母亲孕晚期贫血与婴儿贫血关系的研究

目的:探讨母亲孕晚期贫血与其婴儿贫血的关系。方法:抽取在该院进行产前检查并住院分娩的孕晚期贫血及无贫血的孕妇及其所生婴儿各200例,分析孕妇的膳食营养状况和孕晚期贫血发生率,探讨母亲孕晚期贫血是否为婴儿贫血的影响因素。结果:母亲孕晚期贫血组婴儿贫血发生率明显高于非贫血组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:母亲孕晚期贫血可使婴儿贫血发生率增高。加强围产期保健,积极预防和纠正贫血可预防其婴儿贫血。     

妊娠期妇女核黄素营养水平与缺铁性贫血关系的研究

目的：　研究机体核黄素水平与孕妇铁营养状况及缺铁性贫血的关系。方法：　对３２２ 名孕中期妇女进行铁及核黄素营养状况的横断面调查，并从中随机抽取５８ 名进行１２ 周的追踪观察。结果：　核黄素缺乏率在孕中、晚期的妇女分别为２９．８０％ 和６５．５２％ ；贫血患病率分别为３２．７６％ 和４８．２７％ ；储存铁缺乏率分别为５６．９０％ 及８４．４８％ 。核黄素缺乏者的贫血患病率为３６．６０％ ，明显高于核黄素正常者的２１．４０％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０１）；储存铁缺乏率在核黄素缺乏者为４４．０９％ ，也明显高于核黄素正常者的３０．１３％ （Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。相关分析发现，孕晚期ＢＧＲＡＣ与Ｈｂ、ＳＦ、ＳＩ分别呈显著负相关（γＨｂ＝ － ０．２７２９，γＳＦ＝ － ０．２２８３，γＳＩ＝ － ０．１９９７，Ｐ＜ ０．０１），ＢＧＲＡＣ与ＥＦＰ呈显著正相关（ΓＥＦＰ＝ ０．１９６３，Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。结论：　核黄素缺乏与孕妇贫血及缺铁之间呈显著相关。     

孕晚期妇女贫血对妊娠结局的影响及贫血因素分析

目的:了解孕妇的贫血患病现状及其影响因素,探讨贫血对妊娠结局的影响。方法:对5308名孕产妇的年龄、文化程度、居住地、血红蛋白(Hb)及妊娠结局进行回顾性调查分析。结果:孕晚期妇女的贫血患病率为59.5%。贫血组的新生儿平均体重明显降低(P<0.01)。贫血组与非贫血组的LBW发生率无明显差异,但中度贫血组LBW发生率明显高于非贫血组。贫血组手术性分娩率明显高于非贫血组。孕妇的贫血率为农村高于城市;不同文化程度组的贫血患病率明显不同。结论:我国孕晚期妇女有近60%患有贫血,与不良妊娠结局有关;居住地、教育水平对孕妇的贫血患病率有影响。     

义乌市学龄前儿童血清微量营养素水平调查

目的了解学龄前儿童血清微量营养素水平,为进一步改善学龄前儿童营养状况提出合理建议。方法对学龄前期儿童开展抽样调查,并检测其血清微量营养素水平,使用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行结果分析。结果调查对象的血清维生素A、铜、锌、钙、镁、铁的中位数分别为(1.90±1.05)μmol/L,(23.3±3.64)mmol/L,(84.3±39.4)μmol/L,(1.66±0.33)mmol/L,(1.59±0.46)mmol/L,(8.90±2.48)mmol/L。血清维生素A、铜、锌、钙、镁、铁在参考值范围内的儿童分别占65.92%、99.53%、89.94%、95.15%、96.92%和97.87%。血清维生素A在各年龄组的参考值范围内的分布差异、在城镇和农村的参考值范围内的分布差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应根据儿童不同的年龄段,适时开展微量营养素水平检测,以期早发现、早预防学龄前儿童的微量营养素缺乏,及时有效地补给各种营养素。     

