Treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism and malignant disease: Should vena cava filter placement be routine?

Purpose: It has been proposed that inferior vena cava filter placement should be the initial treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolus (PE) in patients with coexisting malignant disease. We have chosen instead to selectively place filters only in patients with either a contraindication to anticoagulation therapy or a subsequent complication from anticoagulation therapy. The treatment efficacy and mortality rates in patients with concomitant malignant disease and venous thromboembolism using this approach was determined. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients at our institution with malignant disease in whom venous thromboembolism developed between August 1991 through August 1996 and identified 166 patients with PE (n = 8), DVT (n = 147), and DVT/PE (n = 11). Of these patients, 138 (83.1%) were initially treated with anticoagulation therapy, and 28 (16.9%) had primary filter placement because of contraindications to anticoagulation therapy (10 for intracranial tumors, 11 for recent or upcoming operations, 6 for recent hemorrhage, and 1 for a malignant bloody pericardial effusion). Results: Thirty-two (23%) of the 138 patients who initially underwent anticoagulation therapy subsequently required a filter for the following reasons: bleeding (n = 15, 10.9%); recurrent thromboembolism (n = 6, 4.3%); heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (n = 1, 0.7%); and perceived high risk for bleeding with continued anticoagulation therapy (n = 11, 8%). Both bleeding and recurrent thromboembolism developed in 1 patient. Sixty patients (36%) received filters. No major technical complications occurred from filter placement. Major recurrent thromboembolic complications developed in 10 patients: DVT (n = 6, 10%), PE (n = 2, 3.3%), inferior vena cava thrombosis and phlegmasia cerulea dolens (n = 1, 1.7%), superior vena cava thrombosis (n = 1, 1.7%). Venous gangrene developed in 1 patient with DVT. The 1-year actuarial survival rates for patients treated with filter and anticoagulation therapy were 35% and 38%, respectively (P = NS). Conclusion: In summary, our experience suggests that 64% of patients with malignant disease and venous thromboembolism are effectively treated with anticoagulation alone; 17% require primary filter placement for standard indications, and an additional 19% require subsequent filter placement because of complications (primarily bleeding) or failure of anticoagulation therapy. Although technical complications of filter placement are low, serious life-threatening or limb-threatening thromboembolic complications developed in 17% of patients. Survival was poor in all patients, regardless of treatment. These data support a conservative approach of routine anticoagulation therapy with selective filter placement. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:800-7.)     

Anti-Xa guided enoxaparin dose adjustment improves pharmacologic deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in burn patients

IntroductionPatients recovering from burn injury are at high risk of developing deep venous thrombosis (DVT). While 30-mg twice-daily enoxaparin is accepted as the standard prophylactic dose, recent evidence in injured patients suggests this dosing strategy may result in sub-optimal pharmacologic DVT prophylaxis. We hypothesized that standard enoxaparin dosing would result in inadequate DVT prophylaxis in burn patients.MethodsA retrospective review of an ABA-verified Burn center’s registry from January 2012 — December 2016 identified patients with peak plasma anti-Xa levels to monitor the efficacy of pharmacologic DVT prophylaxis. Patients ≥18 years old were included if they received at least 3 doses of enoxaparin and had appropriately timed peak anti-Xa levels. We analyzed data including patient demographics, body weight, body mass index (BMI) and total body surface area burn (TBSA). Diagnosis of DVT was collected.ResultsDuring the study period, 393 patients were screened with a plasma anti-Xa levels. Of the 157 patients that met inclusion criteria, 81 (51.6%) achieved target peak plasma anti-Xa levels (0.2–0.4 IU/mL) on standard 30-mg twice-daily prophylactic enoxaparin and 76 (48.4%) had sub-prophylactic levels. Sub-prophylactic patients were more likely to be male, have increased body weight and elevated BMI. 49 of the 76 sub-prophylactic patients received a dose-adjustment in order to reach target anti-Xa levels; 37 patients required 40 mg twice-daily, 10 required 50 mg twice-daily and 2 required 60 mg twice-daily. The overall DVT rate was 3.8%.ConclusionsThe current recommended prophylactic dose of 30-mg twice-daily enoxaparin is inadequate in many burn patients. Alternate dosing strategies should be considered to increase the number of burn patients achieving target prophylactic anti-Xa levels. Determining whether prophylactic enoxaparin dose adjustment decreases DVT rates in burn injured patients should be evaluated in future prospective trials.     

