MSCT在胃癌术前分期诊断中的应用价值

探讨64层螺旋旋CT(MSCT)诊断胃癌术前分期的应用价值。选取2014年1月—2018年5月收治的287例胃癌患者,分析术前MSCT检查情况与术后病理结果差异。MSCT术前T分期与病理结果一致性好(Kappa=0.727,P<0.05);MSCT术前判断T3和T4准确度分别为89.74%和85.71%,明显高于T₁和T₂(P<0.05);MSCT术前N分期与病理结果一致性好(Kappa=0.692,P<0.05);MSCT术前判断N₀、N₁和N₂的准确度分别为83.97%、75.29%和78.87%,差异无统计学意义(P<0.05);MSCT术前M分期与病理结果一致性极佳(Kappa=0.888,P<0.05);MSCT术前判断M0和M1的准确率分别为96.77%和92.86%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。64层螺旋旋CT能较准确地判断胃癌分期情况,为治疗方案的制定提供依据。     

多层螺旋CT在胃癌术前分期中的临床应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）在胃癌术前分期中的临床应用价值。方法2004年6月至2006年3月间经胃镜活检确诊为胃癌的患者89例，其中男性49例，女性40例，中位年龄63岁。所有患者均在手术前1周内进行MSCT检查。图像由2位资深放射科医师双盲阅读，术前判断患者的肿瘤TNM分期．并与患者的术后病理结果进行对照比较。结果与术后病理诊断比较，MSCT普通轴位图像结合多平面重建法判断胃壁侵犯程度的总准确率为72．3％，其中T1判断准确率为90．0％，T2为82．8％，T3为69．6％，T4为52．4％；判断淋巴结转移情况的总准确率为53．0％，其中N0判断准确率为44．0％，N1为72．0％，N2为46．4％，N3为2／5。MSCT对有远处转移即M1的患者判断准确率为90．0％。结论MSCT对胃癌患者进行术前TNM分期有较高的准确率，可以为胃癌患者术前提供一种无创且易于被接受的检查方法。     

18F-FDG PET/CT与多层螺旋CT在进展期胃癌术前TNM分期的对比研究

目的 应用18F-FDG PET/CT(PET/CT)与多层螺旋CT对进展期胃癌术前TNM分期进行对比研究,以期更客观地评估术前分期,指导治疗.方法 对术前行PET/CT检查的39例及MSCT检查的40例进展期胃癌,分别进行术前TNM分期,将检测结果与术中所见及病理进行对照.结果 PET/CT对原发灶、区域淋巴结、N3转移淋巴结的准确率分别为92.3%、66.7%、100.0%;而MSCT诊断的准确率分别为82.0%、50.0%、62.5%.结论 (1)PET/CT和多层螺旋CT对原发灶、区域淋巴结转移的准确率都较高,差异无统计学意义,由于多层螺旋CT临床应用广泛且费用远低于PET/CT,是首选的检测手段;(2)PET/CT对N3转移淋巴结、远处转移灶检测的准确率明显高于多层螺旋CT,为临床提供更为全面客观的术前分期,指导治疗;(3)由于PET/CT也存在一定假阴性,结合腹腔镜检可减少或避免不必要的剖腹术.     

多层螺旋CT在胃肠道肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)检查在胃肠道肿瘤术前定位与分期诊断中的临床价值.方法 (1)对胃镜活组织检查确诊为胃癌的332例患者进行术前MSCT检查,比较CT分期结果与术后病理检查结果.(2)对73例小肠肿瘤患者进行术前CT检查,比较小肠淋巴瘤和小肠癌在CT成像上的区别.(3)对228例经纤维结肠镜活组织检查确诊为结直肠癌患者进行术前MSCT检查,采用x.检验分析结直肠癌的CT征象特点.结果 (1)MSCT能提供定位或重建胃周血管等更多信息,对胃壁浸润深度、淋巴结转移、远处转移的总体诊断准确率分别为78.2%(244/312)、67.3%(210/312)和93.8%(30/32).(2)MSCT检查小肠癌主要表现为包块和肠壁浸润性增厚,且肠壁增厚一般不出现分层,肠梗阻多见,但肠系膜淋巴结和后腹膜淋巴结肿大检出率低.小肠淋巴瘤的CT检查表现与小肠癌相反.(3)表面毛糙征与不均匀强化等CT征象对诊断结直肠癌有重要意义,增强后CT值测定有助于鉴别结肠炎性病变.结论 MSCT可在胃肠道肿瘤术前定位与分期诊断中提供准确的影像学信息,结合内镜检查更能提高诊断准确率.     

