SPIO标记骨髓间充质干细胞移植入心肌梗死大鼠的示踪研究

目的探讨超顺磁性氧化铁微粒（SPIO）体外标记骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）及体内示踪移植入大鼠心肌梗死心脏的BMSCs的能力。方法使用左旋多聚赖氨酸-SPIO共培养方式标记BMSCs。采用普鲁士蓝染色观察细胞内铁颗粒,流式细胞术检测细胞活力,将经过SPIO标记的干细胞移植入心肌梗死大鼠心脏,应用1.5TMRI系统行磁标记干细胞成像。超声心动图检测各组心脏的左室射血分数（EF）,左室舒张末期内径（LVIDd）,左室收缩末期内径（LVIDs）及短轴缩短率（FS）。结果普鲁士蓝染色显示,SPIO标记的BMSCs细胞胞质内出现细小的蓝色铁颗粒,标记效率为（99.81±1.57）%;与正常未标记细胞相比较,细胞的活力差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。标记了SPIO的BMSCs体内MRI成像时显示,细胞移植区域信号缺失,对应区域病理切片普鲁士蓝染色可见胞浆内染色阳性的细胞。超声心动图显示,PBS组FS移植前后没有明显变化,BMSC组FS从移植前的（23.1±1.88）%上升到第1周的（31.28±4.15）%。BMSC组EF在移植前是（51.13±5.07）%,第1周时上升到（60.12±8.40）%。结论 SPIO能成功地标记BMSCs,且对BMSCs的活力无明显影响。BMSCs移植后能改善心梗大鼠的心功能。SPIO标记的BMSCs移植后在大鼠体内的分布、迁移过程可用MRI进行检测评价。     

MRI活体示踪超顺磁性氧化铁标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞的自体皮下移植

背景：高磁场MRI已被成功应用于示踪移植超顺磁性氧化铁标记骨髓基质干细胞的研究,但目前还有应用低磁场MRI示踪移植干细胞的报道。 目的：探讨用0.2 T MRI活体示踪自体皮下移植磁化标记骨髓基质干细胞的分布和迁移的可行性。 方法：从兔骨髓中分离培养骨髓基质干细胞,采用超顺磁性氧化铁和BrdU双重标记后,与壳聚糖复合植入兔自体大腿皮下。自体皮下移植未标记骨髓基质干细胞和皮下单纯注射超顺磁性氧化铁为对照。 结果与结论：超顺磁性氧化铁标记骨髓基质干细胞经普鲁士蓝染色和电镜检查证实细胞胞浆含致密铁颗粒。超顺磁性氧化铁标记后自体皮下移植的兔骨髓基质干细胞在GRET2*WI序列成像时产生特征性的低信号改变至少维持8周,且信号逐渐从移植部位进入组织深处。但普鲁士蓝染色和BrdU免疫组化显示大部分的移植细胞仍停留在原移植部位。提示体外超顺磁性氧化铁能有效地标记骨髓基质干细胞,利用0.2 T MRI活体示踪自体皮下移植的超顺磁性氧化铁标记兔骨髓基质干细胞分布和迁移是可行的。     