A Prospective Cohort Study of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolic Events in Foot and Ankle Trauma: The Need for Stratification in Thromboprophylaxis?

The incidence of venous thromboembolic (VTE) events (deep vein thrombophlebitis [DVT] or pulmonary embolism [PE]) in foot and ankle trauma has been low, and the risk/benefit ratio associated with chemoprophylaxis is controversial. We compared the 90-day incidence of VTE events in 3 cohorts: group 1, tendo-Achillis (TA) ruptures managed with full weightbearing in a walker boot; group 2, ankle fractures immobilized non-weightbearing in a below-the-knee cast; and group 3, ankle fractures managed surgically, followed by non-weightbearing in a below-the-knee cast. Data were extracted from 2 prospectively collected trust databases for acute TA ruptures and ankle fractures. VTE risk was assessed using a U.K. national assessment tool. Chemoprophylaxis was prescribed for high-risk patients. The 90-day incidence of symptomatic VTE events was drawn from a trust-wide radiology database. In group 1 (n?=?291), the incidence of VTE events was 4.8% (11 [3.8%] DVT, 3 [1.0%] PE) at a mean of 16.1?±?6.8 days. In group 2 (n?=?227), the incidence of VTE events was 2.2% (5 [2.2%] DVT) at a mean of 33.4?±?11.3 days. In group 3 (n?=?199), the incidence of VTE events was 3.0% (5 [2.5%] DVT, 1 [0.5%] PE) at a mean of 37.2?±?14.2 days. Patients with symptomatic VTE events presented significantly earlier after acute TA rupture compared with after ankle fracture (p?=?.002). We found the overall incidence of VTE events in foot and ankle trauma was low, with a relatively greater incidence of symptomatic VTE events, which occurred earlier, in acute TA ruptures compared with ankle fractures.     

Thermally injured patients are at significant risk for thromboembolic complications

BACKGROUND: The incidence of thromboembolic complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in thermally injured patients is considered sufficiently uncommon that routine prophylactic measures are not warranted. Nevertheless, the incidence of DVT/PE may be increasing. METHODS: The records of 1,300 patients admitted to our unit from January 1990 to June 1995 were reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients developed a clinically significant DVT, eight patients developed a PE, and two patients developed both a DVT and a PE, for an overall DVT/PE incidence of 2.9%. Four of 10 PEs were felt to be fatal. The DVT/PE patients were older (mean age, 42.6 vs. 28.7; p < 0.001) and had larger burns (37% vs. 18%, p < 0.001) than patients without evidence of DVT/PE. Body weight appeared to also influence DVT/PE rates, with obese patients (>30% over ideal body weight) having a higher incidence than patients with low or normal body weight (7.2 vs. 2.7%, p < 0.015). Age and total body surface area (TBSA) burn had a synergistic effect on DVT/PE risk, with the sum of age and TBSA burn exerting the strongest independent effect when discriminant function analysis was performed (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: One can identify a population at increased risk of DVT/PE on the basis of the sum of age and TBSA burn, but prospective screening trials that assess all risk factors for DVT/PE should be performed before routine prophylaxis is used in thermally injured patients.     

Prolonged thromboprophylaxis with dalteparin after surgical treatment of achilles tendon rupture: a randomized, placebo-controlled study

OBJECTIVES: Prophylaxis against thromboembolic complications has become routine after major orthopedic surgery. In contrast, it remains an issue for debate whether prophylaxis after minor surgery and immobilization is necessary, even though these treatments are well-known risk factors for deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dalteparin during lower-limb immobilization after surgical treatment of Achilles tendon rupture. DESIGN SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of 105 consecutive patients surgically treated for Achilles tendon rupture in a trauma hospital. DVT screening with color duplex sonography was conducted 3 weeks and 6 weeks after surgery. All DVTs were confirmed with phlebography. Intervention was placebo or dalteparin (5000 U) given subcutaneously once daily for 6 weeks postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: DVT incidence. RESULTS: Primary endpoint analysis was available for 91 patients. DVT was diagnosed in 16 of 47 patients (34%) in the dalteparin group and in 16 of 44 patients (36%) in the placebo group. These figures are not significantly different (P = 0.8). Proximal DVT was diagnosed in 1 patient (2%) in the dalteparin group and in 3 patients (6%) in the placebo group (P = 0.6). No pulmonary emboli or major bleeding occurred in either of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: DVT is common after surgical treatment of Achilles tendon rupture, and therefore effective thromboprophylaxis is desirable. In our study, thromboprophylaxis with dalteparin, however, does not affect the incidence of DVT during immobilization after Achilles tendon rupture surgery. Long-term effects of immobilization, such as the risk for postthrombotic syndrome, need to be investigated further.     

