茴三硫对大鼠酒精及四氯化碳致肝纤维化的防治作用

目的：复制大鼠酒精及四氯化碳致肝纤维化动物模型，观察茴三硫对其起防治作用的剂量大小。方法：健康雄性Wistar大鼠60只，随机分为6组，实验持续4周。A组(空白对照组)：生理盐水灌胃，每天1ml／100g体重。B组(模型组)：白酒灌胃，每天1mg／100g体重，同时CCl4腹腔内每次注射0．025mg／100g体重，每周2次。C、D、E组(茴三硫小、中、大剂量组)：在B组基础上预先灌胃茴三硫每天0．5、1．0、2．0mg／100g体重。F组(阳性对照组)：在B组基础上凯西莱预先灌胃，每天10mg／100g体重。第2周末、第4周末分别取血检测ALT、AST、ALP，GSH-Px、MDA等项目。实验结束处死动物，取肝组织行病理检验。结果：酒精及四氯化碳可引起大鼠肝功能损害、脂质过氧化加重，组织学出现肝纤维化表现。给予茴三硫可明显减轻这些改变。结论：茴三硫对大鼠酒精及四氯化碳致肝纤维化有明显防治作用。     

虎眼万年青对四氯化碳致大鼠急性肝损伤防治作用的实验研究

目的研究虎眼万年青对大鼠急性肝损伤的防治作用。方法将实验大鼠随机分为正常对照组、四氯化碳（CCl4）急性肝损伤组、甘草酸二胺防治组和虎眼万年青防治组。观察各组大鼠肝功能和肝组织的变化。结果造模2周后，急性肝损伤组大鼠血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）、前白蛋白（PA）分别为1012．5±443．74U／L、955．10±436．89U／L、14．7±2．58mg／L，虎眼万年青防治组分别为359．70±385．04U／L、451．50±297．84U／L、26．2±4．21mg／L，说明虎眼万年青能显著降低急性肝损伤大鼠血清ALT、AST的活性（P〈0．05），提高大鼠血清PA水平（P〈0．05），并改善肝组织炎性反应，作用与甘草酸二胺防治组无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论虎眼万年青对四氯化碳致大鼠急性肝损伤有明显的防治作用。     

酒精性肝损伤大鼠肠道屏障功能改变及丹参的保护作用

[目的]观察酒精性肝损伤大鼠肠道屏障功能（IBF）的改变,并探讨丹参对IBF的保护作用。[方法]36只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照（A）组、模型（B）组、丹参治疗（C）组,每组12只,分别于实验12周末处死动物,检测肠道细菌易位率、肠黏膜通透性,同时观察肝脏生化、肝脏和末段回肠黏膜病理学改变。[结果]大鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、肠道细菌易位率B组显著高于A、C组（均P〈0．05）,A、C组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;肠黏膜通透性A组显著低于B、C组（均P〈0．05）,C组显著低于B组（P〈0．05）;末段回肠病理损伤B组显著重于A、C组（均P〈0．05）,C组显著重于A组（P〈0．05）。[结论]大鼠酒精性肝损伤伴有IBF改变,丹参对大鼠酒精性肝损伤及IBF具有双重保护作用。     

