Airway obstruction in children with congenital heart disease: assessment by flexible bronchoscopy

We assessed the spectrum of airway disorders in children with congenital cardiac anomalies, and reviewed our experience in using flexible bronchoscopy for assessment of airway problems in this patient group. The clinical records, flexible bronchoscopic findings, and cardiac imaging results of pediatric cardiac patients who presented with either clinical or radiological signs of airway obstruction between 1992-1999 were reviewed. Flexible bronchoscopic assessment was performed with the patients under sedation and topical anesthesia, using one of two bronchoscopes, i.e., an Olympus BFN20 or Olympus BF3C20.Of a total of 52 patients, 33 had acyanotic cardiovascular lesions, the commonest being left-to-right shunts (61%), while 19 had cyanotic heart lesions, with right ventricular outflow obstruction being the commonest (63%). Twenty-seven patients had undergone either surgical or transcatheter interventions. The median age at bronchoscopic assessment was 6 months (range, 4 days to 6 years). None of the patients developed significant procedural complications. A definitive diagnosis was made in 48 (92%) patients, 8 of whom had abnormalities involving only the upper airways, 35 only the lower airways, and 5 both. Abnormalities of the upper airway included laryngomalacia (n = 6), subglottic stenosis (n = 3), pharyngeal collapse (n = 2), and 1 each of choanal stenosis and supraglottitis. Extrinsic compression was the commonest lower airway abnormality that was found in 27/40 patients (67%), with a predilection for the left main bronchus (18/27, 67%). The structures that caused extrinsic compression included dilated pulmonary arteries with or without left atrial dilation (n = 20), an anomalous aortic or pulmonary arterial course (n = 3), a dilated aorta (n = 1), and a shunt (n = 1), but were not obvious in 2 patients. Intrinsic lower airway abnormalities included bronchomalacia (n = 4), tracheal stenosis (n = 4), and one each of variant bronchial bifurcation and a pouch arising from the tracheal wall. Intraluminal mucus plugging of the lower airways occurred in the remaining 3 patients.Children with congenital heart disease are at risk of airway obstruction both before and after surgery. Flexible bronchoscopy, being safe and effective in diagnosing airway disorders in this patient group, should be considered as the first line of investigation.     

支气管镜及相关检查对血液肿瘤肺部并发症的诊断价值

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜(FB)及相关检查对血液肿瘤移植及化疗后肺部并发症的病因诊断价值.方法:回顾分析经胸部CT、血、痰病原学检查不能明确诊断的38例肺部并发症患者,接受FB检查、支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)、刷片,部分经支气管镜肺活检(TBLB)的确诊情况.结果:38例患者中26例经FB确诊,总诊断率68.42%.其中,...     

Diagnostic value of ultrathin bronchoscopy in peripheral pulmonary lesions: a narrative review

Flexible bronchoscopes are being continuously improved, and an ultrathin bronchoscope with a working channel that allows the use of a radial-type endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) probe is now available. The ultrathin bronchoscope has good maneuverability for passing through the small bronchi and good accessibility to peripheral lung lesions. This utility is particularly enhanced when it is used with other imaging devices, such as EBUS and navigation devices. Multimodality bronchoscopy using an ultrathin bronchoscope leads to enhanced diagnostic yield.     

细胞角蛋白19片段与COPD合并症关系的探讨

目的主要探讨血浆肿瘤标志物细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)与慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并症的关系。方法选取2012.12~2013.5在我院住院治疗的COPD患者45人,根据是否患有并发症分为COPD无合并症组(A组)22人和COPD有合并症组(B组)23人,记录其性别、年龄、肺功能及体重指数。记录其COPD合并症情况。测定两组患者血清CYFRA21-1水平。结果 COPD无合并症组(A组)血浆CYFRA21-1水平明显低于COPD有合并症组(B组)(P0.05)。结论血清CYFRA21-1水平高低与COPD的合并症情况密切相关。     

Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea

The high prevalence of both obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Western societies is well documented. However, OSA frequently remains unrecognized and untreated among patients with COPD. Patients with both conditions have a greater risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events compared with patients with COPD or OSA alone. Efficacious treatment with continuous positive airway pressure reduces the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with OSA. The aim of the present review is to discuss the diagnostic approach to patients with both conditions and to delineate the benefits of timely recognition and treatment of OSA in patients with COPD.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病气道炎症与肺血管炎症相关性研究进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）气道炎症是重要的病理基础,它不仅是气道重构的开始而且对肺血管炎症与重构有重要影响。长期以来强调低氧因素在肺血管炎症中的作用,现发现无缺氧的轻度COPD患者甚至肺功能正常的吸烟者肺血管和外周气道均出现了炎症和重构。在COPD早期肺血管炎症与外周气道炎症是否就已同时启动？它们之间有何联系？本文收集近年来国内外研究,就COPD气道炎症与肺血管炎症的相关性作一简要综述。     

The role of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary disease in HIV-infected patients

Background: Pulmonary disease is the most common reason for presentation and the major cause of death in HIV-infected patients. There has been an evolution in the optimal approach to the investigation of a pulmonary infiltrate in HIV-infected patients since the introduction of induced sputum for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Aims: To evaluate the usefulness of flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FFB), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), transbronchial biopsy (TBB) and bronchial brushings (BB) in the diagnosis of pulmonary disease in HIV-infected patients and to examine the effect of FFB on changes in therapy and survival. Methods: The histories of all HIV-infected patients referred to Fairfield Hospital for FFB between January 1990 and June 1993 were examined retrospectively. Results: Forty-two FFB were performed on 41 patients (40 male and one female). Definitive diagnoses made at FFB included Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (n= 9), invasive aspergillosis (n= 5), PCP (n= 4), Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pneumonia (n= 2), cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia (n= 1), Cryptococcus neoformans pneumonia (n= 1), microsporidium (n= 1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia (n= 1). TBB and BB did not provide a diagnosis for diseases not seen macro-scopically at FFB or diagnosed by BAL. FFB findings altered diagnosis in 21/42 (50%) presentations and changed therapy in 26/42 (62%) cases. Conclusions: FFB together with BAL altered the working diagnosis and changed therapy in a significant number of patients. TBB and BB should not be routinely performed in all patients as these procedures are of limited value in this setting.     