Have Venous Thromboembolism Rates Decreased in Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty?

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in arthroplasty patients. In an effort to reduce VTEs, numerous strategies and guidelines have been implemented, but their impact remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to compare annual trends in 30-day VTE, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and all-cause mortality in (1) total hip arthroplasty (THA) and (2) total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsThe American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database identified 363,530 patients who received a TKA or THA from 2008 to 2016. Bivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between the year in which surgery was performed and demographics and comorbidities. Bimodal multivariate logistic regression models for THA and TKA were developed for 2009-2016 using 2008 as a reference.ResultsOverall incidence of VTE, DVT, PE, and mortality for THA were 0.6%, 0.4%, 0.3%, and 0.2%, respectively. Based off of multivariate regression VTE, DVT, PE, and mortality rates have shown no significant (P > .05) change from 2008 to 2016 in THA patients. Overall incidence of VTE, DVT, PE, and mortality for TKA were 1.4%, 0.9%, 0.6%, and 0.1%, respectively. Multivariate regression revealed reductions when compared to 2008 for VTEs and DVTs from 2009 to 2016 (P < .05) for TKA patients. A significant reduction in PEs (P = .002) was discovered for 2016, while no significant change was observed in mortality (P > .05).ConclusionApproximately 1 in 71 patient undergoing TKA, and 1 in 167 undergoing THA developed a VTE within 30 days after surgery. Our study demonstrated that VTE incidence rates have decreased in TKA, while remaining stable in THA over the past 8 years. Further research to determine the optimal prophylaxis algorithm that would allow for a personalized, efficacious, and safe thromboprophylaxis regimen is needed.Level of EvidenceIII.     

Efficacy and Safety of Mechanical IVC Filtration for Preventing Pulmonary Embolism in High-Risk Orthopedic Patients Undergoing Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundTo determine the efficacy and safety of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in preventing pulmonary embolism (PE) in high-risk patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty.Methods2857 hip or knee arthroplasty procedures between January 2013 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with a preoperative history of venous thromboembolism (VTE), either PE or deep venous thrombosis (DVT), were categorized as high-risk patients. The incidence of overall VTE, PE, and DVT were compared between patients with filters and those without. The subgroup analysis was also performed by patient risk, and filter status and the incidence of VTE, PE, and DVT were compared. Variables such as filter placement, history of hypercoagulability etcetra were evaluated as risk factors for the development of postoperative VTE.ResultsIn the high-risk group, the use of IVC filters was significantly associated with a lower incidence of pulmonary embolism (0.8% vs 5.5%, P = .028). When compared with the low-risk group, the high-risk group had significantly higher incidence of PE (3.8% vs 2.0%, P = .038), DVT (11.6% vs 5.3%, P < .001), and overall VTE (15.0% vs 6.8%, P < .001). The history of VTE was associated with postoperative VTE (P < .001), PE (P = .042), and DVT (P < .001). There was no significant correlation between filter placement and postoperative VTE, DVT, or PE in the low-risk group. Filter retrieval was successful in 100% (96/96) of attempted patients with no complications.ConclusionThe use of IVC filters is significantly associated with a lower incidence in pulmonary embolism in high-risk arthroplasty patients. High-risk patients demonstrated an incidence of postoperative VTE over two times greater than other patients. Prophylactic placement of IVC filters in hip/knee arthroplasty is safe.     

No correlation between lower extremity deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism proportions in trauma: a systematic literature review

Purpose

To assess the effect of surveillance on deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) rates, the efficacy of chemoprophylaxis and mechanical prophylaxis, and the relationship between DVT and PE.