铁和复合微量营养素改善缺铁性贫血的实验研究

目的 :探讨铁和多种微量营养素改善缺铁性贫血的效果。方法 :用小鼠建立缺铁性贫血动物模型 ,设铁、多种微量营养素 3个补充剂量组和对照组。结果 :铁和复合微量营养素显著提高小鼠的血红蛋白、红细胞压积和血清铁水平 ,并显著降低高剂量组小鼠红细胞内游离原卟啉水平。结论 :在补铁的同时加用铜、锌等多种微量营养素能明显改善缺铁性贫血的症状     

广州市某区孕晚期缺铁性贫血妇女的膳食及相关因素分析

[目的]调查分析孕晚期缺铁性贫血妇女的膳食结构、营养素摄入及其影响因素,提出相应的干预措施。[方法]对108名缺铁性贫血孕妇作病例对照调查,采用24 h回顾记录法,并对影响因素作问卷调查。[结果]孕晚期缺铁性贫血孕妇膳食中铁来源不良,植物性食物中摄入过多,动物性食物摄入偏低,优质蛋白质摄取不足,促进铁吸收的营养素(如蛋白质,VitB2)缺乏。动物食品及其血和内脏是IDA的保护因子;而孕妇偏食,低营养知识水平则是其危险因子。[结论]孕妇缺铁性贫血与膳食结构,饮食习惯及营养知识密切相关。     

婴儿期营养性缺铁性贫血与孕妇孕晚期贫血的相关性研究

目的了解婴儿营养性缺铁性贫血(IDA)的现状,研究孕妇孕晚期贫血与婴儿期IDA的关系,为预防婴儿早期IDA的发生提供科学依据。方法选取2014年4月-2016年3月在仪征市妇幼保健所儿保科门诊定期健康体检的5~8月龄婴儿,测定血常规。回顾性分析孕妇孕晚期贫血情况,比较孕妇孕晚期贫血、服用铁剂治疗、治愈与否对婴儿早期IDA的影响。结果婴儿血红蛋白(Hb)为(111.75±10.918)g/L,贫血发生率41.79%,轻度贫血占92.86%;孕妇孕晚期Hb≥110 g/L组与Hb110 g/L组婴儿Hb、孕妇贫血发生率分别为(112.73±10.759)g/L、38.75%和(107.91±10.750)g/L、53.66%(均P0.05);治疗组与未治疗组婴儿Hb、孕妇贫血发生率分别为(108.76±11.895)g/L、48.78%和(107.07±9.543)g/L、58.54%(均P0.05);治愈组与未治愈组婴儿Hb、贫血发生率分别为(114.88±9.951)g/L、19.05%和(104.86±9.672)g/L、80.00%(均P0.05)。结论 5~8月龄婴儿IDA发生率处于较高水平,而孕后期贫血是婴儿早期发生IDA的重要影响因素,因此采取切实可行的措施预防母亲孕后期贫血,是减少婴儿IDA发生的关键。     

儿童微量营养素缺乏与微量营养素补充

微量营养素缺乏是增加儿童感染性疾病发病率和死亡率的主要原因之一。在中低收入国家包括我国贫困农村地区患病率仍处于较高水平。24月龄以下是干预的关键时期。寻证依据证明微量营养素补充和在食品中强化微量营养素能有效改善儿童营养状况,降低微量营养素缺乏及其相关疾病的发生,并具有很高的成本效益。     

营养性贫血与血清锌铜含量的关系

本文采用对照分析的方法，对214名大学生进行了贫血与血清Zn、Cu含量的测定分析。结果表明，总贫血患病率为28．9％，低于全国大学生水平。其中男生为7．5％，女生为45．8％，差别有高度显著性（P＜0．005）。血清Zn含量贫血组低于对照组，差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。血清Cu含量两组间差别无显著性（P＞0．05）。提示体内锌缺乏可能是导致营养性贫血的原因之一。     