大承气汤对急性肝损伤大鼠肠源性内毒素血症生物学效应的阻断作用

目的：观察大承气汤对急性肝损伤大鼠肠源性内毒素血症生物学效应的阻断机制及作用。方法：取Wistar大鼠30只随机分为3组，正常对照组（A组），大承气汤治疗组（B组），急性肝损伤模型组（C组），每组各10只。B、C两组大鼠均以皮下注射硫代乙酰胺（TAA）600mg／kg造模。A组大鼠给予生理盐水灌胃。B组大鼠于造模前2走开始以大承气汤灌胃，直至造模成功后3天。处死大鼠取肝脏行病理学检测厦免疫组化检测，并测定血浆内毒素和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、血清ALT、TBil水平。结果：与A组相比，C组大鼠血浆内毒素、THF-α、血清ATL、TBil明显升高（P〈0.05）。经大承气汤治疗后，其血浆内毒素、TNF-α、血清ALT、TBil明显降低（P〈0．05）。肝脏病理检测结果显示，C组大鼠肝细胞呈弥漫性大片状坏死，肝窦结构被破坏，汇管区可见大量炎症细胞浸润，B组大鼠肝脏病理改变明显减轻。免疫组化结果显示，C组大鼠肝组织可见核因子-κB及CD14明显活化。与C组相比。B组核因子-κB及CDl4活化明显减弱。结论：急性肝损伤大鼠肝组织中核因子-κB及CD14活化明显，大承气汤对急性肝损伤大鼠肠源性内毒素血症生物学效应具有阻断作用。     

酒精性肝损伤大鼠肠道屏障功能改变及谷氨酰胺的保护作用观察

目的 观察酒精性肝损伤大鼠肠道屏障功能的改变,并探讨谷氨酰胺的保护作用。方法 36只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（A组）、模型组（B组）和谷氨酰胺治疗组（C组）,分别检测肠道细菌易位率、肠粘膜通透性,同时观察血生化、肝脏和末段回肠粘膜病理学改变。结果 与A组比,B组大鼠血清AST和ALT水平显著升高（AST：256．6±50．8U／L对175．2±16．2U／L,P〈0．05;ALT：86．5±5．4U／L对53．7±13．2U／L,P〈0．05）,C组无显著变化（P〉0．05）;B组肠道细菌易位率明显增高（62．5％,P〈0．05）,C组无显著变化（35．0％,P〉0．05）;B组肠粘膜通透性显著升高（235．1±26．4ml·min^-1·cm^2对30．1±33．6ml·min^-1·cm^2,P〈0．05）,C组肠粘膜通透性比B组明显下降（190．9±19．8ml·min^-1·cm^2对235．1±26．4ml·min^-1·cm^2,P〈0．05）：B组大鼠末段回肠病理损伤明显加重（3．8±0．9对0．4±0．5,P〈0．05）,C组比B组明显下降（2．7±0．7对3．8±0．9,P〈0．05）。结论 大鼠酒精性肝损伤伴有肠道屏障功能改变,谷氨酰胺对大鼠酒精性肝损伤及肠道屏障功能具有双重保护作用。     

不同剂量白酒对大鼠血管内皮功能、血脂和血糖的影响

目的探讨不同剂量白酒对大鼠血管内皮功能、血脂和血糖的影响。方法将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分成大剂量组（A组）、中剂量组（B组）、小剂量组（C组）和对照组（D组）。酒精灌胃建立动物模型,8周后测定动脉血中NO、血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C及血糖的含量和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）、内皮型一氧化氮合酶（eNOS）、诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）活性。结果A、B与D组相比,NO、NOS、eNOS、AngⅡ、TC、血糖改变差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,C、D组相比,上述指标改变无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;A、B、C组与D组相比,HDL—C改变差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;A组与B、C、D组相比,iNOS改变差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论小剂量白酒灌胃对大鼠血管内皮细胞功能有保护作用,能升高大鼠血清HDL-C;大中剂量白酒灌胃对大鼠血管内皮细胞功能有损害作用,对血脂有影响,同时血糖升高,并呈明显的量效关系。不同剂量白酒对血管内皮细胞的作用机制与NOS（包括eNOS和iNOS）活性变化有关。     