Methods

A 23 year, systematic literature review was performed in PubMed. Twenty publications with >?13,000 patients were reviewed. Analyzed traits included: DVT surveillance utilization, the total number of patients included in each study, the number of patients developing DVT and/or PE, chemoprophylaxis and mechanical prophylaxis utilization. When event proportions from individual studies were combined, a weighted mean proportion was computed based on the size of each individual cohort. Combined event proportions were compared with other combined event proportions, according to differences in intervention. Inter-group event proportions were compared using Chi-Square or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate.

Results

DVT rates increase with surveillance (10.7% vs. 2.5%, p?<?0.001). PE rates were similar regardless of surveillance (p?=?1.0). Chemoprophylaxis lowered both DVT rates (8.2% vs. 10.7%; p?<?0.0001) and PE rates (1.2% vs. 1.9%; p?=?0.0050). Mechanical prophylaxis did not decrease DVT rates (10.2% vs. 11.5%; p?=?0.2980) or PE rates (1.7% vs. 1.6%; p?=?1.0). In patients with neither chemoprophylaxis nor mechanical prophylaxis, DVT rate was 11.5%, PE was 1.6%. When chemoprophylaxis and/or mechanical prophylaxis were given, DVT rate was 8.6% (p?<?0.0189) and PE was 1.3% (p?=?0.4462). PE proportions were not decreased with mechanical prophylaxis or surveillance. DVT and PE rates were not associated (p?=?0.7574).

Conclusions

The results suggest that PE is not associated with lower extremity DVT in adult trauma patients.

     

Effect of Prophylactic Dalteparin on Anti-factor Xa Levels in Morbidly Obese Patients After Bariatric Surgery

Background

There are limited data on appropriate dosing of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in bariatric surgery. The objective of this study was to describe the postoperative effects of LMWH dalteparin on anti-factor Xa (AFXa) level in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

Methods

This was a retrospective study. Morbidly obese patients (BMI?≥?40 kg/m² or BMI?>?35 kg/m² with at least one significant co-morbidity) received subcutaneous dalteparin 7,500 IU daily during the postoperative period after biliopancreatic derivation with duodenal switch. AFXa level was measured 4 h after the fourth dalteparin administration.

Results

One hundred and thirty-five patients with a mean BMI of 53.7 kg/m² were included into this study. Only 60% of patients had targeted AFXa levels (0.2–0.5 UI/ml). There was a statistical difference in body weight between individuals with sub-target AFXa levels and those with values over target (159.4?±?35.8 vs. 134.6?±?24.2, p?=?0.0310). There were three haemorrhages documented. These events were not associated with elevated AFXa values.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that the 7,500 IU dalteparin dosage is appropriate for the majority of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The present study, however, suggests that this dose might not be sufficient for patient with a very high body weight.     

Dalteparin Vs Low-Dose Unfractionated Heparin for Prophylaxis Against Clinically Evident Venous Thromboembolism in Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background: When venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) have the highest incidence of VTE among all hospitalized groups, with PE the third most common cause of death. Although low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) outperforms low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH) in other patient populations, the evidence in SCI remains less robust.

Objective: To determine whether the efficacy for LMWH shown in previous SCI surveillance studies (eg, routine Doppler ultrasound) would translate into real-world effectiveness in which only clinically evident VTE is investigated (ie, after symptoms or signs present).

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 90 patients receiving LMWH dalteparin (5,000 U daily) or LDUH (5,000 U twice daily) for VTE prophylaxis after acute traumatic SCI. The incidence of radiographically confirmed VTE was primarily analyzed, and secondary outcomes included complications of bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Results: There was no statistically significant association (p = 0.7054) between the incidence of VTE (7.78% overall) and the type of prophylaxis received (LDUH 3/47 vs dalteparin 4/43). There was no significant differences in complications, location of VTE, and incidence of fatal PE. Paraplegia (as opposed to tetraplegia) was the only risk factor identified for VTE.

Conclusions: There continues to be an absence of definitive evidence for dalteparin (or other LMWH) over LDUH as the choice for VTE prophylaxis in patients with SCI. Novel approaches to VTE prophylaxis are urgently required for this population, whose risk of fatal PE has not decreased over the last 25 years.     