妊娠期妇女血清叶酸水平的变化及其与婴儿出生体重的关系

本文对185名正常初产孕妇的血清叶酸水平、缺乏情况以及与婴儿出生体重的关系进行了研究。结果表明,血清叶酸水平随妊娠周数的增加呈下降趋势,孕中期、末期与早期相比,血清叶酸浓度明显降低,有显著差别。血清叶酸低于3ng/ml人数所占百分比由早期8.5％、中期9.7％至末期升至31.3％,三期共计31例,占总观察人数的16.8％。 对127名孕妇妊娠末期叶酸水平与婴儿出生体重的关系进行了分析,按婴儿出生体重分三组,母亲叶酸水平各组无显著差异。另对30名婴儿出生体重超过4000g的母亲,于产后24小时内取血测血清叶酸,结果与上述三种不同出生体重组母亲血清叶酸浓度亦无明显差别。本次研究未观察到孕期血清叶酸水平与婴儿出生体重之间有相关。     

晚期孕妇铁、锌、铜营养状况与贫血的关系

目的：了解晚期孕妇血清铁、锌、铜营养状况和缺铁性贫血的关系。方法：对在1999年12月-2000年2月期间来福建省福清市医院和妇幼保健院门诊检查的242名晚期孕妇采取空腹静脉血10ml，测定血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞压积（Hct）和血清铁（Fe）、锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、铁蛋白（SF）、可溶性转铁蛋白受体（s-TfR）的含量，同时测量身高、体重等指标。结果：贫血孕妇的血清Fe、Cu、SF含量显低于非贫血孕妇，而血清锌、s-TfR含量两组差异无显性。结论：孕妇贫血不仅与缺铁有关，同时伴有铜等微量元素的缺乏。     

Maternal Anemia during the First Trimester and Its Association with Psychological Health

Anemia during pregnancy is known to be associated with an increased risk of antenatal and/or postnatal depression, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, there are few studies evaluating psychological health throughout the antepartum and postpartum periods in women with anemia in early pregnancy. This study analyzed data collected by the Korean Pregnancy Outcome Study, a multicenter prospective cohort study conducted in South Korea, to determine the impact of anemia during the first trimester on birth outcomes and maternal mental health during pregnancy and postpartum. Hemoglobin levels were measured during the first trimester, and psychological health was evaluated at 12, 24, and 36 gestational weeks and 4–6 weeks postpartum. Anxiety and depression were defined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, respectively. Among 4067 Korean participants, 119 (2.9%) were diagnosed with anemia during the first trimester. Incidences of anxiety and depression did not differ over the pregnancy period between those with and without anemia during the first trimester. However, postpartum anxiety and depression were significantly more common in participants with anemia than in those without (p < 0.05, both). Hence, obstetricians should pay attention to postpartum mental health in women with anemia during the first trimester.     

Routine Iron Supplementation and Anaemia by Third Trimester in a Nigerian Hospital

Background

Anaemia in pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcome. Unfortunately, in developing countries its prevalence has continued to rise. To improve the situation, iron supplement is routinely prescribed during pregnancy. We therefore examine the impact of the intervention as being currently practised in our clinical setting.

Methods

In total, 255 prenatal clinic attendees who had more than 8 weeks of prescribed iron supplements were sampled. Data was obtained on their socio-demographic features, haemoglobin concentration at booking, compliance with iron supplements and third trimester haemoglobin value.

Results

Observed iron supplementation compliance rate was 184(72.2%). There was a significant drop in mean haemoglobin (Hb) concentration between the two time points (booking Hb: 32.56±2.99; third trimester Hb: 31.67±3.01; mean diff: 0.89±3.04; t = 4.673; 95% CI= 0.52–1.27; p= <0.001). Anaemia increased from 132(51.8%) to 150(58.8%) by the third trimester. Increase in anaemia occurred in both iron-compliant and non-compliant groups. Non-compliance however had higher odds of predicting anaemia by the third trimester (OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.03–3.26; p: 0.04).

Conclusion

Although iron supplementation is still a good intervention in developing countries, it is not sufficient to reduce overall prevalence of anaemia by the third trimester. There is a need to look beyond the approach and reinforce the importance of better feeding practices, food fortification and reduced frequency of pregnancies.     