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慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)是临床常见问题。频繁的AECOPD对患者的自然病程产生不利影响,如肺功能损害和气道炎症加重,是患者就医和死亡的主要原因。许多危险因素可诱发AE-COPD和使其程度加重,其中呼吸道感染是AECOPD的最常见原因。充分认识AECOPD的病原学特征,明确其诊断标准,是临床治疗的重要环节。文章拟就以上两点做一综述,以期能够反映相关领域的最新研究进展。     

Emergency department management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly: the Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration

OBJECTIVES: To determine adherence of emergency department (ED) management of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to current treatment guidelines. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study, as part of the Multicenter Airway Research Collaboration. SETTING: The study was performed at 29 EDs in 15 U.S. states and three Canadian provinces. PARTICIPANTS: ED patients, aged 55 and older, who presented with COPD exacerbation and underwent a structured interview in the ED and another by telephone 2 weeks later. MEASUREMENTS: Adherence of ED management of COPD exacerbation to that recommended in current treatment guidelines. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 397 subjects, of whom 224 (56%) reported only COPD and 173 (44%) reported asthma and COPD. The average age was 70. Most (80%) patients had used rescue medications in the 6 hours before seeking emergency care. Only 31% were evaluated using spirometry and 48% using arterial blood gas measurement. ED treatment included inhaled short-acting beta-agonists for 91% of patients, inhaled anticholinergics for 77%, methylxanthines for 0.3%, systemic corticosteroids for 62%, and antibiotics for 28%. More than half the patients required hospitalization. At 2-week follow-up, 43% of patients reported a relapse event or ongoing exacerbation. Overall, adherence to national and international guidelines was low. CONCLUSION: Important differences exist between guideline recommendations and actual ED management of COPD exacerbations in older adults. Outcomes after ED treatment are poor and may be related to these shortcomings in quality of care. Better adherence to guideline recommendations when caring for elderly patients with COPD exacerbations may lead to improved clinical outcomes and better resource usage.     

Readmission and survival following hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: long-term trends

Background: Exacerbations requiring hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contribute to a decline in health status and are costly to the community. Long‐term trends in admissions and associated outcomes are difficult to establish because of frequent readmissions, high case fatality and potential diagnostic transfer between COPD and asthma. The Western Australian Data Linkage System provides a unique opportunity to examine admissions for patients with COPD over the long term. Method: Nineteen years of hospital morbidity data, based on International Classification of Diseases‐9 criteria were extracted from the Western Australian Data Linkage System (1980–1998) and merged with mortality records to examine trends in hospital admissions for COPD. Results: The rate of hospital admissions for COPD has declined overall and the rate of first presentation declined in men and remained constant in women. The risk of readmission increased throughout the period (P < 0.0001) and more than half of all admissions were followed by readmission within a year. Median survival following first admission was 6 years (men 5 years; women 8 years). Age, sex and International Classification of Diseases subcategory each showed an independent effect on the risk of mortality (P < 0.0001). The poorest survival was in patients subcategorized as emphysema. For patients with multiple admissions, the likelihood of cross‐over between COPD and asthma was high and increased with the total number of admissions. Conclusion: The rate of admission for COPD has declined in Western Australia; however, the resource burden will continue to increase because of the ageing population. This has policy implications for the development of acute care treatment programmes for COPD.     

双相气道正压通气与双水平气道正压通气在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中呼吸动力学的比较研究

目的 比较自主呼吸状态下，双相气道正压通气（BIPAP）与双水平气道正压通气BiPAP在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者中呼吸动力学方面的差异。方法 将9例达到入选标准气管插管，接受机械通气治疗的COPD患者，按随机顺序给予BIPAP（高压为16cmH2O，低压5cmH2O，高压时间和低压时间均为2秒）和BiPAP（吸气末正压16cmH2O，呼气末正压5cmH2O）两种模式通气，每种通气模式持续30min，于最后10min分别记录通气时的食道压变化值（△Peso）、跨膈压变化值（△Pdi）、食道压压力时间乘积（PTPeso）、跨膈压压力时间乘积（PTPdi）、气道闭合压（P0.1）、分钟通气量（VE）、潮气量（VT）、呼吸频率（RR）以及血气值。结果 与BiPAP通气时相比，BIPAP通气时的△Peso、△Pdi、P0.1、PEEPi、PTPeso、PTPdi均显著增高（P〈0.05），VE和VT明显降低（P〈0.05）。BiPAP通气时的PaO2和BIPAP通气时无显著性差异，但PaCO2后者明显高于前者（P〈0.05），RR两者无显著性差异。结论 在自主呼吸情况下，BiPAP对减少COPD患者呼吸肌的作功、改善通气显著优于BIPAP。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的合并症/并发症的发病率和病死率分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)的合并症/并发症的发病率和病死率.方法 选择我院呼吸与危重症医学中心2018年1月至2018年12月住院的COPD患者1210例,按照其合并症/并发症的类型进行分组,以单纯COPD为对照组,其余为病例组,观...