Utility of Once-Daily Dose of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Multisystem Trauma Patients

Introduction Venous thromboembolism is a preventable cause of death in the severely injured patient. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) have been recommended as effective, safe prophylactic agents. However, LMWH use remains controversial in patients at risk for bleeding, those with traumatic brain injury, and those undergoing multiple invasive or operative procedures. We hypothesized that a protocol utilizing once-daily LMWH prophylaxis in high-risk trauma patients, regardless of the need for invasive procedures, is feasible, safe, and effective. Methods From August 1998 to August 2000, all patients admitted to our American College of Surgeons-verified Level I trauma facility following injury were evaluated for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) risk and prospectively followed. Patients at high risk for DVT, including those with stable intracranial injuries, were placed on our institutional protocol and prospectively followed. Patients on the protocol received daily injections of the LMWH, dalteparin; DVT screening was performed with duplex ultrasonography within 48 hours of admission and after 7 to 10 days after injury. Regimen compliance, bleeding complications, DVT rates, and pulmonary embolus (PE) rates were analyzed. Results During the 2-year study period, 6247 trauma patients were admitted; 743 were considered at high risk for DVT. Most of the patients were men (72%), with a mean age of 38.7 years (range 15–89 years) and a mean injury severity score (ISS) of 19.5. Compliance with the daily regimen was maintained in 74% of patients. DVT was detected in 3.9% and PE in 0.8%. The wound complications rate was 2.7%, and the need for unexplained transfusions was 3%. There were no exacerbations of head injury following dalteparin initiation due to bleeding. There were 16 patient deaths; none was caused by PE or late hemorrhage. Conclusions Once-daily dosing of prophylactic LMWH dalteparin is feasible, safe, and effective in high-risk trauma patients. Our protocol allows one to “operate through” systemic prophylaxis and ensures timely prophylaxis for brain-injured and multisystem trauma patients.     

Low risk of thromboembolic complications after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty

Background and purpose Pharmacological prophylaxis can reduce the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and death, and it is recommended 10–35 days after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and at least 10 days after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, early mobilization might also reduce the risk of DVT and thereby the need for prolonged prophylaxis, but this has not been considered in the previous literature. Here we report our results with short-duration pharmacological prophylaxis combined with early mobilization and reduced hospitalization.

Patients and methods 1,977 consecutive, unselected patients were operated with primary THA, TKA, or bilateral simultaneous TKA (BSTKA) in a well-described standardized fast-track set-up from 2004–2008. Patients received DVT prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin starting 6–8 h after surgery until discharge. All re-admissions and deaths within 30 and 90 days were analyzed using the national health register, concentrating especially on clinical DVT (confirmed by ultrasound and elevated D-dimer), PE, or sudden death. Numbers were correlated to days of prophylaxis (LOS).

Results The mean LOS decreased from 7.3 days in 2004 to 3.1 days in 2008. 3 deaths (0.15%) were associated with clotting episodes and overall, 11 clinical DVTs (0.56%) and 6 PEs (0.30%) were found. The vast majority of events took place within 30 days; only 1 death and 2 DVTs occurred between 30 and 90 days. During the last 2 years (854 patients), when patients were mobilized within 4 h postoperatively and the duration of DVT prophylaxis was shortest (1–4 days), the mortality was 0% (95% CI: 0–0.5). Incident cases of DVT in TKA was 0.60% (CI: 0.2–2.2), in THA it was 0.51% (CI: 0.1–1.8), and in BSTKA it was 0% (CI: 0–2.9). Incident cases of PE in TKA was 0.30% (CI: 0.1–1.7), in THA it was 0% (CI: 0–1.0), and in BSTKA it was 0% (CI: 0–2.9).

Interpretation The risk of clinical DVT, and of fatal and non-fatal PE after THA and TKA following a fast-track set-up with early mobilization, short hospitalization, and short duration of DVT prophylaxis compares favorably with published regimens with extended prophylaxis (up to 36 days) and hospitalization up to 11 days. This calls for a reconsideration of optimal duration of chemical thromboprophylaxis.     