肝Zhen口服液对大鼠肝癌细胞凋亡的细胞

目的 观察肝Zhen口服液对二乙基亚硝胺诱导的大鼠肝癌细胞凋亡的影响,并且与乙氧三甲基喹啉和全反式维甲酸进行比较。方法 将大鼠随机分成5组,A组为肝Zhen口服液大剂量预防组、B组为肝Zhen口服液成人等剂量预防组、C组为全反式维甲酸预防组、D组为乙氧三甲基喹啉预防组、E组为病理对照组。第14周末处死大鼠取肝脏,细胞调亡采用透射电镜、末端转移酶标记技术（TUNEL）检测。结果 A组、B组和D组可见凋亡小体。TUNEL染色分级：凋亡细胞数A组、B组、D组与E组相比显著增多（P＜0．05）,C组与E组相比无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论 肝Zhen口服液可诱导大鼠肝癌细胞的调亡。     

甜菜碱对酒精性肝损伤大鼠高同型半胱氨酸血症和肝脂质过氧化的影响

目的：观察甜菜碱对大鼠高同型半胱氨酸血症（hyperhomoeysteinemia，HHcy）和肝脏脂质过氧化的作用和影响。方法：将60只SD大鼠随机分为5组（每组12只）：正常对照组，模型组，甜菜碱低、高剂量组，腺苷蛋氨酸（S-adenosylmethionine，SAM）组。除对照组外，其余4组给予酒精、鱼油灌胃配合高脂饮食构建酒精性肝损伤大鼠模型，药物治疗于造模4周后开始，第8周处死全部大鼠，测定血浆总同型半胱氨酸（total plasma homoeysteine，tHcy）浓度、血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、白蛋白（Alb）、白／球蛋白比值（A／G）、肝匀浆丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量，并进行肝脏病理组织学检查。结果：与对照组比较，模型组大鼠tHcy、ALT、AST、MDA含量均明显升高（P〈0．01），SOD、GSH水平明显降低（P〈0．01）。与模型组对比，甜菜碱低、高剂量组大鼠tHcy、ALT、AST、MDA均显著降低（P〈0．01），肝组织SOD含量明显上升（P〈0．01），GSH含量无显著变化（P〉0．05），甜菜碱低、高剂量组之间无明显差异（P〉0．05）；SAM组能显著增加肝组织GSH贮量（P〈0．01），但对血浆tHcy水平无显著影响（P〉0．05），余治疗作用均与甜菜碱治疗无显著差别（P〉0．05）。结论：甜菜碱可防治酒精性肝损伤，其机制可能为降低高同型半胱氨酸血症，改善肝组织脂质过氧化。本文结果显示，甜菜碱的作用优于腺苷蛋氨酸。     

抗脂肪肝冲剂对大鼠乙醇性肝损伤防治的实验研究

目的：探讨抗脂肪肝冲剂对乙醇性肝损伤大鼠脂质代谢的影响,寻找针对乙醇所致脂肪肝的有效药物,方法：采用乙醇慢性肝损伤模型,观察大鼠肝组织总胆固醇（TC）,及甘油三酯（TG）的含量,结果：抗脂肪肝冲剂降低乙醇性肝损伤大鼠肝组织TC,TG的含量,与模型组比较P＜0．05（小剂量组）,P＜0．01（中,大剂量组）,病理检查,抗脂肪冲剂各剂量组与模型组比较P＜0．01,结论：抗脂肪肝冲剂能够降低乙醇性肝损伤大鼠肝组织TG,TC的含量,具有防治乙醇性脂肪肝的作用。     

