开窗技术治疗近肾腹主动脉瘤的现状与评价

开窗主动脉腔内修复技术（F-EVAR）是腔内修复技术的又一次革命,实现了经腔内重建主动脉分支血管,使原来无法应用常规技术处理的短瘤颈及近肾腹主动脉瘤（J-AAA）能够接受微创腔内治疗。笔者就该技术的技术背景、现状、技术要点及局限性进行阐述,认为F-EVAR无论从理念还是从技术上堪称当代腔内主动脉外科发展的经典,但应用时,要重视其局限性,合理选择适应证。     

Our methods and techniques of thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair

Thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) is acquiring an established role as treatment for thoracic aortic aneurysm. It may be no exaggeration that TEVAR is a standard procedure, especially for decending aortic aneurysm. Furthermore we consider that aortic debranching with TEVAR for aortic arch or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm is very useful, and we aggressively perform TEVAR for them. We describe our methods and techniques of TEVAR.     

Transient cortical blindness after thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair

We report a patient who presented with transient cortical blindness 12 hours after completion of a thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair. Computed tomography of the brain demonstrated no acute findings. The patient's symptoms resolved spontaneously after 72 hours. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transient cortical blindness after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair. This is an uncommon diagnosis that is important to recognize in a modern vascular surgery practice.     

Anatomic exclusion from endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm

OBJECTIVES: We sought to define the current anatomic barriers to thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) stent grafting to guide future device development. METHODS: All patients presenting with TAA requiring repair were evaluated for endovascular repair during a 4-year period (2000 to 2004). The TAAs evaluated were those beginning distal to the left common carotid artery (LCCA) and ending proximal to the celiac artery. All patients in whom endovascular repair was indicated underwent cross-sectional imaging by computed tomography angiography and three-dimensional modeling of their thoracic and abdominal arterial anatomy. Patients were evaluated for endovascular TAA repair in the context of the inclusion/exclusion criteria of pivotal United States Food and Drug Administration trials of the Gore TAG and Medtronic Talent devices. Anatomic requirements included >or=20 mm of suitable proximal and distal neck length, and proximal and distal neck diameters of 20 to 42 mm. These trials allowed the use of femoral or iliac access, including the use of conduits, and permitted stent graft coverage of the left subclavian artery (LSA) after preliminary carotid-subclavian bypass. Patients rejected for medical reasons or who died during evaluation were not included in the review. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients (73 men, 53 women) with TAA located between the LCCA and celiac artery were screened for endovascular repair, and 33 (26%) were rejected for anatomic reasons. The remaining 93 patients underwent endografting (59 Talent, 34 TAG). Rejection was not significantly different by gender (16/73 men, 17/53 women, P = .22, NS). Most patients (28/33) were rejected for more than one criterion. Hostile proximal neck characteristics were the most prevalent reason for disqualification, despite the ability to cover the LSA to extend the proximal seal zone. Many of these patients (16/28) also had distal neck anatomy unsuitable for grafting. Overall, 19 patients had hostile distal necks. Difficulties with vascular access (diseased or tortuous iliac arteries, or a small caliber aorta) that could not be overcome even by use of conduits occurred in a significant fraction of patients (10/33). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with a TAA located between the LCCA and the celiac artery can be treated by endovascular repair. Patients excluded from TAA stent graft protocols for anatomic reasons most commonly have hostile proximal neck features that preclude endovascular repair with currently available devices. Transposition of arch vessels to facilitate greater use of existing stent grafts or development of new stent graft designs are needed to expand the applicability of TAA endovascular repair.     

Endoleak after endovascular aneurysm repair: current concepts

Endoleak remains the most common complication following endovascular aneurysm repair. Over the past few years the classification of endoleaks has been defined and appropriate treatment identified for most endoleaks. The treatment of type II and type V endoleaks remains controversial. This article reviews the current knowledge relating to endoleak.     

Spinal cord injury after thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair

Purpose

Thoracic endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (TEVAR) has become a mainstay of therapy for aneurysms and other disorders of the thoracic aorta. The purpose of this narrative review article is to summarize the current literature on the risk factors for and pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) following TEVAR, and to discuss various intraoperative monitoring and treatment strategies.

