听神经瘤术中面神经保护及功能评估

目的探讨面神经肌电图监测在听神经瘤术中对面神经的保护和评估术后面神经功能的重要性。方法25例听神经瘤手术全程中行面神经肌电图监测,显微镜下切除肿瘤,术毕刺激面神经的脑干近端对预后进行评估。结果25例患者肿瘤全切除23例(92%),面神经解剖保留22例(88%),面神经功能良好保留21例(84%)。面神经解剖保留率与肿瘤的直径大小有相关性,肿瘤越大,面神经保留越难。刺激强度的大小与术后面神经功能存在明显的相关性,刺激强度越小,术后面神经功能越好。术末刺激强度在0.05～1.5mA之间,术后12个月面神经功能为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级者达19例(90.5%)。术末刺激强度大于7.0mA者,术后面神经功能恢复比较差。结论听神经瘤术中行面神经肌电图监测有助于提高面神经的解剖和功能保留率,并可评估术后面神经功能。     

听神经瘤术中面神经电生理监测的问题与对策

目的 探讨听神经瘤术中面神经电生理监测技术的常见问题与对策,提高面神经解剖保留率,并对解剖保留的面神经进行功能评价.方法 25例听神经瘤患者手术时均在面神经电生理监测下进行,全部采用枕下乙状窦后入路,显微外科切除肿瘤,肿瘤切除后对面神经功能进行评价.结果 肿瘤全切除25例(100%),无手术死亡;面神经解剖保留23例,占92%.面神经功能状态H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级19例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级1例.术末刺激强度越小,术后面神经功能越好;低于0.5 mA同时面肌肌电波幅大于100 μV,面神经功能可达Ⅰ～Ⅱ级;术末刺激强度大于2 mA波幅反应不明显时,术后面神经功能恢复不理想.结论 术中自发或诱发式神经电生理监测技术的灵活应用可明显提高面神经解剖保留率和功能保留率,对其定量分析有助于术后面神经功能的判断.     

神经电生理监测技术在听神经瘤显微外科手术中的应用

目的研究神经电生理监测技术在听神经瘤显微外科手术中应用价值。方法52例听神经瘤患者实施均经枕下入路显微外科切除肿瘤,术中进行颅神经肌电图、脑干听觉诱发电位(brainstemauditory evoked potential,BAEP)监测,并在术末行面神经电刺激判断面神经的保留情况。结果52例听神经瘤显微外科全切,肿瘤全切除率100%,面神经解剖保留率92.3%(48/52),功能保留率为88.5%(46/52)。术末刺激强度≤4mA即引起肌电反应者提示预后良好。结论术中行神经电生理监测可提高听神经瘤手术中面神经解剖保留率和功能保留率。同时,术末电刺激可为术后神经功能恢复进行预后评估。     

面神经电生理监测在大型听神经瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨大型听神经瘤术中面神经监测对面神经保护及评估术后面神经功能的临床意义。方法回顾性分析我科2007年6月至2010年3月术中行面神经监测的42例大型听神经瘤的临床资料。结果 面神经解剖保留37例(88％),面神经功能保留30例(71％)。术末刺激强度1～3V即引起肌电反应者预后良好;而术末面神经近端与远端波幅之比＜0.3者预后差。结论 大型听神经瘤术中面神经监测可显著降低术后面神经瘫痪的发生率,术末面神经脑干端的刺激强度与面神经功能呈负相关,而面神经近端与远端波幅之比与面神经功能呈正相关。     

囊性听神经瘤的显微手术治疗(附81例报告)

目的为提高囊性听神经瘤的手术效果.方法回顾性分析81例囊性听神经瘤病人的临床资料,均经枕下乙状窦后入路切除肿瘤.结果肿瘤全切除73例,近全切8例.面神经解剖保留72例.术后面神经功能House-Brackmann分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级28例,Ⅲ～Ⅳ级38例,Ⅴ～Ⅵ级15例.结论面神经监护下行显微手术切除听神经瘤,有助于面神经的解剖保留和提高手术质量.     

