高效液相色谱法测定八味肉桂胶囊中桂皮醛与桂皮酸的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定八味肉桂胶囊中桂皮醛与桂皮酸的含量方法。方法：色谱柱：kromasil C18柱;流动相∶乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（22∶78）;检测波长：285nm;流速：1.0mL·min-1。结果：桂皮酸线性范围为0.0042～0.0420mg·mL-1（r=0.9999）,回收率为98.28%,RSD为1.40%;桂皮醛线性范围为0.1224～1.2240mg·mL-1（r=0.9999）,回收率为98.35%,RSD为1.32%。结论：本方法简便、可靠、重现性较好,能起到控制八味肉桂胶囊质量的作用。     

HPLC法测定桂枝茯苓胶囊中肉桂酸、桂皮醛和丹皮酚的含量

目的测定成药桂枝茯苓胶囊中肉桂酸、桂皮醛和丹皮酚的含量。方法用HPLC法,Sh im-pack CLC-ODS色谱柱为固定相,乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(30∶70)为流动相;检测波长为284 nm。结果肉桂酸的线性范围为0.42~2.52 mg.L-1(r=0.9998),桂皮醛的线性范围为3.60~36.00 mg.L-1(r=0.9998)和丹皮酚的线性范围为6.05~60.5 mg.L-1(r=0.999 9)。平均回收率肉桂酸为98.21%(RSD=2.64%,n=5),桂皮醛为96.28%(RSD=1.40%,n=5),丹皮酚为98.78%(RSD=1.49%,n=5)。结论此方法快速、准确、适用于桂枝茯苓胶囊的含量测定,且所测三种主要成分之间无干扰。     

HPLC法测定桂枝配方颗粒中桂皮醛的含量

目的对桂枝配方颗粒进行含量测定。方法采用高效液相法对桂枝配方颗粒中桂皮醛进行含量测定。结果该方法的线性范围为0.05486-0.2743μg（r=0.994）,平均回收率为98.47%,RSD为2.64%（n=5）。结论该含量测定方法可行,重复性好,能有效的控制桂枝配方颗粒的内在质量。     

HPLC法测定小儿平喘配方颗粒和煎剂颗粒中桂皮醛的含量

目的:测定小儿平喘配方颗粒及煎荆颗粒中桂皮醛的含量。方法:采用高效液相色谱法,Hypersil ODS2柱,乙腈- 0.1%磷酸溶液(40:60)为流动相,检测波长250 nm。结果:桂皮醛在(0.089～0.89)μg范围内与峰面积之间线性关系良好(r =0.999 9);桂皮醛在小儿平喘配方颗粒中的回收率为101.40%,RSD为1.42%。结论:配方颗粒与煎剂颗粒的色谱图基本一致,配方颗粒中桂皮醛含量高于煎剂颗粒。     

HPLC法测定复方姜桂酊中桂皮醛的含量

目的:建立复方姜桂酊中桂皮醛的高效液相色谱测定方法.方法:采用Kromasil C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)色谱柱;以甲醇-水(68:32)为流动相,流速为1ml·min-1,检测波长为280nm.结果:桂皮醛的线性范围为0.03～0.26μg(r=0.9998);平均回收率为98.7(n=6)%,RSD为0.9%(n=6).结论:方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于本制剂中桂皮醛的含量测定.     

高效液相色谱法测定八味肉桂胶囊中桂皮醛和甘草酸的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱同时测定八味肉桂胶囊中桂皮醛和甘草酸含量的方法。方法 Hypersil-C18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱。流动相：3%冰醋酸-乙腈=28：72;流速：1.0mL.min-1;检测波长：285nm（0～15min）,250nm（15.1～30min）,柱温：室温。结果桂皮醛和甘草酸保留时间分别为10.4和20.9min,与各自相邻峰的分离度均〉1.5。以峰面积对进样浓度线性回归,桂皮醛回归方程：Y=0.01056X-2.878,r=0.9999,线性范围19.5～175.6μg.mL-1。甘草酸回归方程：Y=0.1396X＋0.9008,r=0.9997,线性范围6.85～61.65μg.mL-1。桂皮醛和甘草酸的回收率分别为100.4%和99.8%、RSD分别为2.78%和1.72%。结论本方法操作简便,测定结果准确可靠,可用于八味肉桂胶囊中桂皮醛和甘草酸的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定胃痛七味散胶囊中桂皮醛的含量

目的:建立胃痛七味散胶囊中桂皮醛的高效液相色谱测定方法.方法:采用HYPERSILBDS C18 10μm液相色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-水-醋酸(45:55:0.2).流速为1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长为280 nm.结果:平均回收率为98.73%,RSD为0.49%,方法重现性的RSD为1.53%(n=5).桂皮醛线性范围为0.294～1.472μg(r=0.999 5).结论:本法操作简便,结果准确,可用于胃痛七味散胶囊的质量控制.     

高效液相色谱法测定桂枝饮片中桂皮醛含量

目的探讨桂枝饮片中桂皮醛的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC法),色谱柱为Agilent C_(18)柱(150mm×4．6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(35∶75),检测波长为290nm。结果桂皮醛线性范围为0．0341～0．4087μg,r=0．9999(n=6),平均加样回收率为96．69%,RSD=1．0%(n=6)。结论HPLC法简便、准确,可用于桂枝饮片的质量控制。     

气相色谱法测定黄连配伍肉桂前后桂皮醛的含量

的:考察黄连配伍肉桂前后化学成分的变化;定量测定黄连配伍肉桂前后桂皮醛含量的变化。方法:气相色谱法,OV-101毛细管柱,柱长25m,内径0.2mm,氢焰检测器,柱温100℃,气化室220℃,检测室220℃,程序升温6℃·min~(-1),100℃～180℃,氮气流速50mL·min~(-1),内标物正十一烷。结果:黄连与肉桂配伍后桂皮醛含量下降,且下降程度与黄连比例有关。所测桂皮醛与其它组分具有良好的分离度,本法最低检测量为0.01μg,线性范围为0.0261～1.5657μg, 加样回收率为98.83％,RSD=1.7％。结论:本方法操作简单,结果准确。     

HPLC法测定附桂骨痛颗粒中桂皮醛含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定附桂骨痛颗粒中桂皮醛含量的方法.方法:色谱柱:Agilent Zorbax SB-C18柱(150 mm×4mm,5μm);流动相∶乙腈-0.1％磷酸(35∶65);检测波长:285nm.结果:线性范围0.56～135.58 μg·ml-1(r=1.000 0),平均回收率为100.11％(RS...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.