Efficacy and safety of weight-adapted nadroparin calcium vs. heparin sodium in prevention of clinically evident thromboembolic complications in 1,190 general surgical patients

AIMS: In a prospective, randomized, single, general surgery center trial, comparison of the safety and efficacy of two low molecular weight heparin (LMWH; anti-Xa heparin sodium and weight-adapted nadroparin calcium) regimens was made. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eleven hundred and ninety patients undergoing various elective and emergency operations were randomized to receive daily either a fixed dose of 3,000 IU anti-Xa heparin sodium or a variable body weight-dependent dose of nadroparin calcium (weight <50 kg, 2,050 IU anti-Xa (WHO); 51-80 kg, 3,075 UI; 81-100 kg, 4,100 UI, and >100 kg, 6,150 UI) once until discharge. The first injection was administered 2.5-6 h before elective and emergency operations, respectively. Patients with clinical suspicion of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) underwent phlebography. Patients with signs of pulmonary embolism (PE) were further investigated by a ventilation-perfusion scan. RESULTS: Statistically, there were no significant differences in the incidence of clinically evident DVT, PE or LMWH-related complications between both prophylactic regimens. Only 4 of the total of 15 hemorrhagic complications (4 wound hematomas in the nadroparin calcium group) were not classified as clearly surgically related, Two DVTs were confirmed by phlebography (both in the nadroparin calcium group). PE was confirmed by ventilation-perfusion scans (1 fatal, 1 on autopsy) in 1 patient with heparin sodium and in 6 patients with nadroparin calcium. CONCLUSIONS: Both regimens were equally safe and the risk of clinically evident DVT and PE was similar.     

A Nationwide Analysis of Postoperative Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Colon and Rectal Surgery

There are limited data regarding predictive factors of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing colorectal resection. We sought to identify associations between patient comorbidities and postoperative VTE in colorectal resection. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was used to examine clinical data of patients experiencing postoperative VTE after colorectal resection from 2005 to 2011. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to quantify risk factors of VTE. We sampled 116,029 patients undergoing colorectal resection. The rate of VTE was 2 % (2,278) with 0.2 % (182) having deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). The first week after operation was the most common time for postoperative VTE. A significant number of patients suffering DVT and PE were diagnosed after index hospital discharge (PE 34.6 %, DVT 29.3 %). The most important risk factors identified for DVT include (P?2 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.77) and hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin level <3.5 mg/dl) (AOR 1.69). The most important factors had associations with PE include (P?P?=?0.01) and stage 4 cancer (AOR 1.29, P?=?0.02) have associations with DVT. Open colorectal procedures have higher risk of DVT compared to laparoscopic procedures (AOR 1.33, P?相似文献   

Noninvasive venous testing in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: The impact on decisionmaking

Purpose: To characterize the use and utility of lower extremity noninvasive venous testing (NIVT) in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE).Methods: The study is a retrospective case series of consecutive patients in whom PE was suspected who were referred to a large, urban tertiary care center for NIVT. The main outcome measures of the study were the rate of positive results of NIVT, the amount of new information provided by NIVT, and the frequency of management changes that were attributable to NIVT.Results: Forty-one of 450 patients (9%) had deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by NIVT. The prevalence of DVT by NIVT among patients not evaluated by ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scanning was 8%. The prevalence of DVT by NIVT among patients with a high-probability V/Q scan result before NIVT was 39%, but no management decisions in this group were based on a positive NIVT result and only two decisions were based on negative NIVT results. The prevalence of DVT according to NIVT among patients who had a negative “diagnostic” (low, or very low probability, or normal) result of V/Q scan before NIVT was 2%. The overall frequency of management changes attributed to NIVT was only 2.5%. In the remaining 97% of patients, management was determined by the result of V/Q scanning or of subsequent pulmonary arteriography.Conclusions: In patients in whom PE is suspected, results of NIVT are usually negative for acute DVT. Management decisions are almost always based on V/Q scan or results of pulmonary arteriography and not on NIVT. The utility of NIVT to identify DVT in these patients appears limited, and a more selective approach to its application for the diagnosis of PE should be considered. (J Vasc Surg 1997 26:757-63.)     