体外心肌梗死微环境下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向内皮样细胞的分化

背景：间充质干细胞来源于中胚层,具有多向分化的能力。有研究显示骨髓间充质干细胞有向内皮细胞分化的能力,从而有助于心肌梗死后心脏新生血管的形成和心肌修复。 目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞体外成内皮样细胞分化的特点,以及体外模拟心肌梗死微环境对骨髓间充质干细胞向内皮样细胞分化的影响。 方法：骨髓取自SD大鼠股骨和胫骨,骨髓分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞,体外扩增,对其形态学、增殖能力及多向分化能力进行鉴定;建立大鼠心肌梗死模型,制备8 h、3 d、1周、2周、4周梗死后不同时间点心肌组织的匀浆,分别加入到由血管内皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子β、胰岛素样生长因子1组成的内皮细胞诱导体系中,共同诱导2周后,观察不同时间的心肌组织匀浆对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成内皮分化的影响,检测vWF特异性抗原及表达的阳性率。 结果与结论：通过对培养细胞的形态学及功能鉴定,证明其为骨髓间充质干细胞,并具有成骨、成脂肪细胞、成内皮样细胞分化的能力。加入生长因子诱导体系诱导后的细胞部分表达vWF,梗死心肌匀浆与生长因子共同作用,能促进骨髓间充质干细胞向内皮细胞分化,vWF阳性率提高(P < 0.05)。RT-PCR显示加入梗死1周心肌组织匀浆诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞其vWF阳性表达率最高。提示骨髓间充质干细胞是一种具有多向分化能力的有别于造血干细胞的另一种骨髓干细胞。骨髓间充质干细胞具有向内皮分化的能力,且加入梗死心肌组织匀浆的诱导体系在体外可促进骨髓间充质干细胞向内皮细胞的分化。应用骨髓间充质干细胞治疗的最佳时机在1周为宜。     

不同来源成体干细胞BMP-2基因转染并微囊化后细胞活性及分泌量观察

目的比较不同来源成体干细胞BMP-2基因转染并微囊化后的存活情况,并检测分泌至微囊外的BMP-2蛋白数量。方法从大鼠的骨髓、脂肪和滑膜组织内分离培养不同类型的成体干细胞;骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）、脂肪干细胞（ADSCs）和滑膜干细胞（SMSCs）。利用高压静电装置制备海藻酸钠-聚赖氨酸-海藻酸钠（APA）微囊,在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）标记细胞在微囊内的存活情况。利用含有BMP-2基因的重组腺病毒感染不同来源的成体干细胞后微囊化包裹,用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测分泌到微囊外的BMP-2蛋白量。结果包裹4周后荧光显微镜观察发现,BMSCs、ADSCs和SMSCs可在微囊内长期存活。ELISA检测发现,3种转基因细胞在微囊化后都可以持续分泌BMP-2蛋白,其中BMSCs分泌最多,在第2、3、4周和其他2种细胞相比有明显差异（P〈0．01）。结论3种来源的成体干细胞都可以作为BMP-2基因给药促进骨再生研究的候选细胞,其中以骨髓来源的间充质干细胞为首选。     

绿色荧光蛋白标记成人骨髓间充质干细胞的超微结构特征

背景：研究表明,绿色荧光蛋白标记的骨髓间充质干细胞免疫学表型、细胞周期、分化潜能等均未发生明显改变。 目的：进一步观察绿色荧光蛋白标记对骨髓间充质干细胞超微结构的影响。 方法：分离培养成人骨髓间充质干细胞,抗CD34、抗CD105免疫细胞化学染色鉴定,选第3代细胞进行绿色荧光蛋白标记,超薄切片后用透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,以未经绿色荧光蛋白标记骨髓间充质干细胞为对照。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞表达CD105,不表达CD34。绿色荧光蛋白标记后,骨髓间充质干细胞细胞质发出绿色荧光,绿色荧光主要集中于细胞核周围的胞浆内,远离细胞核的胞浆内荧光强度逐渐减弱。相对于未标记的骨髓间充质细胞,经绿色荧光蛋白标记后细胞粗面内质网、高尔基体等细胞器较多,而线粒体相对较少;另外,脂滴和“空泡”样结构也多一些。结果证实绿色荧光蛋白对骨髓间充质干细胞性状的影响较为局限,是一种较为理想的细胞标记示踪剂。     