大型听神经瘤手术中面神经监测的效果观察

目的了解大型听神经瘤手术中连续面肌肌电图监测对术中、术后面神经解剖和功能保留的作用。方法根据Gormley颅内肿瘤分型方法,100例听神经瘤患者中肿瘤直径为4.0～4.9cm者82例,5.0～5.9cm者16例,直径≥6.0cm者2例。手术前采用House等面神经功能分级标准进行评估,Ⅰ级65例,Ⅱ级33例,Ⅲ级2例。采用经乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除肿瘤,术中施行面肌肌电图监测和直接电刺激。结果100例中肿瘤全切除或近全切除者94例,大部分切除6例。2例肿瘤切除过程中切断面神经者均行Ⅰ期端-端吻合;2例面神经被切断1/2者行断端吻合。手术后2周面神经功能评估Ⅰ级30例,Ⅱ级50例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅴ级10例;手术后1年随访面神经功能Ⅰ级76例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅴ级3例。结论大型听神经瘤手术中采用面神经监测对面神经的解剖和功能保留有明显效果。     

小脑脑桥角脑膜瘤显微外科治疗及面听神经保护

目的 探讨小脑脑桥角脑膜瘤的临床分型、显微外科手术切除方法与面听神经保护.方法 回顾分析经显微外科手术治疗的106例小脑脑桥角脑膜瘤,均采用枕下乙状窦后入路.结果 肿瘤全切除89例(84.0％),近全切除15例(14.2％),部分切除2例(1.9％),死亡1例.面神经解剖保留101例(95.3％),听神经解剖保留75例(70.8％).面神经功能(House-Brackmann Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级)保留73例(68.9％),听力保留率为72.3％ (47/65).结论 对小脑脑桥角脑膜瘤进行临床分型,选择合适的手术入路以及术中一定的手术技巧,能够提高面听神经功能保留.     

听神经瘤术中行面神经电生理监测的体会

目的探讨和了解听神经瘤术中行面神经电生理监测的方法，以提高面神经功能保留率。方法在28例单侧听神经瘤患者切除肿瘤术中行面神经电生理监测，术后一周根据House-Brackmann面神经功能分级标准对患者面神经功能进行评估。结果28例患者中，面神经解剖保留27例（占96.43％）。术后一周面神经功能评估，Ⅰ级10例，Ⅱ级8例，Ⅲ级7例，Ⅳ级2例，Ⅴ级1例。结论听神经瘤手术中进行面神经电生理监测为提高面神经解剖保留率提供了有效的技术帮助，该技术有较高的准确性和实用性。     

听神经瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的 报告223例中型、大型听神经瘤显微外科手术治疗效果。方法 应用枕下开颅乙状窦后经内听道入路显微外科手术切除肿瘤。结果 肿瘤全切除208例（93％）,近全切除6例（3％）,次全切除9例（4％）。面神经解剖保留201例（90％）,面神经功能H－BⅠ、Ⅱ级118例（53％）;Ⅲ、Ⅳ级90例（41％）;Ⅴ、Ⅵ级14例（6％）。耳蜗神经功能保留率9％。术后长期随访结果显示98％的病人恢复良好,1例生活不有自理,2例（1％）死亡。结论 显微外科手术是治疗大、中型听神经瘤的有效方法,熟悉肿瘤与面神经的病理解剖关系有助于提高手术效果。     

听神经瘤的显微外科治疗和面神经功能保护的探讨

目的 探讨听神经瘤的显微外科手术技巧及保留面神经的技术。 方法 福建医科大学附属第一医院神经外科自2002年8月至2010年12月经枕下乙状窦后（骨瓣成型、锁孔）入路显微手术治疗听神经瘤患者168例,术中在面肌肌电图监测下采取囊内切除与囊壁切除交替进行、双向会合、锐性分离面神经等技术切除肿瘤,并回顾性分析显微手术的技巧和疗效。 结果 肿瘤全切149例(88.69％),部分切除19例(11.31％);面神经解剖学保留146例(86.9％);死亡2例(1.19％)。术后6个月按House Blackmann标准评估面神经功能：Ⅰ、Ⅱ级91例(54.16％),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级52例(30.95％),Ⅴ、Ⅵ级25例(14.89％)。 结论 经枕下乙状窦后（骨瓣成型、锁孔）入路显微手术治疗听神经瘤安全有效;利用术中面肌肌电图监测可以提高面神经解剖保留率;熟练掌握显微手术技巧是全切肿瘤、解剖保留面神经的关键。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。