Method of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is not a predictor of pulmonary embolus following elective bariatric surgery: a retrospective cohort study of 135,409 patients

BackgroundPatients with obesity are at increased risk of pulmonary embolus (PE), a risk that increases perioperatively and is challenging to manage.ObjectiveAn analysis of the Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database was performed to determine predictors of PE in patients undergoing elective bariatric surgery.SettingNorth American accredited bariatric surgery institutions included in the MBSAQIP database from 2020–2021.MethodsWe extracted data from the MBSAQIP database (2020–2021) on patients who underwent elective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Data were extracted on patient co-morbidities, race, prior history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and type of DVT prophylaxis. A multivariate logistic regression model was developed to determine predictors of PE and impact of PE on 30-day serious complications and mortality.ResultsIn the MBSAQIP database, a total of 135,409 patients underwent SG or RYGB from 2020 to 2021. PE was reported in 194 patients (.14%). Prior history of DVT (odds ratio [OR] = 3.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85–5.83; P < .0001), Black race (OR = 3.03; 95% CI: 2.22–4.13; P < .0001), gastroesophageal reflux disease (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 1.11–2.04; P = .008), higher body mass index (OR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.01–1.20; P = .023), male sex (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.26–2.45; P = .001), and older age (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.10–1.46; P = .001) were associated with increased odds of PE. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sleep apnea, and hypertension were not significant predictors of PE (P > .05). Neither combined mechanical and pharmacologic DVT prophylaxis nor pharmacologic prophylaxis alone was a significant predictor of PE (P > .05).ConclusionPrior history of DVT is the strongest predictor of PE after bariatric surgery. African American race, male sex, and gastroesophageal reflux disease are additional risk factors. Method of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis was not identified as significant predictor of PE. Further, studies on the evaluation and optimization of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis are required.     

The incidence of pulmonary embolism in open versus laparoscopic gastric bypass

Obesity independently increases the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). We compare a superobese population (body mass index [BMI] > 55 kg/m(2)) undergoing open gastric bypasses (OGBs) with a similarly matched group of laparoscopic gastric bypasses (LGB) to see if the incidence of PE differs. We included all patients undergoing OGB (n = 193, average BMI = 51 kg/m(2)) at our institution by a single surgeon between July 1999 and April 2001. Thirty-one patients were superobese (BMI > 55 kg/m(2)). LGB was started at our institution in April 2001. Since that time 213 patients (average BMI = 52 kg/m(2)) have undergone the procedure. One hundred and nine patients were superobese. Pre- and postoperative prophylaxis included sequential compression stockings and subcutaneous heparin. Postoperatively, patients who developed signs of hypoxia, tachypnea, or tachycardia underwent a chest X-ray and spiral computed tomography. In addition, all patients who expired in the 30-day postoperative period underwent postmortem examination. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test. In the OGB group, four patients (2.1%) developed PE. All occurred in superobese patients with a BMI > 55 kg/m(2). Three were fatal PEs and one was nonfatal. None of these patients had a prior history of deep vein thrombosis, PE, venous stasis disease, or pulmonary hypertension. In the LGB group, one patient (0.9%) had a nonfatal PE. This patient had a history of deep vein thrombosis. The incidence of PE was statistically higher in the superobese OGB group (P < 0.01). Despite the theoretical hindrance to venous return and vena caval compression observed with pneumoperitoneum, fewer PEs occurred in the laparoscopic group. Our data, however, suggest that patients with a BMI > 55 kg/m(2) might be at an increased risk for PE independent of operative approach.     