Correlates of Drinking During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Alaska

Objectives: To examine characteristics related to drinking during pregnancy among a population-based sample of women. Method: We analyzed data related to third-trimester drinking collected from the Alaska Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). PRAMS used a population-based, stratified sampling design to survey 9733 of the approximately 44,000 live births to Alaska-resident women during 1991–1994. We defined regular drinking as one or more drinks per week on average during the third trimester. Analyses included bivariate and multivariate associations with any and regular drinking. Results: Of women mailed a survey, 6973 responded and answered the questions related to alcohol consumption. Nine percent reported any drinking during the third trimester and 2.5% were regular third-trimester drinkers. The strongest risk factors for both any and regular third-trimester drinking were older age and marijuana or cocaine use. Other risk factors for any third-trimester drinking included prenatal cigarette smoking, greater education, non-Alaska Native race, the experience of significant life stressors, and residence in a community that did not restrict the sale of alcohol. Other risk factors for regular third-trimester drinking included prenatal cigarette smoking and the experience of domestic violence. Prenatal counseling regarding the effects of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and adequacy of prenatal care were not significantly associated with either outcome variable. Conclusions: Efforts to decrease prenatal alcohol consumption should be directed at older women and should address social determinants of health, such as education, domestic violence, drug use, and the availability of alcohol. In the absence of these efforts, prenatal alcohol education by health care providers may have little impact on pregnancy-related drinking.     

Glucose Ingestion and Whole Blood Ionized Calcium and Magnesium in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy

Objective: To test the hypothesis that glucose ingestion leads to a decrease in plasma ionized calcium (iCa) and ionized magnesium (iMg) during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Methods: We studied 54 women who underwent a 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) and 27 women who underwent a 3-hour 100 g glucose tolerance test (GTT) because of an abnormal GCT. Plasma glucose was measured with an automated chemistry analyzer, while whole blood iCa and iMg were measured using an ion-selective electrode.

Results: The 1-hour plasma glucose post-GCT correlated inversely with whole blood iCa (r=?0.322, p=0.027). The 3-hour plasma glucose GTT revealed a similar, but not statistically significant, decrease in blood iCa (r=?0.378, p=0.356). The combined 1-hour peak plasma glucose during GTT and GCT correlated inversely with iCa (r=?0.376, p=0.001), but not with iMg (r=0.050, p=0.737). Using multiple regression with iCa as the dependent variable and plasma glucose and glucose dose (50 or 100 g) as independent variables, both plasma glucose and glucose dose were inversely correlated with iCa (R²=0.45, p<0.001).

Conclusion: We conclude that in pregnancy, induced hyperglycemia correlates with a drop in blood iCa concentrations; however a 100 g glucose load leads to a lesser iCa decrease than a 50 g load.     

Effect of Selenium and Iodine on Oxidative Stress in the First Trimester Human Placenta Explants

Imbalanced maternal micronutrient status, poor placentation, and oxidative stress are associated with greater risk of pregnancy complications, which impact mother and offspring health. As selenium, iodine, and copper are essential micronutrients with key roles in antioxidant systems, this study investigated their potential protective effects on placenta against oxidative stress. First trimester human placenta explants were treated with different concentrations of selenium (sodium selenite), iodine (potassium iodide), their combination or copper (copper (II) sulfate). The concentrations represented deficient, physiological, or super physiological levels. Oxidative stress was induced by menadione or antimycin. Placenta explants were collected, fixed, processed, and embedded for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) element imaging or immunohistochemical labelling. LA ICP-MS showed that placenta could uptake selenium and copper from the media. Sodium selenite and potassium iodide reduced DNA damage and apoptosis (p < 0.05). Following oxidative stress induction, a higher concentration of sodium selenite (1.6 µM) was needed to reduce DNA damage and apoptosis while both concentrations of potassium iodide (0.5 and 1 µM) were protective (p < 0.05). A high concentration of copper (40 µM) increased apoptosis and DNA damage but this effect was no longer significant after induction of oxidative stress. Micronutrients supplementation can increase their content within the placenta and an optimal maternal micronutrient level is essential for placenta health.     