内镜超声检查和多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前T、N分期的比较研究

目的探讨内镜超声(endoscopicultrasonography,EUS)与多层螺旋CT(multi slicespiralCT,MSCT)在胃癌术前T、N分期中的临床应用价值。方法2000年10月至2002年5月,对89例活检证实的胃癌病人术前分别行内镜超声和多层螺旋CT检查,并与手术病理结果对照。结果EUS对胃癌术前T分期的准确率为75.6%,其中T176.5%,T268.8%,T384.4%,T464.7%;MSCT分别79.3%,58.8%,62.5%,90.6%和94.1%。两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EUS对胃癌术前N分期的准确率为57.5%,其中N095.8%,N145.8%,N232.0%;MSCT分别78.1%,70.8%,75.0%和88.0%。EUS和MSCT对胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感性分别为61.2%和91.8%。EUS对N0分期的准确率显著高于MSCT(P<0.05),MSCT对N和N2分期的准确率及淋巴结转移的敏感性均显著高于EUS(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论内镜超声检查与多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前TN分期均有较高的准确性。     

胃镜及CT检查对进展期胃癌手术可切除性的探讨

目的 探讨胃镜结合CT检查对进展期胃癌的术前分期及手术治疗的临床指导意义.方法 对182例进展期胃癌的术前胃镜并CT分期与手术结果进行对比.结果 胃镜活检低(未)分化腺癌和黏液腺癌手术切除率(64.1%)较低,弥漫浸润型胃癌的切除率(6.7%)明显低于肿块型(66.7%)和溃疡型(61.8%);CT分期总准确率为91.21%,CT诊断对胃周脏器受侵和(或)转移的敏感性为72.22%,CT对淋巴结分期的准确率为74.2%,敏感性为74.1%,特异性为74.3%,CT诊断对淋巴结分组比较模糊.结论 胃镜在进展期胃癌定性诊断方面有不可取代的优势,对进展期胃痛的大体分型和活检组织学诊断及治疗方式有指导意义.CT诊断对进展期胃癌的临床分期准确性对周围脏器的侵犯、转移及淋巴结转移的诊断均有很高的价值;CT对手术切除情况的判断优于胃镜检查.术前行CT检查,对手术治疗有重要指导意义.     

18F-FDGPET／CT与多层螺旋CT在进展期胃癌术前TNM分期的对比研究

目的应用18F-FDGPET／CT（PET／CT）与多层螺旋cT对进展期胃癌术前TNM分期进行对比研究,以期更客观地评估术前分期,指导治疗。方法对术前行PET／CT检查的39例及MSCT检查的40例进展期胃癌,分别进行术前TNM分期,将检测结果与术中所见及病理进行对照。结果PET／CT对原发灶、区域淋巴结、N3转移淋巴结的准确率分别为92．3％、66．7％、100．0％;而MSCT诊断的准确率分别为82．0％、50．0％、62．5％。结论（1）PET／CT和多层螺旋CT对原发灶、区域淋巴结转移的准确率都较高,差异无统计学意义,由于多层螺旋cT临床应用广泛且费用远低于PET／CT,是首选的检测手段;（2）PET／CT对N3转移淋巴结、远处转移灶检测的准确率明显高于多层螺旋cT,为临床提供更为全面客观的术前分期,指导治疗;（3）由于PET／CT也存在一定假阴性,结合腹腔镜检可减少或避免不必要的剖腹术。     