Chirurgische Behandlung der V.-cava-inferior-Thrombose

Background: Inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis is reported to be rare. Most commonly, treatment consists of conventional anticoagulation, often combined with caval interruption. Venous thrombectomy for IVC thrombosis has rarely been performed. Material and methods: Seventy patients (35 male, 35 female, mean age 36 ± 17.2 years, range 11–73 years) with IVC thrombosis (unilateral iliofemoral + caval thrombosis 36, bilateral iliac thrombosis 30, others 4) underwent transperitoneal caval thrombectomy and/or transfemoral venous thrombectomy in a 15-year period (1980–1994). The suspected underlying cause of the DVT could be identified in 78.6%. Three patients suffered from septic DVT, 1 from ischemic thrombosis. A previous, less successful treatment had been performed elsewhere in 25.7% of cases. Thirty-two patients (45.7%) were admitted with pulmonary embolism. Early results: In 64 patients transfemoral venous thrombectomy with AV fistula was performed, with an additional transabdominal approach in 41 patients. Six patients underwent caval thrombectomy alone. Three patients (4.3%) died perioperatively. Intraoperative pulmonary embolization (PE) occurred in 3 patients (4.3%), in one of whom it was fatal. Early unilateral rethrombosis developed in 16 patients (22.8%); 12 were rethrombectomized, 9 successfully. Postoperative caval patency could be established in 87.1% of cases. Late results: Fifty-eight patients (82.9%) were followed up (mean follow-up time 44 ± 35 months, range 3–120 months). Three patients died during follow-up. Of 47 patients (69 extremities, time to operation >1 year)17.4% had no PTS, 40.6% a mild, 30.4% a moderate and 11.6% a severe PTS (7.2% with stasis ulcer). Conclusion: IVC thrombosis is a rare but, due to the high risk of PE, a life-threatening disease. Transabdominal and/or transfemoral venous thrombectomy (with AV fistula) is a safe, reliable and occasionally life-saving treatment. Patency of the IVC can be established in most cases. Intraoperative embolization is rare. Follow-up results are satisfactory, long-term caval patency is good, peripheral postphlebitic sequela are frequent.     

Dalteparin vs low-dose unfractionated heparin for prophylaxis against clinically evident venous thromboembolism in acute traumatic spinal cord injury: a retrospective cohort study

Background:

When venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) have the highest incidence of VTE among all hospitalized groups, with PE the third most common cause of death. Although low–molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) outperforms low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH) in other patient populations, the evidence in SCI remains less robust.

Objective:

To determine whether the efficacy for LMWH shown in previous SCI surveillance studies (eg, routine Doppler ultrasound) would translate into real-world effectiveness in which only clinically evident VTE is investigated (ie, after symptoms or signs present).

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 90 patients receiving LMWH dalteparin (5,000 U daily) or LDUH (5,000 U twice daily) for VTE prophylaxis after acute traumatic SCI. The incidence of radiographically confirmed VTE was primarily analyzed, and secondary outcomes included complications of bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Results:

There was no statistically significant association (p = 0.7054) between the incidence of VTE (7.78% overall) and the type of prophylaxis received (LDUH 3/47 vs dalteparin 4/43). There was no significant differences in complications, location of VTE, and incidence of fatal PE. Paraplegia (as opposed to tetraplegia) was the only risk factor identified for VTE.

Conclusions:

There continues to be an absence of definitive evidence for dalteparin (or other LMWH) over LDUH as the choice for VTE prophylaxis in patients with SCI. Novel approaches to VTE prophylaxis are urgently required for this population, whose risk of fatal PE has not decreased over the last 25 years.     

Venous thromboembolism after nephrectomy: incidence,timing and associated risk factors from a national multi-institutional database

Purpose

To evaluate the rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after nephrectomy with specific focus on event timing and location (before or after hospital discharge) in order to identify modifiable risk factors and establish benchmarks for preventive interventions.

Methods

Using the ACS-NSQIP database, we identified patients undergoing nephrectomy from 2006 to 2012. Patients were analyzed in two cohorts: collectively and by surgical approach [open vs. lap/robotic (MIS)]. Rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolus (PE) were assessed and time to each event was established in relation to discharge status. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess association between preoperative risk factors, surgical variables, and VTE.

Results

In total, 13,208 patients met inclusion criteria. The overall rate of VTE was 1.2% (PE = 0.5% and DVT = 0.8, 0.1% DVT and PE). Using regression analysis, diabetes, dependent functional status, and longer operative time were associated with higher odds of DVT. For PE, dyspnea, disseminated cancer, and longer operative time were significant associations. The rate of VTE was higher in open surgery compared to MIS (2 vs. 0.8%, p < 0.001). Median times to DVT and PE were 8.5 and 6 days, respectively, with 53.3% of DVTs and 63.1% of PEs occurring prior to discharge.

Conclusions

The overall rate of VTE after nephrectomy is low, occurs roughly one week after surgery, and is associated with longer hospital stays. Certain patient factors, open surgical approach, and longer operative times were associated with higher odds of post-operative VTE; these patients may benefit from more aggressive prophylaxis.