVD, examines possible mechanisms of disease progression, discusses current treatment recommendations, and outlines future research directions.     

先天性脊柱侧凸合并椎管内占位的诊断和治疗

目的 :探讨先天性脊柱侧凸合并椎管内占位的发病率、临床表现、影像学特征及手术治疗效果。方法 :回顾性分析2007年1月~2016年6月于西京医院骨科接受手术治疗的495例先天性脊柱侧凸患者的临床资料,其中7例合并椎管内占位。男5例,女2例;年龄11~31岁,平均19.14±7.52岁。MRI检查示7例全部位于胸段椎管内。5例位于髓内,1例位于髓外硬膜内,1例髓内及髓外硬膜内均有侵及。根据患者临床表现及影像学特征,诊断为先天性脊柱侧凸合并椎管内占位。7例患者均行一期后路脊柱侧凸矫形及椎管内占位切除术。随访观察治疗效果,疗效评价指标包括侧凸矫正率、手术并发症、椎管内占位复发情况。结果:术后随访27~99个月,平均49.7±32.9个月。先天性脊柱侧凸合并椎管内占位患者占本单位先天性脊柱侧凸患者的1.41%。术前行MRI检查,椎管内占位均准确定位;4例定性诊断与术后病理诊断一致。7例均行术后病理学检查,示畸胎瘤2例,表皮样囊肿2例,皮样囊肿1例,支气管源性囊肿1例,毛细胞型星形细胞瘤1例。术后冠状面主弯矫正率(55.05±18.75)%,术后矢状面主弯矫正率为(41.53±19.43)%。末次随访未见明显矫形丢失。术后有1例患者出现暂时性神经损害,半年后恢复;1例患者术后出现脑脊液漏,引流7d后治愈。1例患者于术后5年随访时发现椎管内占位复发,再次行椎管内占位切除术。结论:先天性脊柱侧凸合并椎管内占位发病率低;临床表现、影像学检查及病理学检查对其诊断均有重要价值。一期手术治疗先天性脊柱侧凸合并椎管内占位是安全有效的。     

Naltrexone for the management of post-burn pruritus: A preliminary report

Severe pruritus after burn continues to be a clinical challenge that is inadequately addressed by traditional therapies. The success of naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, in treating pruritus in other patient populations, supported the concept that it may also be effective in burn survivors. Thus, burn patients who were dissatisfied with itch relief obtained after a course of traditional therapy were offered naltrexone. Of the 15 subjects included in this case series, 2 discontinued treatment because of side-effects. Of the remaining 13, 72% reported that they were satisfied with the itch relief provided by naltrexone, 69% were able to decrease or stop taking other medications to reduce itch, 85% would recommend it to other burn patients, and 62% divulged that it improved their quality of life. A sub-group (n=8) completed the French-Canadian version of the Questionnaire for Pruritus Assessment before and after a 2-week course of naltrexone treatment. Comparisons of individual responses before and after naltrexone treatment revealed that the affective impact of itch appeared to be less burdensome. The majority reported either a reduction or no change in the frequency of itch experienced. All reported either a decrease or no change in the duration of itch experienced after naltrexone treatment. All items that previously increased itch were less likely to affect itch or there was no change, except with fatigue, physical effort, sweating and eating. There was a statistically significant reduction in their visual analogue scale intensity ratings of itch "at its worst". Thus, naltrexone positively impacted the itch experienced by burn patients in association with a high percentage of patient-satisfaction. Further controlled trials are recommended.