超顺磁性氧化铁微粒磁标记骨髓间充质干细胞效率实验研究

目的探讨不同浓度超微超顺磁性氧化铁微粒（USPIO）与多聚左旋赖氨酸（PLL）标记大鼠骨髓问充质十细胞（BMSCs）的磁标记效率及对细胞生长活力的影响,寻找最佳配比浓度。方法实验采用6周龄Wister近交系大鼠,150g芹右．雄性。用贴壁法分离培养BMSCs。使用6nmUSPIO—PLL复合物标记BMSCs。实验分6组,对照组为未标记的BMSCs（A组）。按照PLL的有无及PLL质量浓度梯度（0、0．25、0．50、0．75、1．00μg／mL）分为5个实验组（B～F组）;其中每个实验组再根据不同浓度铁离子与PLL结合（USPIO的终质量浓度分别为25、50、100、150μg/mL）。使用电子显微镜及光学显微镜观察标记后的BMSCs及BMSCs内的USPIO微粒。BMSCs活力测定采用台盼蓝排除实验。BMSCs生长曲线绘制采用MTT法。MRI观察体外标记后BMSCs的显影。火焰法测量BMSCs内铁含量,验证铁含量与MRI信号的关系。统计学分析采用方差分析。,结果台盼蓝染色证实90％以上标记后BMSCs均拒染台盼蓝。根据BMSCs生长曲线判断单纯使用铁离子质量浓度达到200μg／mL时或PLL用量达1．00μg／mL会对BMSCs的生长产生一定的抑制作用。火焰法测得单独USPIO标记BMSCs与USPIO—PLL标记BMSCs铁含量差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。T2WI及SWI序列图像从B组至F组信号强度逐级下降,反映出铁离子的变化情况。结论使用USPIO（100μg／mL）结合PLL（0．75μg／mL）标记BMSCs即对细胞活性和生长无不利影响．且标记BMSCs的信号强度较强。     

MRI活体示踪心肌梗死大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的移植

背景：干细胞移植的疗效和安全性评估均需要对体内干细胞的存活、分布、迁徙、增殖及分化进行连续监测。 目的：观察MRI示踪超顺磁性氧化铁标记的骨髓间充质干细胞在缺血心肌组织的分布、迁徙情况。 方法：直接贴壁法分离和培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,获得的细胞进行免疫鉴定。以新型超顺磁性氧化铁标记骨髓间充质干细胞,体外MRI成像确定其体内示踪的可行性。标记后锥虫蓝拒染试验、MTT比色试验分别检测标记细胞的活力、增殖情况。60只SD大鼠随机分为3组,制备大鼠心肌梗死模型2周后再次开胸移植含标记骨髓间充质干细胞的PBS混合液、含未标记骨髓间充质干细胞的PBS混合液和等量PBS。于移植后第1天、第3周行MRI检查,动态观察移植细胞的分布、迁徙,并根据MRI图像定位选择性行CD90免疫组化检查。 结果与结论：骨髓间充质干细胞标记后,普鲁士蓝染色见胞浆内蓝色铁颗粒,标记效率为99%,标记细胞与未标记细胞间锥虫蓝拒染率、MTT吸光度差异无显著性意义。体外MRI可检测到标记细胞,并在T2WI及T2W/FFE序列上呈低信号。细胞移植1 d后,在T2WI及T2W/FFE序列上可见标记细胞在梗死心肌边缘呈类圆形低信号;移植3周后,移植区域信号边界模糊,范围扩大,对比度降低。CD90免疫组化检测证实移植细胞可由梗死边缘向梗死区域迁徙。结果可见新型超顺磁性氧化铁可成功对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞进行标记,细胞标记后可被MRI检测。     

Intracardiac fibroblasts, but not bone marrow derived cells, are the origin of myofibroblasts in myocardial infarct repair.