Source

The articles considered in this review were identified through PubMed using the following search terms: thoracic aortic aneurysm, TEVAR, paralysis+TEVAR, risk factors+TEVAR, spinal cord ischemia+TEVAR, neuromonitoring+thoracic aortic aneurysm, spinal drain, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, treatment of spinal cord ischemia.

Principal findings

Spinal cord injury continues to be a challenging complication after TEVAR. Its incidence after TEVAR is not significantly reduced when compared with open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Nevertheless, compared with open procedures, delayed paralysis/paresis is the predominant presentation of SCI after TEVAR. The pathophysiology of SCI is complex and not fully understood, though the evolving concept of the importance of the spinal cord’s collateral blood supply network and its imbalance after TEVAR is emerging as a leading factor in the development of SCI. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage, optimal blood pressure management, and newer surgical techniques are important components of the most up-to-date strategies for spinal cord protection.

Conclusion

Further experimental and clinical research is needed to aid in the discovery of novel neuroprotective strategies for the protection and treatment of SCI following TEVAR.

     

Stanford B型主动脉夹层覆膜支架血管腔内修复术后的中、远期严重并发症

目的评价应用覆膜支架血管腔内修复术治疗StanfordB型主动脉夹层后的中、远期严重并发症。方法2005年1月-2011年1月,189例症状性StanfordB型主动脉夹层患者接受覆膜支架血管腔内修复术治疗,其中男157例,女32例。分析治疗术后中、远期严重并发症的发生率。结果随访时间平均为32个月（3-63个月）,随访率71．43％（135／189）,失访率28．57％（54／189）。术后中、远期随访,19例（19／135,14．07％）发生严重并发症,包括死亡8例（8／135,5．93％）,截瘫2例（2／135,1．48％）,StanfordB型夹层转为逆行性StanfordA型夹层2例（2／t35,1．48％）,严重内瘘7例（7／135,5．19％）。结论覆膜支架血管腔内修复术治疗StanfordB型主动脉夹层与外科手术相比较有重要意义,但术后严重的并发症仍时有发生,应该引起重视。     

Delayed paraplegia 10 months after endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm

Spinal cord ischemia after treatment of thoracic pathologies remains a devastating problem. A 74-year-old man with a history of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm repair presented with bilateral common iliac and left femoral aneurysms as well as a thoracic aortic aneurysm. He underwent an open repair of the iliac and femoral aneurysms, followed by thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair in a staged manner without complications. Ten months later, he presented with hypotension, and permanent paraplegia developed.     

胸主动脉瘤及夹层腔内修复术中左锁骨下动脉的处理

目的探讨胸主动脉瘤及夹层腔内修复术中左锁骨下动脉的处理方法。方法2000年6月至2005年12月,54例胸主动脉瘤及夹层患者的近端锚定区小于15mm,需处理左锁骨下动脉。腔内修复术在X线透视下进行,支架型血管通过输送系统携带到病变部位,根据病变特点对左锁骨下动脉采取一期完全覆盖（40例）、部分覆盖（3例）、完全覆盖后腔内重建（1例）、完全覆盖前外科重建（10例）等方法处理,观察治疗后效果。结果所有患者术中均应用数字减影血管造影进行脑循环评估。40例一期完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉;10例腔内覆盖前行右锁骨下动脉．左锁骨下动脉或左颈总动脉-左锁骨下动脉旁路术;3例覆盖左锁骨下动脉开口1／2～4／5后再通过球囊扩张、支架植入重建左锁骨下动脉;1例完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉后应用腔内人造血管开窗技术重建左锁骨下动脉。所有辅助技术均取得成功,未出现严重脑及上肢并发症。腔内修复术后近端Ⅰ型内漏发生率17％（9／54）。一期完全覆盖左锁骨下动脉患者术后早期窃血综合征发生率20％（8／40）,左肱动脉平均收缩压（63±24）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）。结论通过辅助腔内或腔外技术,可对短颈胸主动脉瘤及夹层病变进行有效的腔内修复术;对左锁骨下动脉的处理方式根据椎基底动脉、Willis环及双侧颈动脉状况来确定。