细胞色素P450 2E1在大鼠急性肝损伤中的表达及其意义

目的研究细胞色素P4502E1在大鼠急性肝损伤中的表达变化及其意义。方法随机将Wista大鼠分成正常对照组和急性肝损伤组，采用四氯化碳制备急性肝损伤模型，并按染毒时间分为3、6、12、24、36和48h6个亚组，每组5只大鼠。采用western blot方法测定染毒后不同时间点肝组织细胞色素P4502E1蛋白的表达变化；测定大鼠血清ALT、AST水平和肝组织MDA浓度、SOD活性的变化以及采用电子自旋共振（ESR）技术测定大鼠肝组织自由基（ROS）浓度变化，HE染色观察肝组织病理形态学改变；结果四氯化碳可明显导致大鼠肝脏损伤，表现为：血清ALT、AST水平显著升高，肝组织MDA浓度和ROS含量显著增加。SOD活性明显下降，和正常对照组相比，差异均十分显著（P〈0．01）；western blot结果显示：细胞色素P4502E1在正常大鼠肝组织中有表达，染毒3h后表达增强，12h达到高峰，明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05），其表达趋势与ROS浓度变化相一致。结论细胞色素P4502E1蛋白在大鼠急性肝损伤时表达显著增强，提示其在中毒性肝损伤的发病中可能具重要的病理生理意义，并与四氯化碳诱导的氧化应激反应密切相关。     

Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the mechanism of early alcohol-induced liver injury in mice.

Chronic alcohol administration increases gut-derived endotoxin in the portal blood, which activates Kupffer cells and causes liver injury. Mice (C3H/HeJ) with mutations in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are hyporesponsive to endotoxin. To test the hypothesis that TLR4 is involved in early alcohol-induced liver injury, the long-term intragastric ethanol feeding protocol developed by Tsukamoto and French for rats was adapted to mice. Animals with nonfunctional TLR4 and wild-type mice (C3H/HeOuJ) were compared. Two-month-old female mice were fed a high-fat liquid diet with either ethanol or isocaloric maltose-dextrin as control continuously for 4 weeks. There was no difference in mean urine alcohol concentrations between the groups. Dietary alcohol significantly increased liver-to-body weight ratios and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in wild-type mice (109 +/- 18 U/L) over high-fat controls (40 +/- 3 U/L), effects that were blunted significantly in mice with a mutation of TLR4 (55 +/- 9 U/L). While no significant pathologic changes were observed in high-fat controls, dietary ethanol caused steatosis, mild inflammation, and focal necrosis in wild-type animals (pathology score = 5.2 +/- 1.2). These pathologic changes were significantly lower in TLR4-deficient mice fed ethanol (score = 2.0 +/- 1.3). Endotoxin levels in the portal vein were increased significantly after 4 weeks in both groups fed ethanol. Moreover, ethanol increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA expression in wild-type, but not in TLR4-deficient, mice. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that Kupffer cell activation by endotoxin via TLR4 is involved in early alcohol-induced liver injury.     

Liver Microsomal Fatty Acid Composition in Ethanol-Fed Rats: Effect of Different Dietary Fats and Relationship to Liver Injury

The rat intragastric feeding model for alcoholic liver disease was used to study the effect of different diets on the fatty acid composition of liver microsomes. Rats were fed corn oil and ethanol (CE), saturated fat and ethanol (SF+E) or corn oil and dextrose (CD) for either 2 or 4 weeks. Rats were also fed saturated and dextrose (SF+D) for 4 weeks. In comparison with the CD diet, lower levels of arachidonic acid were detected in rats fed the CE, SF+E, and SF+D diets. However, the diet-induced changes in levels of arachidonic acid varied as a function of length of feeding. In rats fed the CE diet, we detected a significant decrease in the level of arachidonic acid compared with CD animals. Conversely, in rats fed the SF+E diet, the level of arachidonic acid increased compared with the SF+D group. In addition, a significant correlation was noted between levels of oleic acid and arachidonic acid in both corn oil ( r =–0.85, p < 0.01) and saturated fat ( r =–0.76, p < 0.05) groups. However, the changes in levels of arachidonic acid and oleic acid were in opposite directions in the two groups. Levels of docosahexaenoic acid decreased between the 2 and 4 weeks in animals maintained on the CE diet. Levels of stearic acid increased between 2 and 4 weeks in rats fed the SF+E diet. The lowest level of linoleic acid was detected in the SF+D and SF+E groups, but levels of linoleic acid remained constant in all groups throughout the study. Histological evaluation indicated that ethanol-induced liver injury was limited to rats fed the diet containing corn oil for 4 weeks. Thus, diet-dependent differences in liver microsomal fatty acid composition may help to explain why ethanol-induced liver injury occurs in rats fed corn oil, but not saturated fat.     