SUMMARY: Origin of myofibroblasts in infarcted myocardium was examined by using rats in which bone marrow of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic mice had been transplanted. GFP was not detected in myofibroblasts at either 3 or 7 days after infarction, suggesting that proliferating myofibroblasts in infarcted myocardium are derived from resident fibroblasts rather than circulating precursor cells of bone marrow origin. BACKGROUND: Myofibroblasts play important roles in the repair process of myocardial infarct, and their origin has been assumed to be interstitial fibroblasts in the heart. However, bone marrow-derived myofibroblasts have recently been identified in pathological fibrosis in extracardiac tissues. In this study, we aimed to determine whether some of the myofibroblasts in infarcted myocardium are derived from circulating precursor cells of bone marrow origin. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bone marrow (BM) of GFP-transgenic mice was transplanted into nude rats, and their coronary arteries were occluded for 60 min and reperfused for 3 or 7 days. Non-BM-transplanted rats served as controls. At 3 days after infarction, some endothelial cells were GFP-positive, indicating that they were of bone marrow origin. Predominant cells in infarcted regions were macrophages and neutrophils, and there were only a small number of vimentin-positive cells and fewer myofibroblasts, both of which were GFP-negative. At 7 days after infarction, there were numerous myofibroblasts in granulation tissue replacing necrotic myocytes, and none of them showed GFP signals, whereas some cells were positive for both GFP and vimentin. Appearance of myofibroblasts and extent of the infarct repair in BM-transplanted and those in non-transplanted rats were similar. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this study suggest that proliferating myofibroblasts in infarcted myocardium are derived from resident fibroblasts rather than circulating precursor cells of bone marrow origin.     

同种异体脂肪组织源性间质干细胞移植治疗大鼠急性心肌梗死

目的：建立体外分离扩增脂肪组织源性间质干细胞方法，并探讨同种异体脂肪干细胞移植治疗大鼠心肌梗死的效果及可行性。方法: 18只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、急性心肌梗死对照组（AMI组）及AMI+细胞移植组。分离大鼠腹部脂肪组织干细胞，体外扩增，BrdU标记后于结扎左冠状动脉前降支后1h移植入梗死心肌，移植后4周进行血流动力学检测心功能并取出心脏进行病理切片观察和免疫组织化学染色检测移植细胞在梗死心脏中的定居、存活情况。结果: 大鼠腹部脂肪组织可分离培养出大量间质干细胞。细胞移植治疗组左心室收缩压高于AMI对照组（P＜0.01），舒张末压显著降低（P＜0.01），左心室内压最大上升、下降速率明显加快（P＜0.05）；病理组织切片显示梗死边缘区心肌面毛细血管计数明显增加，梗死区心肌组织内及毛细血管壁中均可见移植标记细胞。结论: 脂肪组织可作为干细胞又一新的来源，同种异体脂肪干细胞移植治疗AMI有效、可行。     

Efficient differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells generates cardiac cells that provide protection following myocardial infarction in the rat

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are being used increasingly to complement their embryonic counterparts to understand and develop the therapeutic potential of pluripotent cells. Our objectives were to identify an efficient cardiac differentiation protocol for human iPS cells as monolayers, and demonstrate that the resulting cardiac progenitors could provide a therapeutic benefit in a rodent model of myocardial infarction. Herein, we describe a 14-day protocol for efficient cardiac differentiation of human iPS cells as a monolayer, which routinely yielded a mixed population in which over 50% were cardiomyocytes, endothelium, or smooth muscle cells. When differentiating, cardiac progenitors from day 6 of this protocol were injected into the peri-infarct region of the rat heart; after coronary artery ligation and reperfusion, we were able to show that human iPS cell-derived cardiac progenitor cells engrafted, differentiated into cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle, and persisted for at least 10 weeks postinfarct. Hearts injected with iPS-derived cells showed a nonsignificant trend toward protection from decline in function after myocardial infarction, as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging at 10 weeks, such that the ejection fraction at 10 weeks in iPS treated hearts was 62%±4%, compared to that of control infarcted hearts at 45%±9% (P<0.2). In conclusion, we demonstrated efficient cardiac differentiation of human iPS cells that gave rise to progenitors that were retained within the infarcted rat heart, and reduced remodeling of the heart after ischemic damage.     