多层螺旋CT联合不同炎性反应指标对直肠癌外科决策的随机对照研究

目的 探讨多学科协作模式下血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)或C反应蛋白(CRP)与64排多层螺旋CT(MSCT)联合评估对于直肠癌手术方式选择的影响和意义.方法 前瞻性纳入2009年2～8月期间四川大学华西医院肛肠外科住院的直肠癌患者,随机分为MSCT+SAA组(术前行MSCT和SAA联合评估)和MSCT+CRP组(术前行MSCT和CRP联合评估),将术前分期和预测手术方案分别与术后病理分期和实际手术方案比较,并分析手术方案选择与临床病理因素的关系.结果 本研究实际纳入病例165例,MSCT+SAA组83例,MSCT+CRP组82例,2组基线情况一致(P>0.05).MSCT+SAA组的术前T、N、M和TNM分期的准确度分别为74.7%、68.7%、100%和66.3%;MSCT+CRP组的术前T、N、M和TNM分期的准确度分别为72.0%、86.6%、100%和81.7%.MSCT+CRP组术前N分期和TNM分期准确度均高于MSCT+SAA组(P＜0.05).2组手术方案的预测符合率分别为90.4%及95.1%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).分析直肠癌手术方案的选择与多种临床病理因素的关系发现,pT分期(P＜0.001)、pN分期(P＜0.001)、pTNM分期(P＜0.001)、术前血清SAA水平(P=0.010)、术前血清CRP水平(P=0.042)和肿瘤下缘距齿状线距离(P=0.011)与直肠癌手术方案的选择相关. 结论 MSCT联合CRP可以提高直肠癌术前分期和手术方案预测的准确度,其临床价值可能优于MSCT联合SAA.     

胃癌术前内镜超声检查与肿瘤血管内皮生长因子表达的检测分析

目的探讨内镜超声检查(EUS)对胃癌术前诊断和分期的应用价值及其影像学改变与肿瘤转移相关基因表达的分子生物学基础。方法联合应用电子胃镜和超声内镜诊断胃癌63例,对比胃镜检查加活检与超声内镜对胃癌诊断的准确率,同时应用超声内镜对胃癌进行术前分期,并与病理分期及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达进行比较。结果63例胃癌中胃镜加病理活检诊断的准确率是94%,超声内镜诊断的准确率是92%,胃镜联合超声内镜诊断的准确率是100%。超声内镜对胃癌侵犯深度判断的准确率为81%,其中T1期为78%、T2期为79%、T3期为82%、T4期为83%,对淋巴结转移的准确率为73%。VEGF蛋白在胃癌组织中的阳性表达率为56%,其表达与EUS分期、淋巴结转移关系密切(P<0.05)。结论胃镜联合超声内镜诊断胃癌具有较高的准确率;胃癌术前内镜超声分期与术后病理有较高的一致性;VEGF蛋白表达与胃癌术前EUS分期呈正相关;EUS对胃癌的分期与分子生物学改变有关。     

超声胃镜在胃癌不同分期诊断中的应用价值

研究分析超声胃镜术前检查胃癌患者的T分期及N分期的临床价值。选择拟实施胃癌根治手术的82例患者作为研究对象术前均采用超声内镜进行检查并依据T、N分期标准进行分期,以术后病理检查结果作为金标准,分析术前超声内镜检查分期结果与术后病理分期结果的差异。超声胃镜术前检查共计诊断T_1期20例、T_2期25例、T_3期24例、T_4期13例,术后病理学共计诊断T_1期20例、T_2期24例、T_3期26例、T4期12例,术前超声诊断与术后病理结果的符合率分别为:T_1期90.00%、T_2期84.00%、T_3期91.67%、T_4期84.62%。超声胃镜术前检查正确诊断淋巴结转移37例、正确诊断未转移患者14例,术前超声胃镜检查结果与术后病理结果判定淋巴结转移比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。超声胃镜术前检查共计诊断N_0期28例、N_1期24例、N_2期20例、N_3期10例,术后病理学共计诊断N_0期31例、N_1期20例、N_2期19例、N_3期12例,术前超声诊断与术后病理结果的符合率分别为:N_0期89.29%、N_1期62.50%、N_2期70.00%、N_3期80.00%。超声胃镜术前检查对胃癌患者进行T分期及N分期判定,其结果与术后病理的符合率较高,对于胃癌患者的诊断及手术预后预测具有一定的意义。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.