Delivery of IkappaB superrepressor gene with adenovirus reduces early alcohol-induced liver injury in rats.

Chronic alcohol administration increases gut-derived endotoxin in the portal blood, which activates Kupffer cells through nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) to produce toxic mediators such as proinflammatory cytokines, leading to liver injury. Therefore, a long-term intragastric ethanol feeding protocol was used here to test the hypothesis that NF-kappaB inhibition would prevent early alcohol-induced liver injury. Adenoviral vectors encoding either the transgene for IkappaB superrepressor (AdIkappaB-SR) or the bacterial beta-galactosidase reporter gene (AdlacZ) were administered intravenously to Wistar rats. Animals were fed a high-fat liquid diet with either ethanol or isocaloric maltose-dextrin (control) for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in mean urine alcohol concentrations between the groups fed ethanol. IkappaB-SR expression was increased for up to 2 weeks after injection, but was undetectable at 3 weeks. NF-kappaB activation was increased by ethanol and associated with up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). These increases were blunted significantly up to 2 weeks by AdIkappaB-SR. Dietary alcohol significantly increased liver to body weight ratios and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in AdlacZ-treated animals, effects that were blunted significantly in AdIkappaB-SR-treated rats. Ethanol caused severe steatosis, inflammation, and focal necrosis in AdlacZ-treated animals. These pathologic changes were significantly decreased by AdIkappaB-SR. The protective effects of IkappaB-SR were significant 2 weeks after injection, but were lost at 3 weeks when IkappaB-SR was no longer expressed. Ethanol increased 4-hydroxynonenal as a maker of oxidative stress in both AdlacZ and AdIkappaB groups. These data support the hypothesis that NF-kappaB inhibition prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury even in the presence of oxidative stress.     

实验性酒精性肝病时脂多糖结合蛋白和脂多糖受体CD14的表达

目的观察大鼠酒精性肝病时脂多糖结合蛋白(lipopolysaccharide binding protein,LBP)和脂多糖受体CD14的表达及其在酒精性肝损害中的作用.方法随机将Wistar大鼠分为乙醇喂养组和葡萄糖喂养对照组,分剐在饮水中加入乙醇(剂量5-12 g@kg-1@d-1)和相同量的葡萄糖.两组大鼠分别于4周和8周测定其血浆中内毒揪素(LPS)浓度及血清中ALT变化,同时用RT-PCR测定肝组织中LBP和CD14 mRNA的表达,并在光镜和电镜下观察肝脏的形态学改变.结果乙醇喂养组4周和8周时大鼠血浆LPS浓度分别为(129±21)pg/ml和(187±35)Pg/m1,明显高于对照组的(48±9)pg/ml和(53±11)pg/ml(f值分别为11.2和11.6,P＜0.05);乙醇组大鼠血清ALT浓度为(112±15)U/L和(147±22)U/L,也明显高于对照组的(31±12)U/L和(33±9)U/L(t值分别为5.9和20.6,P＜0.05).乙醇组大鼠肝组织中LBP和CD14 mRNA的表达水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),其肝组织发生显著的病理变化,主要表现为脂肪变性、炎性细胞浸润及细胞坏死.对照组肝组织中LBP和CD14mRNA无明显表达,其病理变化也不明显.结论乙醇能诱导大鼠血中LPS浓度升高和肝缝织中LBP与CD14 mRNA的表达显著增强,增高的LBP和CD14 mRNA能增加肝脏对LPS的敏感性,可能造成肝脏损害.     