Chimerism of the transplanted heart.

BACKGROUND: Cases in which a male patient receives a heart from a female donor provide an unusual opportunity to test whether primitive cells translocate from the recipient to the graft and whether cells with the phenotypic characteristics of those of the recipient ultimately reside in the donor heart. The Y chromosome can be used to detect migrated undifferentiated cells expressing stem-cell antigens and to discriminate between primitive cells derived from the recipient and those derived from the donor. METHODS: We examined samples from the atria of the recipient and the atria and ventricles of the graft by fluorescence in situ hybridization to determine whether Y chromosomes were present in eight hearts from female donors implanted into male patients. Primitive cells bearing Y chromosomes that expressed c-kit, MDR1, and Sca-1 were also investigated. RESULTS: Myocytes, coronary arterioles, and capillaries that had a Y chromosome made up 7 to 10 percent of those in the donor hearts and were highly proliferative. As compared with the ventricles of control hearts, the ventricles of the transplanted hearts had markedly increased numbers of cells that were positive for c-kit, MDR1, or Sca-1. The number of primitive cells was higher in the atria of the hosts and the atria of the donor hearts than in the ventricles of the donor hearts, and 12 to 16 percent of these cells contained a Y chromosome. Undifferentiated cells were negative for markers of bone marrow origin. Progenitor cells expressing MEF2, GATA-4, and nestin (which identify the cells as myocytes) and Flk1 (which identifies the cells as endothelial cells) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a high level of cardiac chimerism caused by the migration of primitive cells from the recipient to the grafted heart. Putative stem cells and progenitor cells were identified in control myocardium and in increased numbers in transplanted hearts.     

Molecular imaging of bone marrow mononuclear cell homing and engraftment in ischemic myocardium

Bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) therapy shows promise as a treatment for ischemic heart disease. However, the ability to monitor long-term cell fate remains limited. We hypothesized that molecular imaging could be used to track stem cell homing and survival after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We first harvested donor BMMCs from adult male L2G85 transgenic mice constitutively expressing both firefly luciferase (Fluc) and enhanced green fluorescence protein reporter gene. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed approximately 0.07% of the population to consist of classic hematopoietic stem cells (lin-, thy-int, c-kit+, Sca-1+). Afterward, adult female FVB recipients (n = 38) were randomized to sham surgery or acute I/R injury. Animals in the sham (n = 16) and I/R (n = 22) groups received 5 x 10(6) of the L2G85-derived BMMCs via tail vein injection. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was used to track cell migration and survival in vivo for 4 weeks. BLI showed preferential homing of BMMCs to hearts with I/R injury compared with sham hearts within the first week following cell injection. Ex vivo analysis of explanted hearts by histology confirmed BLI imaging results, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (for the male Sry gene) further demonstrated a greater number of BMMCs in hearts with I/R injury compared with the sham group. Functional evaluation by echocardiography demonstrated a trend toward improved left ventricular fractional shortening in animals receiving BMMCs. Taken together, these data demonstrate that molecular imaging can be used to successfully track BMMC therapy in murine models of heart disease. Specifically, we have demonstrated that systemically delivered BMMCs preferentially home to and are retained by injured myocardium. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.     

构建携带胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因骨髓间充质干细胞及其对胶质瘤细胞的体外抑制作用