孕晚期妊娠高血压凝血功能检测结果分析

目的探讨孕晚期妊娠高血压孕妇凝血功能检测结果的价值。方法对2017年7月-2019年5月来院的孕晚期(28~40周)孕妇进行回顾性筛选,共选出健康孕妇97名、妊娠高血压孕妇52名、轻度子痫前期孕妇65名、重度子痫前期孕妇33名,依次纳入对照组、妊娠高血压组、轻度子痫组、重度子痫组,统计各组活化部分凝血酶原时间(activated partial prothrombin time,APTT)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、纤维蛋白原浓度(fibrinogen concentration,FIB)、凝血酶时间(thrombin time,TT)、D二聚体(D-Dimer,D-D)结果。结果与对照组相比,随着妊娠期高血压病情不断发展,各组APTT、PT、FIB、D-D检测结果变化显著,其中APTT、PT水平下降,FIB和D-D结果升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);TT检测结果未见明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与正常孕妇相比,孕晚期妊娠高血压孕妇血液中的凝血指标均出现不同程度变化,处于相对高凝状态,动态观察凝血指标具有重要临床价值。     

Association between Serum Copper Status and Working Memory in Schoolchildren

Trace elements such as copper are essential micronutrients. Traditionally, copper has been studied in the context of micronutrient deficiencies. Recent studies in both animals and humans, however, have revealed that elevated blood copper can also have adverse effects on cognitive function since free copper can cross the blood-brain barrier and subsequently impose oxidative stress to neuronal cells. However, most of these human studies were conducted in adult populations with and without cognitive decline, and there are few studies on the effect of excess copper on cognitive function in children. This project seeks to look at the effects of elevated copper levels on cognitive development in a population of school age children (ages 10–14 years with mean age of 12.03 years and standard deviation (SD) of 0.44) from Jintan, China. Briefly, serum copper levels and working memory test scores were collected from a sample of 826 children with a mean serum copper level of 98.10 (SD 0.75). Copper level was considered as a categorical variable (taking the first group as those with as ≤84.3 μg/dL, the second group as >84.3 and ≤110.4 μg/dL, and the third group as >110.4 μg/dL with the cut-off values defined by the first and third quartiles of the sample). Results showed a significant association between high copper levels (>110.4 μg/dL) and poorer working memory in boys but this association was not seen in lower copper levels in either sex. These results suggests that in school age children, like in adults, elevated copper levels have the potential to adversely affect cognition.     

The Influence of Smoking on Vitamin C Status During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy and on Vitamin C Levels in Maternal Milk

Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to determine the differences in vitamin C status of 57 Spanish women smokers (S) and nonsmokers (N) in their third trimester of pregnancy, and the concentrations of vitamin C in their milk.

Methods: Vitamin C intake during the third trimester was determined by recording the consumption of foods over a 5-day period (including a Sunday) and by registering vitamin C provided by dietary supplements. Vitamin C levels in maternal serum during this stage of pregnancy and in transition (days 13 to 14 of lactation) and mature milk (day 40 of lactation) were determined colorimetrically. Subjects also answered a questionnaire on their smoking habits during pregnancy.

Results: S subjects (n=16) showed a lower intake of fruits, vegetables and vitamin C than did N subjects (n=41), though these differences were not significant (17.1% of N subjects and 31.2% of S subjects took less than 80 mg of vitamin C per day). Neither were any differences found between the two groups in serum vitamin C levels. However, N subjects showed significantly greater vitamin C levels in both transition and mature milk (431.6±296.5 μmol/L and 496.1±325.6 μmol/L, respectively for N subjects, and 233.7±202.9 μmol/L and 241.3±293.1 μmol/L for S subjects). Further investigations are necessary to determine the clinical consequences of these observations, though it is already known that maternal smoking favors peroxidation events in newborn infants.

Conclusions: If the concentration of antioxidants (vitamin C) in smokers’ breast milk is also lower, this might aggravate the peroxidation problems of their newborn.