甘草甜素对肝硬化动物模型肝脏内NF—κB结合活性的抑制作用

目的 从分子水平探讨强力宁生物活性的发生机理。方法 大鼠随机分为正常对照组,模型对照组,强力宁组,后两组给予四氯化碳和乙醇造模处理以诱导肝损伤,强力宁组在造模处理同时予强力宁治疗。各组大鼠在ＣＣｌ４等处理后第９周处死,收集血清和肝脏标本,测定血清ＡＬＴ活性并进行组织学观察。部分肝组织提取细胞核蛋白进行凝胶迟滞实验以观察ＮＦ－κＢ活性。     

Role of TNF-alpha in ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia and murine alcoholic liver injury

We previously reported a link between ethanol-induced elevation of homocysteine, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and alcoholic liver injury in the murine model of intragastric ethanol feeding. We studied the role of TNFalpha in this setting by using TNFR1 knockout mice (C57 BL/6). There was a 7.4-fold increase of homocysteine in wild-type and a 6-fold increase in TNFR1 knockout mice with intragastric alcohol exposure for 4 weeks. Plasma TNFalpha increased in the wild-type (18.4 +/- 3.3 pg/mL vs. 8.4 +/- 1.3 pg/mL (control)) and in the knockouts (12.9 +/- 1.4 pg/mL vs. 7.2 +/- 1.6 pg/mL (control)). Similar extent of fatty liver was observed in both types. Increased ALT was observed in both groups. Necroinflammatory foci were increased significantly in ethanol-fed knockouts but not to the same extent as in the ethanol-fed wild type. Increase of hepatic apoptosis and reduction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine was detected in both types of animals fed ethanol. ER stress demonstrated by RT-PCR of mRNA of selective ER stress markers GRP78, CHOP, and SREBP1 was increased equivalently in both types of mice. Betaine administration decreased ER stress in conjunction with attenuation of the elevated plasma homocysteine in both types of animals. Betaine increased hepatic S-adenosyl-L-methionine by 28 fold in the knockouts and by 24-fold in wild type. In conclusion, TNFalpha makes a moderate contribution to the ALT elevation, necroinflammation, apoptosis, a small contribution to the fatty liver and no contribution to hyperhomocysteinemia and ER stress in intragastric alcohol fed mice.     

Expression of lipopolysaccharide binding protein and its receptor CD14 in experimental alcoholic liver disease

AIM:To evaluate the relationship between the expression oflipopolysaccharides(LPS)binding protein(LBP)and CD14mRNA and the severity of liver injury in alcohol-fed rats.METHODS:Twenty Wistar rats were divided into twogroups:ethanol-fed group(group E)and control group(group C).Group E was fed with ethanol(5-12g.kg~(-1).d~(-1))and group C received dextrose instead of ethanol.Rats ofthe two groups were sacrificed at 4 weeks and 8 weeks.Levels of endotoxin and alanine transaminase(ALT)inblood were measured,and liver pathology was observedunder light and electronic microscopy.Expressions of LBPand CD14 mRNA In liver tlssues were determined by RT-PCRanalysis.RESULTS:Plasma endotoxln levels were increased moresignificantly in group E(129±21 )ng.L~(-1) and(187±35)ng·L~(-1) at 4 and 8 wk than in control rats(48±9) ng·L~(-1) and(53±11)ng·L~(-1),respectively(P<0.05).Mean values ofplasma ALT levels were(1867±250)nkat·L~(-1) and(2450±367) nkat.L~(-1) in Group E.The values were increased moredramatically In ethanol-fed rats than in Group C after 4 and 8weeds.In liver section from ethanol-fed rats,there weremarked pathological changes(steatosis,cell infiltration andnecrosis).In ethanol-fed rats,ethanol administration led toa significant increase in LBP and CD14 mRNA levelscompared with the control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Ethanol administration led to a significantIncrease in endotoxin levels in serum and LBP and CD14mRNA expressions in liver tissues.The increase of LBP andCD14 mRNA expression might wake the liver more sensitiveto endotoxin and liver injury.