背景：转染胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因的骨髓间充质干细胞能有效地将化疗前药5-氟尿嘧啶转化成具有细胞毒性的化疗药物5-氟尿嘧啶,并在体外对胶质瘤细胞有显著的生长抑制作用。 目的：探讨以骨髓间充质干细胞为基因治疗载体表达外源基因胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因对胶质瘤C6细胞增殖的影响。 方法：分离、培养小鼠间充质干细胞,构建胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因与GFP联合的慢病毒载体,通过慢病毒包装法将胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因及GFP转染至小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,获得稳定表达胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因及GFP的骨髓间充质干细胞,使其与胶质瘤C6细胞共培养,在培养液中加入5-氟胞嘧啶后应用流式细胞仪检测胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因对胶质瘤细胞的增殖影响。 结果与结论：慢病毒介导的胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因及GFP基因成功转染小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞形成C57BL/6 mMSC-codA/eGFP细胞,C57BL/6 mMSC-codA/eGFP在5-氟胞嘧啶的作用下可引起胶质瘤C6细胞的明显凋亡,在5-氟胞嘧啶浓度为1×10⁶ μg/ L条件下C6胶质瘤细胞凋亡率为60%(P < 0.05)。提示,C57BL/6 mMSC-codA/eGFP可将5-氟胞嘧啶转化成5-氟尿嘧啶并对C6胶质瘤细胞生长有显著的限制作用甚至是致死效应。     

超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒体外标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞的安全性以及MRI成像特征*☆

背景：传统的干细胞标记方法常需要病理组织学等侵袭性手段检测,无法动态观察整个实验过程,也不适合临床研究。 目的：观察超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒体外标记对兔骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性的影响以及标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞的体外MRI成像特征。 方法：采用红细胞裂解贴壁法培养扩增兔骨髓间充质干细胞。采用不同浓度超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒(100,50,25,12.5 mg/L)联合多聚赖氨酸(0.75 mg/L)标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞。对标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞进行MRI检测,观察其成像特征。 结果与结论：25 mg/L的超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒联合0.75 mg/L多聚赖氨酸标记兔骨髓间充质干细胞具有较好的安全性和有效性。此浓度对细胞的生长活性没有影响,不影响骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨成脂分化能力。MRI扫描在T2*WI序列上能明显有效地显像超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒标记的兔骨髓间充质干细胞。 关键词：超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒;骨髓间充质干细胞;标记;磁共振;安全性 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.06.001     

Hepatocyte-like cells from human mesenchymal stem cells engrafted in regenerating rat liver tracked with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging

Cell transplantation using hepatocytes derived from stem cells has been regarded as a possible alternative treatment for various hepatic disorders. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow have shown the potential to differentiate into hepatocytes in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Noninvasive imaging techniques allowing in vivo assessment of the location of cells are of great value for experimental studies in which these cells are transplanted. We labeled human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) using a transfection agent (GenePORTER). Cellular labeling was evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of labeled suspensions, and Prussian blue staining for iron assessment. hMSCs labeled with SPIO and GFP were injected into the portal veins of immunosuppressed, hepatic-damaged rats. MR imaging findings were compared histologically. To identify the differentiation of hMSCs into hepatocytes and to trace the hepatocytes with molecular imaging, we observed the potential of SPIO and GFP double-labeled hMSCs to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in the regenerating rat liver. Serial MR imaging showed the possible detection of transplanted cells in the early period of transplantation. Our results indicate that magnetic labeling of hMSCs with SPIO may enable cellular MR imaging and tracking in experimental in vivo settings.     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的PKH26标记和示踪☆

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞标记是体内迁移分化研究的重要环节。 目的：对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞进行PKH26标记,探讨PKH26标记对骨髓间充质干细胞的生长特征、分化的影响及体内示踪情况。 方法：培养扩增大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,第2代细胞按PKH26标记程序进行细胞标记,观察标记组和未标记组细胞的增殖、周期和凋亡情况,对标记组细胞行成骨成脂体外诱导分化。尾静脉移植PKH26标记细胞,6周后荧光显微镜观察骨髓间充质干细胞在子宫内膜的分布情况。 结果与结论：PKH26标记对细胞增殖、凋亡和周期无明显影响,不影响成骨成脂诱导分化。子宫内膜组织中PKH26标记阳性的细胞分布于腺上皮和间质细胞。PKH26标记技术可用于示踪骨髓间充质迁移转归和干细胞移植方面的实验研究。