593名儿童末梢血微量营养素检测结果

儿童体内的微量营养素对维持机体的生长发育和正常生理功能具有非常重要的意义。微量营养素的缺乏和过量对儿童的生长发育和智商的影响日益被医学界和广大家长所关注,所以准确及时地了解儿童血液中微量营养素的含量,有助于家长选择最佳时期为儿童补充微量营养素或解决有毒营养素超标,避免儿童微量营养素的缺乏或超标[1]。为了解杭州市滨江区0～7岁儿童血中微量营养素的含量及缺乏情况,对593名儿童末梢血6种微量营养素的检测结果报告如下。     

微量营养素与儿童健康

儿童生长发育状况是遗传因素与环境因素相互作用的结果。微量营养素包括矿物质和维生素。在临床表现上,微量营养素缺乏往往呈隐性状态,属于亚临床或生化水平缺乏状态,与碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质三大宏量营养素缺乏所形成的营养不良具有明显区别。营养障碍不但影响儿童体格发育,同时也影响儿童智力发育。适宜的微量营养素补充,可使遗传因素所决定的儿童生长发育潜力得以最大程度实现。目前在我国,亚临床微量营养素缺乏仍然是比较普遍的现象,适当添加各类微量营养素补充剂,对保证生长发育过程中的儿童健康是十分重要的。     

孕期增补微量营养素对胎儿宫内生长指标及摄入影响因素的Logistic回归分析

目的探讨孕期增补微量营养素对胎儿宫内生长指标的影响,并分析孕妇服用微量营养素的影响因素。方法收集2015年1月-2017年1月在该院首次进行孕期保健体检并正常足月分娩的1 903例孕妇的临床资料,分析孕期增补微量营养素的影响因素以及对胎儿宫内生长指标的影响。结果孕期服用复合维生素及复合微量元素的孕妇其子代出生胸围及出生体质量明显高于未服用者(P0.05),服用叶酸的孕妇其子代出生体质量显著高于未服用者(P0.05);Logistic多因素分析显示,孕妇及配偶年龄偏大、文化程度高以及家庭收入高是孕期增补多种微量营养素的促进因素(P0.05)。结论加强围孕期相关健康宣教,改善营养习惯,定期检测微量营养素,合理调整膳食,改善母婴健康。     

科技新知

<正>孕妇缺维生素可致婴儿体重过轻妇女怀孕期间如果缺少维生素和其他一些微量营养素,新生儿体重过轻的风险会较大,而补充这些微量营养素对孕妇自己的身体也有好处。如果孕妇营养不良,就会缺少     

2014年防治碘缺乏病日宣传核心信息

<正>1.宝宝的智力发育从母亲怀孕开始,胎儿期和出生后2年内是大脑发育的主要时期。2.碘是人体生长发育必需的微量营养素,是合成甲状腺激素的主要原料。3.甲状腺激素可促进人体新陈代谢和生长发育,维持神经、心血管等系统正常功能,并具有加强和调控其他激素的作用。4.胎儿体内的碘全部来自母亲,孕妇碘营养     

吃多了加碘盐 会得甲状腺癌吗

<正>碘是新陈代谢和生长发育必需的微量营养素,是人体合成甲状腺激素的主要原料。妊娠期和哺乳期的妇女对碘的需要量明显多于普通人群,孕妇碘营养不足会造成胎儿缺碘,而胎儿期和婴幼儿期缺碘,会影响孩子的大脑正常发育,严重的造成克汀病（呆傻症）、聋哑、智力损伤等。如果孕妇严重缺碘会出现流产、早产、死产和先天畸形。     

孕妇的微量营养素状况亟待关注

新中国成立以来 ,特别是改革开放 2 0多年来 ,我国居民的营养状况得到了明显改善 ,过去的经典营养缺乏病 ,例如严重蛋白质和能量营养不良、维生素Ａ或硫胺素缺乏病的发生率显著下降。然而 ,育龄期妇女的微量营养素缺乏或边缘性缺乏的发生率还较高 ,并且还没有引起充分的重视 ,例如缺铁和缺铁性贫血 ,维生素Ａ、碘、钙、锌以及Ｂ族维生素的边缘性缺乏。贫血、佝偻病、维生素Ａ和锌缺乏等营养缺乏病仍然是影响孕妇健康和出生婴儿质量的重要营养问题 ,孕期甚至孕前缺乏微量营养素不仅影响孕妇的健康状况 ,也可能对胎儿以及婴儿的生长发育产生长…     

微量营养素风险等级的划分

<正>微量营养素(主要包括维生素和矿物质)是人体生长发育和代谢必不可少的物质,在机体内发挥着重要的生理功能。缺乏某一种微量营养素会引起机体的不良反应甚至导致疾病,国际社会也把改善全球的微量营养素缺乏作为重要的公共     

微量营养素对锌生物利用的影响

观察了微量营养素对锌生物利用的影响。结果显示，同时补充锌和微量营养素可使儿童血清锌浓度、身高和膝高显著增加；单独补充微量营养素也可使血清锌浓度和膝高显著增加；单纯补充锌仅可使血清锌浓度显著增加。结果提示，微量营养素能提高儿童对锌的生物利用率，膝高是研究锌与儿童生长发育的敏感指标。     

微量元素失衡状态下重塑儿童饮食行为

营养不良和营养不均衡是我国儿童中普遍存在的健康问题,除了蛋白质—能量营养不良导致儿童生长发育的迟缓,儿童微量营养素缺乏也已成为我国儿童主要的营养问题之一,世界卫生组织将微量营养素缺乏定义为"隐形饥饿"。针对这种情况采取相应的措施和方法,重塑儿童饮食行为,促进正常生长发育。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.